非谓语总结 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)

以下是小编为大家收集的非谓语总结 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)，本文共14篇，希望对大家有所帮助。

非谓语总结

一.分词

1.表语

1.The window is broken.

2.I’m surprised to hear that.

3.This book is interesting.

4.He is swimming

总结:现在分词表示主语的性质或正在进行的动作

过去分词表示主语所处于的状态

2.定语

falling leaves------fallen leaves

boiling water------boiled water

区别：现在分词表示正在进行的动作，

过去分词表示已经完成的动作。

总结: 动名词表示所修饰名词的用途=n+for+doing

现在分词表示所修饰名词的性质和正在进行

的动作

不定式放于所修饰名词后表示将进行的动作。=定语从句

过去分词表示已经完成的被动的动作或状态

1.a walking stick=a stick for walking

2.a falling leave=a leave which is falling

3.an interesting story=a story which is interesting

4.Is there anyone to go with me?=Is there anyone who will go with me?

5.a lost boy=a boy who has been lost

6.a respected teacher=a teacher who is respected

3、宾语补足语：其前的谓语动词多是感官动词和使让动词

1.He had his arm broken.

2.He heard the door locked.

3.He kept water running.

4,I see him playing the fire now.

总结: 1)感官动词后面

现在分词表示正在进行的动作

过去分词表示被动状态。

不定式表示已经完成的动作

1.I hear him singing in the next room.

2.I found him lost in the thought.

3.I see him cross the road and run.

2)使让动词后面

现在分词表示该动作持续一段时间

过去分词表示让别人做或被动动作

不定式表示将去做的动作。

1.Sorry to have kept you waiting a long time.

2.Please have your hair cut tomorrow.

3.Yesterday I had my bike stolen.

4.状语

1)时间状语

1.Walking along the street, he met his old friend.

=When he was walking along the street,he met his old friend.

2.Seen from the hill,the city looks beautiful.

=When it is seen from hill,the city looks beautiful.

总结：1。分词等于when,while,after引起的时间状语从句

2。在分词前可以加when,while,after.

2) 原因状语

1.Living in the country,we had few amusements.

=As we lived in the country,we had few amusements.

2. Born into a poor family,he had only two years of schooling

=As he was born into a poor family,he had only two years of schooling.

总结：分词等于as,since,because引起的原因状语从句

3)条件状语

1.Knowing anything about it, I will tell you all.

=If I know anything about it,I will tell you all.

2.Given more time,we are sure to finish it.

=If we are given more time,we are sure to finish it.

总结：1、分词等于if引起的条件状语从句

2、有时可以在分词前加 if

4)让步状语

1.Buying a lot of books for the exam,he failed in it because of

the learning method.

=Although he had bought a lot of books for the exam,he

failed in it because of the learning method.

2.Laughed at by everybody,he had my sympathy

=Though he was laughed at by everybody,he had my

sympathy .

总结：分词等于although,though,even if,even though引起的状语从句，常用于句首。

6)方式状语

They eat using their fingers.

The lichens came borne by storms.

这些地衣是暴风雨带来的。

7)伴随状语

He sits there listening to the teacher .

Train in this country spend too much time stopped, waiting for other trains.

在这个国家，火车停留等待其它火车的时间太长了。

8)结果状语

It rained for two days, delaying our trip.

4.He always have his mother wash his clothes.

二、状语的逻辑主语

一）、逻辑主语通常就是句子中的主语。

二）、结果状语的逻辑主语可以是前边的整个句子

三）、逻辑主语与句子里的主语不一致

1.独立主格结构：分词或不定式可以有自己的逻辑主语，这种主语常常是名词和代词，置于分词之前。

二者构成一种独立结构，在句中做状语，放于句首，句末，偶尔也置于句中。

1.This done,we went home.

2.Table set,they began to have lunch.

3.Time permiting,we will go for a walk.

4. A lot work to do ,I have to stay at home.

2、With结构：分词独立结构之前可用介词withwithout，介词在此没有什么意义，这种结构比较口语化。

1.He was brought in with hands tied behind.

2.The old man stood there with a finger pointing to the front.

3.He was lying in bed without anything to do.

三、总结

一）主语、宾语、表语

动名词表示泛指或习惯性的动作

不定式表示一次具体的动作

二）定语（见上文）

三）宾语补足语（见上文）

四）时态及语态

五）状语

六）词性及句子成分

责任编辑：李芳芳

高考英语陷阱题总结归纳--非谓语动词

◆典型陷阱题分析◆

1. Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could _______ a good college.

A. enterB. to enter

C. enteringD. entered

【陷阱】容易误选A。有的同学一看到空格前的情态动词 could 就断定此处应填动词原形 enter。

【分析】其实正确答案应是B。此句为省略句，即在 could 后省略了动词 do，若把句子补完整应为Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could do to enter a good college。即句中的不定式短语(to enter a good college)是用作目的状语的，而不是与情态动词(could)一起构成谓语。请再看类似例句：

(1) They did what they could to comfort her. 他们尽量安慰她。

(2) They did everything they could to save her life. 他们尽一切力量拯救她的性命。

(3) He studies as hard as he could to catch up with his classmates. 他拼命学习以便赶上他的同学。

值得指出的是，这也并不是说今后只要遇到类似结构的题就一定选带to不定式。请看以下试题：

(4) He ran as fast as he could _____ to catch the early bus.

A. to hopeB. hope

C. hopingD. hoped

此题的答案是 C不是A，其中的现在分词短语 hoping to catch the early bus 用作伴随状语。

(5) He spent every minute he could _____ spoken English.

A. practiseB. to practise

C. practisingD. practised

此题答案选 C，这与前面动词 spent 的搭配有关，即 spend … (in) doing sth。若将此句补充完整，即为 He spent every minute he could spend in practising spoken English.

(6) Before going abroad he devoted all he could _______ his oral English.

A. improveB. to improve

C. improvingD. to improving

此题答案选D，注意两点：一是 devote … to … 是固定搭配，意为“把……贡献给……”；二是其中的 to 是介词，不是不定式符号，后接动词时要用动名词。

2. He knows nothing about it, so he can’t help _______ any of your work.

A. doingB. to do

C. being doingD. to be done

【陷阱】容易误选B，根据 can’t help doing sth 这一结构推出。

【分析】其实答案应选A。比较以下结构：

can’t help to do sth = 不能帮助做某事

can’t help doing sth = 禁不住做某事，情不自禁地做某事

又如下面一题，答案也是 B：

She can’t help ____ the house because she’s busy making a cake.

A cleaningB. to clean

C. cleanedD. being cleaned

再请看以下试题：

While shopping, people sometimes can’t help _____ into buying something they don’t really need.

A. to persuadeB. persuading

C. being persuadedD. be persuaded

此题应选C，句中的 can’t help 意为“禁不住”（注意根据句意用被动形式）。

3. All her time _______ experiments, she has no time for films.

A. devoted to do B. devoted to doing

C. devoting to doing D. is devoted to doing

【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。

【分析】此题最佳答案为B。现分析如下：

(1) devote 意为“致力于，献身于”，主要用 devote…to…或be devoted to，其中的to 是介词，不是不定式符号，故后接动词时要用动名词，不用不定式。

(2) 选A错误：若将 do 改为 doing 则可以。

(3) 选B正确：all her time devoted to doing experiments为独立主格结构，用作状语。

(4) 选C错误：因为all her time 与 devote 为被动关系，故应将devoting改为devoted。

(5) 选D错误：若单独看 All her time is devoted to doing experiments，此句并没有错，但问题是逗号前后两个简单句没有必要的连接方式，所以从整体上看仍不对，假若在后一句的句首加上and或so，则可选D，或将D将中的is 改为 being也可选它。

请做以下类似题（答案均选A）：

(1) All the preparations for the project ______, we’re ready to start.

A. completed B. have been completed

C. had been completed D. been completed

(2) Such _______ the case, I couldn’t help but______ him.

A. being, support B. was, support

C. has been, supporting D. is, to support

比较以下各题，答案选B，因为句中使用了并列连词and：

(1) All the preparations for the project ______, and we’re ready to start.

A. completed B. have been completed

C. had been completed D. been completed

(2) Such _______ the case, I couldn’t help but______ him.

A. being, support B. was, support

C. has been, supporting D. is, to support

4. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ______ it more difficult.

A. not make B. not to make

C. not making D. do not make

【陷阱】容易误选C，受题干中的逗号的影响，认为是现在分词表结果的用法。

【分析】其实答案应选B，句中的逗号相当于连词 and 或 but，not to make it more difficult 是对逗号前的不定式 to make life easier 的补充说明。此句的意思是“新技术的目的是为了使生活变得更容易，而不是使生活变得更困难”。两个不定式同时用以说明句子主语 purpose 的内容。请做以下类似试题（答案选B）：

The purpose of the scheme is not to help the employers but _____ work for young people.

A. provide B. to provide

C. providing D. provided

5. The murderer was brought in, with his hands ______ behind his back.

A. to be tied B. being tied

C. tied D. having tied

【陷阱】容易误选B。

【分析】最佳答案为C。从意义上看，hands 与 tie 的关系应属被动关系，故排除D。在A、B、C三个选项中，选项A比较容易排除，因为不定式表示将来意义，在此与语境不符。现将B和C作一比较：B为现在分词的被动式，它表示两层意义，一是表被动，二是表进行，也就是说 his hands being tied 的实际意思是“他的手正在被捆住”，这显然与语境不符。而C为过去分词，它也表示两层意义，一是表被动，二是表示动词的完成或完成后的状态，此句中的 with his hands tied behind his back 可视为手被捆在背后的一种状态。由此可知最佳答案为C。请看下面一题：

Anyone ______ trying to take knives on heard flights would be caught by the police.

A. finds B. found

C. being found D. will find

答案选B而不选C，其中的过去分词表示被动和完成。

比较下面两题，最佳答案是D不是A，现在分词的被动式表示被动和进行：

(1) The court hears about 120 cases a year; visitors are welcome to see a case ______.

A. argued B. to be argued

C. to be arguing D. being argued

(2) The silence of the library was sometimes broken by an occasional cough or by the sound of pages _______.

A. turned B. having turned

C. to be turned D. being turned

6. Remind me _______ the medicine tomorrow.

A. of taking B. taking

C. to take D. take

【陷阱】容易误选A。受 remind sb of (doing) sth 这一常用结构的影响。

【分析】最佳答案为C。比较以下三个结构：

remind sb of [about] sth = 使某人想起某事

remind sb of doing sth = 提醒某人做过某事（暗示动作已发生）

remind sb to do sth = 提醒某人去做某事（暗示动作尚未发生）

请看两个例句：

I reminded him of his promise. 我提醒他做过的诺言。

My wife reminded me of seeing that film. 我妻子提醒我曾经看过那部电影。

Can you remind me to phone her tomorrow? 你明天能否提醒我给她打电话?

7. Once your business becomes international, _____ constantly will be part of your life.

A. you fly B. your flight

C. flight D. flying

【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。

【分析】最佳答案为D。由于空格后出现了constantly这一副词，这就说明不能选B或C，因为B、C均为名词，不能受副词 constantly 的修饰。A和D均是可能的，因为其中有动词 fly。但若选A，you fly 是一个主谓结构，与其后的谓语 will be 相冲突，所以只能选D，即动名词flying在此用作主语。

8. Not only should you get used ______ under difficult conditions but you also you pay more attention ______ your work well.

A. to work, to do B. to working, to doing

C. to work, to doing D. to working, to do

【陷阱】容易误选A，认为两个空白处均应填不定式。

【分析】正确答案为B，因为 get used to与pay attention to 这两个结构中的to均为介词，不是不定式符号，故后接动词时要用动名词，不能动词原形。类似地，以下各结构中的 to 也是介词，不是不定式符号，后接动词时也应用动名词，而不是动词原形：

look forward to doing sth 盼望做某事

be opposed to doing sth 反对做某事

object to doing sth反对做某事

stick to doing sth 坚持做某事

get down to doing sth 开始做某事

take to doing sth 喜欢上做某事

admit to doing 承认做了某事

pay attention to doing sth 注意做某事

devote one’s time to doing sth 把某人的时间用于(奉献于)做某事

be equal to doing sth 等于做某事，能胜任做某事

What do you say to doing sth 你认为做某事怎么样

9. Both of my parents insisted _______ a computer for me, but I don’t think it is necessary.

A. to buy B. buying

C. on buying D. in buying

【陷阱】容易误选B，误认为insist后不能接不定式，但可以接动名词。

【分析】答案应选C。其实，动词 insist 后既不能接不定式也不能接动名词，因为insist 通常用作不及物动词；若语义上需接宾语，要借助介词 on或upon，即用于 insist on [upon] (doing) sth；但它有时的确也可用作及物动词，不过其宾语通常只能是 that 从句，而不能是普通的名词、代词或动名词。如：

He insisted on seeing her home. 他坚持送她回家。

I insisted that he (should) stay. 我坚持要他留下。

10. “Do you have anything more ______, sir?” “No. You can have a rest or do something else.”

A. typing B. to be typed

C. typed D. to type

【陷阱】容易误选D，根据 have sth to do 这一常用结构推出。

【分析】最佳答案是B。确实，在“have+宾语+不定式”结构中，用作定语的不定式通常用主动式表示被动含义，如 I have some clothes to wash等，即尽管其中的 some clothes 与其后的不定式 to wash 具有被动关系，但却习惯上用主动式表示被动意义。但值得指出的是，这类句型的主语与其后的不定式具有主动关系，如 I have some clothes to wash 中的 to wash 就是由该句主语 I 来完成的。而上面一题的情形有所不同，即其中的 to type 这一动作不是由句子主语 you来完成的，而是由说话者“我”来完成的。比较：

Are you going to Shanghai? Do you have anything to take to your son? 你要去上海吗？你有什么东西要带给你儿子吗？

I’m going to Shanghai next week. I have a lot of things to take with me. 下个星期我要去上海，我随身要带很多东西去。

11. She took her son, ran out of the house, _____ him in the car and drove quickly to the nearest doctor’s office.

A. put B. to put

C. putting D. having put

【陷阱】容易误选B或C，误认为这考查非谓语动词的用法。

【分析】正确答案选A。句中的took, ran, put, drove 为四并列的谓语动词，其时态应一致。类似地如(答案选A)：

I got out of the taxi, _____ the fare and dashed into the station.

A. paid B. paying

C. to pay D. having paid

但是，下面一题稍有不同：

Hearing the news, he rushed out, ______ the book ______ on the table and disappeared into the distance.

A. left; lain open B. leaving; lying open

C. leaving; lie opened D. left; lay opened

此题答案选B，leaving 在此表结果，lying open 与其前的动词leave有关，leave 后接现在分词作宾语补足语，表示使某人或某物处于做某事的状态中。

12. The boss insisted that every minute ______ made full use of ______ the work well.

A. be, to do B. was, doing

C. be, doing D. was, to do

【陷阱】容易误选B。

【分析】其实正确答案是A。分析如下：

(1) 第一空填 be，是因为insisted 后接that从句，从句谓语要用“should+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气，其中的should也可省略。

(2) 第二空要填to do，是因为此句谓语为被动语态，假若将此句转换成主动语态，则是 …should make full use of every minute to do the work well, 句中涉及 make use of … to do sth (利用……做某事)这一结构。另外，还有 make the most of (尽量利用)，make the best of (尽量利用)等短语也可能用于此类试题。请看以下类似例子：

(1) The old professor told us every part of the materials should be made use of ______ the power station.

A. to build B. building

C. build D. built

此题答案选 A，不是 B。为便于理解，可先考虑以下结构：

…make use of every part of the materials to build the power station

由此可见，make use of 的宾语是 every part of the materials，其后的不定式 to build the power station 为目的状语。

(2) Does the way you thought of _______ the water clean make any sense?

A. making B. to make

C. how to make D. having made

此题答案选B，不是A。句子主语是 the way，you thought of 是修饰主语的定语从句，不定式 to make the water clean 也是修饰主语的定语，也就是说，句子主语带有两个定语修饰语。

13. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ______ the next year.

A. carried out B. carrying out

C. carry out D. to carry out

【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。

【分析】答案选A。此句结构较复杂，现分析如下：

(1) that they would like to see _____ the next year 是修饰名词 the plan 的定语从句。

(2) 由于 the plan 与空格处的 carry out 有被动关系，故填过去分词 carried out。

请做以下类似试题：

(1) Who do you think you’d like _____ with you, a boy or a girl?

A. to have go B. to have to go

C. to have gone D. having to go

在确定答案之前，我们先来看看下面这个句子：

I think I’d like to have a boy go with me.

句中的 go 要用原形，这是因为其前有表示使役的动词have。在此句中，假若对名词a boy 提问，便可得出：

Who do you think you’d like to have go with you?

对照上面一题，答案很显然是A。

(2) Who did the boss _____ his car this time?

A. make wash B. make to wash

C. make washing D. making to wash

在做此题之前，也请先看看下面这个句子：

The boss made Jack wash his car this time.

假若对句中的名词Jack 提问，便可得出：

Who did the boss make wash his car this time?

由此可知上面题答案为A。

(3) You can never imagine what great difficulty I had ______ your house all by myself.

A. found B. finding

C. to find D. for finding

此题答案选B。考查的基本结构是 have great difficulty (in) doing sth。

14. How happy we are! The holiday we have been looking forward _______ at last.

A. to has come B. to have come

C. to having come D. has come

【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。

【分析】其实正确答案是A。大家知道，短语 look forward to意为“盼望”，其中的 to 是介词，而不是不定式符号，所以后接动词要用动名词，许多同学据此便选择了C。但问题是，句中介词 to 的宾语不是have come，而是the holiday。正解的句子分析是：the holiday为句子主语，we have been looking forward to 是修饰主语的定语从句(介词 to 的宾语是引导该定语从句的关系代词 that，被省略)，has come 是句子谓语。请做以下类似试题：

(1) The man you referred to _____ just now.

A. comes B. come

C. coming D. came

答案选D，句子主语为 the man，you referred to 为修饰 the man 的定语从句，空白处填 came，为句子谓语。

(2) The theory he sticks to ______ to be of no use in our studies.

A. proves B. prove

C. proving D. be proved

答案选A，he sticks to 是修饰主语 the theory 的定语从句，句子的基本结构为 The theory proves to be of no use in our studies.

(3) The work he devoted his time to _____ worth praising.

A. was B. be

C. being D. been

答案选A，he devoted his time to 是修饰主语 the work 的定语从句。句子的基本结构为 The work was worth praising.

(4) I think this is the very work that we must finish ____ her.

A. to help B. help

C. helping D. helped

答案是 A。句中空格处填的动词help 并不是 finish 的宾语，正确的句子分析是：that I must finish 是修饰名词 the very work 的定语从句，finish 的宾语是引导该定语从句的关系代词 that，其后的不定式 to help her 是目的状语。

(5) Which do you enjoy ____ your weekend, swimming or fishing?

A. spending B. being spent

C. spend D. to spend

答案选 D。enjoy 的宾语是句首的疑问词 which，不是其后的动词 spending。此题中的 to spend… 用作目的状语。

(5) What the boy enjoys _____ to have a room of his own.

A. being B. to be

C. is D. are

答案选C，而不选A。what the boy enjoys 是主语从句，空格处填的 is 为谓语动词。

(6) Nothing that he suggested _____ to be of any use.

A. prove B. proved C. proving D. to prove

答案选B，而不选C。句子主语是 nothing，that he suggested 是修饰主语的定语从句，suggested 的宾语是引导该定语从句的关系代词 that，而不是其后的动词；句子谓语是 proved。全句意为“他建议的情况没有一条是有用的。”

(7) The old house we paid a visit _____ at the top of the hill.

A. standing B. to stand

C. to standing D. to stands

答案选D。we paid a visit to 是修饰the old house 的定语从句，句中的stands 为主句谓语。

(8) The life he is now used _____ quite different from ours.

A. is B. to be

C. to being D. to is

答案选D。句中he is now used to 是修饰 the life 的定语从句，to 后的动词 is 是句子的谓语，句意为“他现在习惯的这种生活与我们的生活很不相同”。

(9) The work he paid special attention _____ to nothing.

A. came B. to come

C. to coming D. to came

答案选D。句中的he paid special attention to 是修饰 the work 的定语从句，to 后的动词 came 是句子的谓语，句意为“他特别关注的那项工作泡汤了”。

(10) The result what he said would lead _____ his regret in the future.

A. is B. to be

C. to being D. to was

答案选D。句中what he said would lead to 是修饰 the result 的定语从句，to 后的动词 was 是句子的谓语，句意为“他所说的话将导致的结果是他今后的后悔”。

15. _______ the road round to the right and you’ll find his house.

A. Follow B. Following

C. To follow D. Followed

【陷阱】容易误选B或C，误认为这是非谓语动词作状语。

【分析】正确答案选A。根据句中的连词and 可推知它是一个并列句。假若将此题改为下面这样，则答案为B：

_______ the road round to the right, you’ll find his house.

A. Follow B. Following

C. To follow D. Followed

但是，若改成下面一题这样，则答案为C(不定式短语表目的)：

_______ the road round to the right, the blind man asked a boy to guide him.

A. Follow B. Following

C. To follow D. Followed

请做以下试题，答案均选A，都是因为句中的并列连词 and（填空句为祈使句）：

(1) _______ to the top of the hill, and you can see the whole of the town.

A. Get B. To get

C. Getting D. Having got

(2) ______ the milk and set a good example to the other children.

A. Drink B. To drink

C. Drinking D. Having drinking

(3) ______ me, and then try to copy what I do.

A. Watch B. Watching

C. To watch D. Have watching

(4) _____ through this book and tell me what you think of it.

A. Look B. Looking

C. To look D. Having looked

(5) _____ it with me and I’ll see what I can do.

A. Leave B. Leaving

C. If you leave D. When left

有时不用连词连接句子，而用破折号，情况也是一样(答案均选A)。如：

(6) _____ down the radio - the baby’s asleep in the next room.

A. Turn B. Turning

C. to turn D. To have turned

(7) _____ some of this juice - perhaps you will like it.

A. Try B. Trying

C. To try D. To have tried

以下各题也应选A，是因为句中的从属连词 when, before, until 等（填空句为祈使句）：

(8) ______ him enough time to get home before you telephone.

A. Give B. To give

C. Giving D. Given

(9) ______ left when you get to the end of the street.

A. Keep B. Keeping

C. To keep D. Kept

(10) ______ your hand over your mouth when you cough.

A. Put B. Putting

C. To put D. To be putting

(11)______ until the lights have turned to green.

A. Wait B. To wait

C. Waiting D. Having waited

(12) ______ the pieces of cloth with a loose stitch before finally sewing them together.

A. Join B. To join

C. Joining D. Joined

以下各题也应选A，因为填空句为祈使句：

(13) I don’t want to listen a long story - just _____ me the result.

A. tell B. telling

C. to tell D. to be telling

(14) Why stand there watching - _____ and help us!

A. come B. coming

C. to come D. to be coming

(15) Don’t waste your money on silly things - ______ it.

A. save B. to save

C. saving D. having saved

(16) First ______ the rice by washing it, then ______ it in boiling water.

A. prepare, cook B. preparing, cooking

C. preparing, cook D. prepare, cooking

(17) To test eggs, _____ them in a bowl of water: if they float they’re bad, if they sink they’re good.

A. put B. putting

C. to put D. to be putting

但是请注意，类似下面这样的题目情形有所不同，所填部分为目的状语（用不定式，即答案选B）：

(18) ______ French well, she went to France to live with his cousins.

A. Study B. To study

C. Studying D. Having studied

(19) _____ late in the morning, Mr. Smith turned off the alarm.

A. Sleep B. To sleep

C. Sleeping D. Having slept

(20) ______ the flies out, we had to shut all the doors and windows.

A. Keep B. To keep

C. Keeping D. Having kept

(21) ______ their service, the workers of the hotel are active in learning English.

A. Improving B. To improve

C. Improve D. Having improved

◆精编陷阱题训练◆

1. He looked around and caught a man ______ his hand into the pocket of a passenger.

A. put B. to be putting

C. to put D. putting

2. When you’re learning to drive, _______ a good teacher makes a big difference.

A. have B. having

C. and have D. and having

3. I felt it a great honour ______ to speak to you.

A. to ask B. asking

C. to be asked D. having asked

4. I would love _______ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.

A. to go B. to have gone

C. going D. having gone

5. Before you decide to leave your job, _______ the effect it will have on your family.

A. consider B. considering

C. to consider D. considered

6. Robert is said _______ abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in.

A. to have studied B. to study

C. to be studying D. to have been studying

7. It is said that in Australia there is more land than the government knows _______.

A. it what to do with B. what to do it with

C. what to do with it D. to do what with it

8. Anyone _______ bags, boxes, or whatever, was stopped by the police.

A. seen carry B. seen carrying

C. saw to carry D. saw carrying

9. Mr Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to _______ some schools for poor children.

A. set up B. setting up

C. have set up D. having set up

10. The discovery of new evidence led to _______.

A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief

C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught

11. She looks forward every spring to _______ the flower-lined garden.

A. visit B. paying a visit

C. walk in D. walking in

12. To test eggs, _______ them in a bowl of water: if they float they’re bad, if they sink they’re good.

A. put B. putting

C. to put D. to be putting

13. “Where is David?” “He is upstairs ______ ready to go out.”

A. to get B. getting

C. to be getting D. having got

14. “Mum, why do you always make me eat an egg every day?” “________ enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up.”

A. Get B. Getting

C. To get D. to be getting

15. He was reading his book, completely _______ to the world.

A. lost B. losing

C. to lose D. to have lost

16. We looked everywhere for the keys, but they are nowhere _______.

A. to find B. to have found

C. to be found D. being found

17. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _______.

A. not to B. not to do

C. not do it D. do not do

18. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _______ in the kitchen.

A. smoke B. smoking

C. to smoke D. smoked

19. Finding her car stolen, _______.

A. a policeman was asked to help

B. the area was searching thoroughly

C. it was looked for everywhere

D. she hurried to a policeman for help

20. “How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?” “The key ______ the problem is to meet the demand ______ by the customers.”

A. to solving, making B. to solving, made

C. to solve, making D. to solve, made

21. “What do you think made Mary so upset?” “_______ her new bike.”

A. As she lost B. Lost

C. Losing D. Because of losing

22. The research is so designed that once _______ nothing can be done to change it.

A. begins B. having begun

C. beginning D. begun

23. Though ________ money, his parents managed to send him to university.

A. lacked B. lacking of

C. lacking D. lacked in

24. Tony was very unhappy for _______ to the party.

A. having not been invited B. not having invited

C. having not invited D. not having been invited

25. Though I have often heard this song _______. I have never heard you _______ it.

A. being sung, sang B. sang, singing

C. sung, sing D. to be sung, to sing

26. He is a man of few words, and seldom speaks until _______ to.

A. spoken B. speaking

C. speak D. be spoken

28. When I handed the report to John, he said that George was the person _______.

A. to send B. for sending it

C. to send it to D. for sending it to

29. _______ on time, this medicine will be quite effective.

A. Taking B. Being taken

C. Taken D. Having taken

30. The film star walked to his car, ______ a crowd of journalists.

A. followed by B. following by

C. to follow D. to be followed by

31. After describing the planned improvements, she went on _______ how much they would cost.

A. to explain B. explaining

C. to be explaining D. having explained

32. Please excuse me _______ your letter by mistake.

A. to open B. to have opened

C. for opening D. in opening

33. Please remember _______ the plants while I’m away.

A. watering B. to be watering

C. to water D. being watering

34. Certainly I posted your letter - I remember ______ it.

A. posting B. to post

C. to be posting D. have posted

35. Stop _______ me to hurry up. I can only go so fast.

A. to tell B. telling

C. to have told D. having told

36. Remember _______ off the light when _______ to bed.

A. turning, going B. to turn, to go

C. turning, to go D. to turn, going

37. _______ time, he’ll make a first-class tennis player.

A. Having given B. To give

C. Giving D. Given

38. _______ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.

A. Being founded B. It was founded

C. Founded D. Founding

39. The lady said she would buy a gift for her daughter with the ________.

A. 20 dollars remained B. 20 dollars to remain

C. remained 20 dollars D. remaining 20 dollars

40. The picture _______ on the wall is painted by my nephew.

A. having hung B. hanging

C. hangs D. being hung

41. With a lot of difficult problems ________, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.

A. settled B. setting

C. to settle D. being settled

42. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _______ whether they will enjoy it.

A. to see B. to be seen

C. seeing D. seen

43. Tony was very unhappy for _______ to the party.

A. having not been invited B. not having invited

C. having not invited D. not having been invited

44. “Good morning. Can I help you?” “I’d like to have this package _______.”

A. be weighed B. to be weighed

C. to weigh D. weighed

45. What have we said _______ her so happy?

A. makes B. to make

C. made D. has made

46. What worried the child most was ______ to visit his mother in the hospital.

A. his not allowing B. his not being allowed

C his being not allowed D. having not being allowed

47. “Which sweater is yours?” “The one _______ No. 9.”

A. that marked B. was marked with

C. which marked D. marked with

48.If the car won’t start, _____ it.

A. try push B. try pushing

C. to try pushing D. to try to push

49. They stayed up until midnight _____ the old year out and the new year in.

A. and saw B. to see

C. seeing D. for seeing

◆答案与解析◆

1. 选D。catch sb doing sth 意为“碰上某人在做某事”或“逮住某做某事”。

2. 选B。这是一个含when 引导时间状语从句的主从复合句，having a good teacher 在主句中用作主语。

3. 选C。句中的 it 为形式主语，不定式 to be asked to speak to you 为真正主语，因“我”与ask为被动关系，故用被动式。

4. 选 B。like 和 love后接不定式或动名词均可，但 would love / like 后只能接不定式，据此可排除选项 C、D。表示过去未曾实现的愿望，其后要接不定式完成式，即选 B。

5. 选A，before 引导的是时间状语从句，填空句为主句，而此主句为一祈使句，故动词用原形。其中 it will have … 为修饰名词 the effect 的宾语从句。

6. 选 A。根据句中的 studied 可知，他曾到国外留过学，也就是说“留学”这个动作已结束并发生在谓语动作(is said)之前，故用完成式，即选 A。

7. 选 C。do with 与 what 连用可以表示“处置”、“放置”、“利用”等。如：

What shall I do with it? 怎样处置它好呢?

What have you done with my umbrella? 你把我的雨伞放到哪 里去了?

I don’t know what to do with this strange object. 我不知道这怪东西有什么用。

8. 选B。anyone seen carrying bags…为 anyone who was seen carrying bags 之略，其中过去分词短语 seen carrying bags … 用作定语修饰代词 anyone。另外，句中的 who was seen carrying bags 为 see sb doing sth 这一结构的被动式。

9. 选 B。devote…to… 的意思是“把……贡献给……”或“致力于……”，其中 to 是介词，不是不定式符号，若后动词要用动名词。句中的 he had 为定语从句，用以修饰 all，注意不将 had to 视为同一个语义结构。

10. 选 C。lead to 意为“导致”，其中的 to 是介词，不是不定式符号，若后接动词要用动名词。由于逻辑主语 the thief 与catch 为被动关系，故答案选 C。

11. 选 D。look forward to 意为“期盼”，其中 to 是介词，后接动词要用动名词。注意不能选 B，因为 pay a visit 不能带 the flower-lined garden 作宾语，假若在 paying a visit 后加上介词 to，则可选 B。

12. 选A。句首的 to test eggs 为目的状语，填空句为祈使句谓语，故要用动词原形。

13. 选B。现在分词短语表伴随。

14. 选C。to get enough protein and nutrition 表目的。

15. 选A。(be) lost to sth 为习语，意为“不再受某事物的影响”、“将某事物置之度外”。

16. 选C。因keys 与 find 是被动关系。

17. 选 A。不定式的否定式总是将否定词 not 置于不定式符号 to 之前，而不能置于其后，同时结合 tell sb (not) to do sth 这一结构可排除选项 C、D。当不定式的动词是前面已出现过的相同的动词时，为避免重复，通常省略该不定式而只保留不定式符号 to。

18. 选 B。find 后可接现在分词（表示动作在进行）或过去分词（表被动关系）作宾语补足语，但是不接不定式。另外，由于he 与 smoke 是主动关系，故选 B。

19. 选 D。非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语就是句子主语。比较四个选项，finding her car stolen 的逻辑主语显然是 she，而不是 a policeman, the area, it 等，故选 D。

20. 选 B。the key to… 意为“……的关键”，其中的 to 是介词，不是不定式符号，若后接动词要用动名词。另一方面，名词 demand 与 make 是被动关系(make demands 提出要求)，同时根据句中的 by the customers，可确定答案选 B。

21. 选 C。答句是针对疑问词 what 的回答，而问句中的疑问词 what 在句中用作主语，所以答句也应是一个能用作主语的东西，比较四个选项，只有C合适。其完整回答形式为 Losing her new bike made Mary so upset. 比较，下面一题要填不定式，因为四个选项中只有 To choose a new chairman 能回答疑问词 why：

“Why was a special meeting called?” “______ a new chairman.”

A. Choose B. Choosing

C. To choose D. Chosen

22. 选 D。由于 the research 与 begin 是被动关系，故用过去分词 begun。Once begun 可视为 once it is begun 之省略。

23. 选 C。由于 his parents 与 lack money(缺钱)是主动关系，故用现在分词，又因为 lack 是及物动词，故后接宾语无需用介词，故选 C。

24. 选 D。非谓语动词的否定式要将否定词 not 放在整个非谓语动词之前，据此可排除 A、C。另外，由于 Tony 与 invite 是被动关系，故选 D。

25. C。第一空填 sung，因为 song 与 sing 是被动关系；第二空填 sing，因为 you 与 sing 是主动关系。

27. 选 A。until spoken to 可视为 until he is spoken to 之略。

28. 选C，不定式短语to send it to 用作这语，修饰其前的名词 the person。注意句尾的介词 to 不能省略，因为被修饰的名词 the person 为介词 to 的逻辑宾语。

29. 选 C。this medicine 与动词take 为被动关系，故用过去分词。

30. 选A。从句意上看，人群跟在明星后面，反过来，明星便是被人群跟着。

31. 选A。go on doing sth = 继续做同一事情，go on to do sth = 做完某事后续继做某事。

32. 选C。excuse sb for doing sth 意为“原谅某人做了某事”。

33. 选C。remember doing sth = 记住曾经做过的事，remember to do sth = 记住要做的事。

34. 选A。remember doing sth = 记住曾经做过的事，remember to do sth = 记住要做的事。

35. 选B。根据下文的 I can only go so fast 知前文应是叫对方不要老催自己快走。比较：stop doing sth = 停止做某事，stop to do sth = 停下正在做的事去干另一事。

36. 选D。一是分清以下两个结构：remember to do sth=记住做某事，remember doing sth=记住曾做过某事；二是注意 when going to bed 相当于 when you go to bed。

37. 选 D。由于动词 give 与其逻辑主语 he 是动宾关系，故用过去分词，即选 D。其中 Given time 可视为 If he is given time 之略。

38. C。由于 Harvard(哈佛大学)与 found(建立)是被动关系，且因句中有 in 1636，故选 C。注意不能选 B，否则前后两句之间缺少必要的连词。

39. 选D，由于 remain 为不及物动词，所以包含过去分词 remained的A和C不宜选(因为两者均含有被动意味)；选项B也不宜选，不定式to remain 用作修饰 20 dollars 的后置定语，由于彼此之间有逻辑上的动宾关系，故不妥（因为 remain 不及物）。现在分词remaining 的意思是“剩下的”。

40. 选 B。动词 hang 表示“悬挂”时，可用作及物或不及物动词，此处填 hanging 或 hung 均可，但不能填 being hung，因为它表示动作正在进行，而此处表示的是一种悬挂的状态。

41. 选 C。“with+名词+不定式”的意思是“有……要……”。又如：

I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。

With such good cardres to carry out the Party’s policy we feel safe. 有这样的好干部执行党的政策，我们感到放心。

42. 选 B。remain 作“尚需”解，是连系动词，其后要接不定式作表语。由于 see 与 it(形式主语，指whether they will enjoy it)是动宾关系，因此用不定式的被动式。

43. 选 D。否定词 not 应放在动名词之前，故排除A、C；又因为 Tony 与 invite 是被动关系，故选 D。

44. 选 D。“have+名词或代词+过去分词”结构在此表示“请某人做某事”。

45. 选 B。to make her so happy 是结果状语。注意词序What have we…，不是 What we have…。比较下面一题(答案选D)：

What we have said ________ her so happy.

A. makes B. to make

C. made D. has made

46. 选 B。否定词 not 应放在-ing 形式之前，逻辑主语 his 之后，由此可排除 C 和 D；又因为 the child 与 allow 是被动关系，故选 B。

47. 选D。marked with 可视为 which is marked with No. 9 之略。

48. 选B。注意句首为if 引导的条件状语从句，填空句为祈使句，故第一个动词应是try，不应是 to try；另外，try doing sth 的意思是“做某事试试看有何效果”。

49. 选 B。不定式表目的。

责任编辑：李芳芳

非谓语动词

I like cooking. ”

He likes cooking.

It' s not easy for me to learn English.

Seen from the space, the earth is a blue sphere.

以上英语句子中____________________等具有动词特征，但是在句子中不能作谓语的动词形式，就叫动词的非谓语形式，也叫非谓语动词。

非谓语动词是不随 _______________变化而变化的，它们不受人称和数的限定，所以又叫“非限定动词”。

动词的非谓语形式有三种：

（1）动词不定式：to study (to + 动词原形)

（2）分词：studying (现在分词)、studied (过去分词)

（3）动名词：studying (形式与现在分词相同)

动词非谓语形式有以下几种形式变化（以write为例）：

形态 主动 被动

动词不定式 一般

进行

完成

完成进行

现在分词和动名词 一般

完成

过去分词 一般 written

一、动词不定式

二、动名词

动名词可以起 ______词的作用，在句子中作主语，宾语，表语，定语。

动名词的否定形式是在前面加上not, never等否定词。

（一）做____________________

Fishing in this lake is forbidden.

Going abroad for a visit and settling down abroad are two different things.

My favorite hobby is fishing/collecting stamps.

My job is teaching.

注意：

在______________; ______________; __________ ; _______________ ; _________________ ;___________________ 等习惯表达中，

It为__________，而将做主语的动名词短语放在后面。例如：

It’s no use /good ringing her up now.

Is it worthwhile bargaining two hours for two cents?

It’s wise trying again.

It is of great importance fighting against pollution.

It is no use operating on the sick man. He should have been sent here early.

It is no good smoking; you’d better give it up.

（二）动名词短语作___________________。

He avoided giving me a definite answer.

David suggested selling your dog and car to pay the debt.

I couldn’t risk missing that train.

常用的能接动名词的动词有：

承认__________，感激__________，避免__________，建议___________，不禁__________，庆祝__________，考虑__________，完成___________，延期__________，忍耐___________，喜欢__________，结束___________，想象__________，保持___________，在意__________，错过___________，允许__________，练习___________，冒险__________，明白___________。

例如：

（三）动名词短语作___________。如：

The children are fond of listening to pop music.

Are you interested in going to the show?

Thomas insisted on doing it in his own way.

Excuse me for interrupting you.

Before finishing your homework, you’d better not go out. 做

（四）动名词也可以有自己的逻辑主语，就是在动名词短语前面加上

_____________________。

I insisted on his (him) going to the cinema with me.

I can hardly imagine Peter’s sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.

Linda’s coming will do you good.

What made him angry was their (them) laughing.

（五）动名词的完成式和被动语态：

（1）完成式表示__________________________________。例如：

I apologize for having broken my promise.

I don’t remember having talked with him before.

I regret not having met you before my marriage/before I got married.

（2）当___________________________________，动名词要用被动语态。例如：

I could no longer stand being treated like that.

She was proud of having been trained in the U.K.

He doesn’t like being laughed at.

（六）某些动词可接不定式也可接动名词做宾语，但意义有差别。

（1）like, love, hate, prefer等表示喜爱，厌恶的动词后面，

动名词表示______________________

不定式表示______________________

She likes dancing. But she wouldn’t like to dance with you.

He looked tired and I didn’t like to disturb him.

I don’t like reading, but I’d like to read a magazine in bed tonight.

Little Jim should love to be taken to the theatre this evening.

The reporter would /should like to see you again.

We don’t like talking about people behind their backs.

（2） forget to do sth. ___________________

forget doing sth.___________________

The light in the office is still on. She forgot to turn it off.

The light in the office is off. She turned it off, but she forgot turning it off.

（3）remember to do sth. _________________

remember doing sth. _________________

Do you remember meeting me at a party last year?

You must remember to leave tomorrow。

（4）stop to do sth. __________________

stop doing sth. __________________

She stopped to have a rest on a big rock by the side of the path.

As long as you live, your heart never stops beating,

（5） regret to do sth. _____________________

regret doing sth. ____________________

I regret saying that.

I regret to tell you the following truth.

（6）try to do sth. __________________

try doing sth. _________________

You must try to do it again.

Let’s try doing the work in some other way.

（7） mean to do sth. __________________

mean doing sth. __________________

If it means delaying more than a week, I’ll not wait.

I mean to help you, and nothing else. 。

I didn’t mean to hurt you. I’m sorry.

Declaring Taiwan independent means declaring war on China.

（8） go on to do sth. _____________________

go on doing sth. _____________________

After he finished his maths, he went on to do his physics.

I hope it won’t go on raining all day long.

现在做一些练习：

1．根据括号里的汉语意思用动名词填空：

1) ____________（游泳）is a very enjoyable exercise.

2) His work is ________________(修自行车).

3) Europeans uses an knife and a fork ______________(吃肉).

4) We will only succeed by ____________________(努力工作）.

5) Tom hates __________________(早晨9点以后起床).

6) I could' t help ________________(迟到).

7) _____________________(等着没用) there won' t be another bus.

2. 用动词不定式或动名词填空：

1) He wanted ____ (see) the book I had bought.

2) Please stop ___ (walk) about the room and sit down.

3) I called ____ (see) her yesterday but she was out.

4) In 1969, the United States succeeded in ____ (send) a rocket to the moon and ___ (land) two astronauts on its surface.

5) We decided ___ (put) off the meeting until Saturday.

6) Let me ___ (see) what you are doing.

7) When the professor finishes ____ (speak), we will ask him a question.

8) He made her ___ (go) although she wanted ___ (stay).

9) Please remember ____ (give) her this letter.

10) We heard him ___ (say) that he disliked ____ (go) abroad any more.

11) The child enjoyed ___ (play) at the seaside.

12) The little boy was made ___ (take) the medicine.

13) I watched the shop assistant ___ (take) the goods down for the shelf and put them on the counter.

14) He remembers ___ (go) to Shanghai with his parents when he was five.

15) She had her husband ___ (wash) her dirty linen.

16) The thief kept ____ (say) he hadn’t taken the purse.

17) The policeman saw him ___ (steal) the bicycle and ride away on it.

18) I’ve persuaded him ___ (help) us do the job.

19) You had better ____ (go) home now. It looks like rain.

20) Let me___ (know) if you had decided ____ (go).

21) He promised ___ (come) to our party.

22) I forget ____ (see) you there.

23) Don’t forget ___ (see) your grandma this Sunday.

24) I must apologize for not ___ (let) you know earlier.

三、分词

分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。

作为非谓语形式，分词可用作形容词和副词，在句子中充当定语、表语、补语和状语。但它仍保持动词的一般特征，可以有自己的宾语和状语。分词和自己的宾语、状语构成分词短语。

现在分词有一般式和完成式。它的一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的行为或存在的状态；它的完成式（having + 过去分词）表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作或存在的状态。

现在分词有主动语态和被动语态(being + 过去分词)。

过去分词只有一般式，表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。过去分词（及物动词）本身可以表示被动的含义，因而没有别的被动形式。

（一）用法

1．作定语。

作定语的分词通常放在被修饰的名词________________。

如果被修饰的词是something，anything，everything，nothing等，则分词放在这些词________________。

分词短语通常放在被修饰的名词_________________。

This is an interesting book。

China is a developing country.

a broken heart

a risen sun

There is something interesting in the news。

The man sitting by the window is our math teacher。

The machine run by the old worker is made in Shanghai。

1. We lived in the house __________________(我舅舅们修建的).

2. Any medicine ________(服用) without the advice of a doctor can cause trouble.

3. We spent two hours discussing the plan ________________ (她制定的).

4. Lessons _____________ (易学的)are soon forgotten.

** ______________ (易学的) lessons are soon forgotten.

2、作状语。分词和分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、行为方式等意义。表示时间和原因的分词短语相当于对应的状语从句。

时间

When the students saw the teacher entering the room，They stood up。

= seeing the teacher entering the room, they stood up.

When I was walking in the street, I came across an old friend of mine.

__________________________, I came across an old friend of mine.

After he had heard the news, he jumped with joy.

_________________________, he jumped with joy.

The metal expands when it is heated.

___________，the Metal expands.

When he was asked why he did not do it, he began to cry.

________________________________, he began to cry.

原因

As I was excited，I couldn’t go to sleep

_____________，I couldn’t go to sleep。

Because he was a student，he was interested in sports.

______________________，he was interested in sports.

Because they were inspired (激励) by Dr.Yang’s speech，Li Hua and his classmates decided to study physics harder

_______________，Li Hua and his classmates decided to study physics harder.

方式、伴随

The children went away。They laughed as they went.

The children went away laughing.

The professor stood there and he was surrounded by many students

The professor stood there，_______________________________

He sat on the sofa, and watched TV.

He sat on the sofa, _____________________

条件

If you work hard, you will succeed.

________________, you will succeed.

If you use your head, you will find a way.

________________, you will find a way.

If water is heated to a certain temperature, it turns into steam.

_________________________________, water turns into steam.

3、作宾语补足语。

现在分词

(I) 用在_____________之后作宾补

1. I saw him running along the street.

2. I felt an ant climbing over my leg.

3. Suddenly I noticed her standing outside.

4. I smell something burning.

5. I hear a girl singing in the hall.

(II) 用在 __________________之后做宾补

1. I would have him waiting for me at the gate of the park.

2. Sorry, I kept you waiting a long time.

3. They shut the door and left, leaving the fire burning.

过去分词

(I) 用在_______________ 之后作宾补。

1. The speaker raised his voice, but he still could not make himself heard.

2. Jane got her bad tooth pulled out at the dentist’s.

3. They are going to have the entrance hall painted white.

(II) 用在 ______________ 之后作宾补。

1. He didn’t notice his wallet stolen.

2. I was washing my clothes when I heard my name called.

(III) 用在 ______________之后作宾补。

1. He did not want such question discussed.

2. I would like my living room painted light blue.

4、作表语。

The result of the test is disappointing.

I feel disappointed in the result of the test.

The story is very interesting

He is interested in the book.

The result is surprising.

I am surprised at what he said.

现在分词作表语，说明主语的性质或特征，意为______________，

exciting, moving, amusing, astonishing, frightening, interesting, relaxing, shocking, surprising, terrifying, tiring etc.

过去分词作表语多表示主语所处的状态，意为_________________，

excited, moved, amused, astonished, frightened, interested, relaxed, satisfied, surprised, terrified, tired etc.

过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别

（1）被动结构强调___________，而系表结构强调________________

（2）_________________可以接by + 动作的执行者，___________则不行。

The glass is broken.

The glass is broken by Tom.

The bookstore is closed at six.

The bookstore is closed now.

注意：

（1）分词作状语时，_____________ 和 ______________ 一致：

__________at the top of the mountain，I saw lots of people there.

__________from the top of the mountain, the city is beautiful.

__________again, I found the book interesting.

__________again, the book was found interesting.

（2）在see，hear，watch，notice等动词后，

用动词不定式作宾语补语，通常表示_______________________。

如果用现在分词作宾语补语，则通常表示____________________。

We sat two hours and watched the teacher __________ the experiment.

We passed by the classroom and saw the teacher________ the experiment.

（3）在“have+宾语+分词”的结构中，

现在分词表示 _____________________

过去分词表示 _____________________

动词不定式表示 ___________________

He had the fire ___________ (burn) day and night。

Father had me ___________(swim) the whole summer vacation。

Mary had her dress __________(wash).

Tom had his legs ____________ (break)

I had my watch __________(steal) yesterday。

My mother had me ___________ (wash) my dress.

The teacher had me ______________ (clean) the classroom.

（二）分词的时态和语态

上面已经谈到，过去分词可以表示“被动”和“完成”等意义，因此没有时态和

语态方面的形式变化。下面谈一下现在分词的时态和语态。

1.现在分词的完成式(having+过去分词)表示____________________________。

Having written the letter，John went to the post office.

(=After he had written the letter，John went to the post office.

Having lived in Beijing for years，Lao Wang knows the city quite well.

(=As he has lived in Beijing for years，Lao Wang knows the city quite well.)

Having drunk two glasses of water, Xiao Ma felt a little better.

(=After he had drunk two glasses of water Xiao Ma felt a little better.)

2.现在分词的被动语态(being +过去分词)通常表示“正在被…”的意思。如强调现在分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前时，可用现在分词被动语态的完成式(having + been +过去分词)。

The bridge being built will be completed next month.

Having been kept out of the room about half an hour for his returning late，Tom was let in.

exercises:

1、用现在分词或过去分词结构改写下列句子:

1）The teacher is taking a walk on the playground. He is our teacher of English.

2）The birds filled the air with music. They were singing in the trees.

3) Here is a novel. It was written b Lu Xun.

4) The language is English. It is spoken in Australia.

5) Do you know the number of students? They are coming to the English Evening.

6) I could hear the boys. They were playing in the field.

7) He was glad to find the fire. It was burning brightly.

8) I watched them. They were dancing.

9) I saw a man. He was banging at your door

10）Tom rushed into the room. He was covered with snow.

11）Mary sat on the ground. She talked with Jane.

12）I stood at the gate. I was waiting for his arrival.

13) John put on his raincoat because he saw that it was raining.

14) As he was stepping carelessly off the pavement, he was knocked down by the bus.

15) He used chopsticks. He ate his dinner.

16) As he was going downstairs he tripped on the carpet.

17) When I was learning English, I had much trouble in pronunciation.

18) As he himself was one of the exploited Pottier shared their bitterness and sufferings.

19) The bridge had been weakened by successive storms and was no longer safe.

20) What is the book? It is being translated.

21) As we did not know his address we could not get in touch with him.

22) As she had been there many times, she knew the place quit well.

23) As we had not got a reply from them, we became quite worried.

24) Because they had been brought up in the city, they knew little about farmwork.

25) He was a League member. He ought to take the lead in such activities.

2、改正下列句子中的错误(注意分词短语的逻辑主语和句子的主语是否一致)。

Example:

Climbing to the top of the hill, there is a magnificent view to be seen.

-----Climbing to the top of the hill, one can see a magnificent view.

-----If one climbs to the top of the hill, there is a magnificent view to be seen.

1）Being Sunday I shall have a quiet day at home.

______________ I shall have quiet day at home.

2）Entering the house, the door closed with a bang.

3）Walking through the park, the flowers made a lovely sight.

4）Waiting for a bus, a brick fell on my head.

5）Having been away from his hometown for more than thirty years, no one recognize him.

责任编辑：李芳芳

非谓语动词

(一)不定式

非谓语动词有三种形式：不定式，动词ing形式(v-ing)及过去分词(ed分词)。

不定式的基本形式是由“to+ 动词原形”构成，其否定形式是not to do，不定式可以带自己的宾语或状语，构成不定式短语，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化，不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语，不作谓语。如：

Lucy asked him to turn up the radio.

To make a plan first is a good idea.

1. 动词不定式不失动词的特点，有时态和语态的变化，不定式有六种形式，以write为例：

主动态 被动态

一般式 to write to be written

完成式 to have written to have

been written

进行式 to be writing

完成进行式 to have

been writing

(1)不定式的时态：

①不定式所表达的动作与谓语动词同时发生或是在谓语动词之后发生，不定式用一般式，如：

It seems that he knows this.

鯤e seems to know this.

I hope that I'll see you again.

鯥 hope to see you again.

②不定式所表达的动作与谓语动词同时发生，并强调动作正在进行的情景，或持续性，不定式用进行式，如：

He pretended that he was listening to English course when I came in.

鯤e pretended to be listening to English course when I came in.

I am very glad that I am working with you.

鯥 am very glad to be working with you.

③不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，不定式用完成式，如：

I am sorry that I have put you so much trouble.

鯥 am sorry to have put you so much trouble.

It seems that I have met you somewhere before.

鯥 seem to have met you somewhere before.

④如果强调不定式所表示的动作从过去某一时刻起一直持续到某一时刻，不定式用完成进行时，强调动作的持续性，不强调结果。如：

She seems to have been reading the novel for three hours.

The rain was said to have been falling for a week.

(2)不定式的语态：当不定式的逻辑主语与不定式是被动关系时，不定式一般用被动式。如：

This is the plan to be discussed at today's meeting.

The novel is said to have been translated into several languages.

Whether most countries can use natural energy in future remains to be seen.

2. 不定式的作用

(1)不定式作主语：

To say is one thing; to do is another.

To read novels is my hobby.

it形式主语常常代替作主语的不定式，而将不定式或不定式短语放在后面。

To talk with him is a great pleasure.

鯥t is great pleasure to talk with him.

To make electricity by building a dam across the sea is possible.

鯥t is possible to make electricity by building a dam across the sea.

注意：①To see is to believe. 主语和表语都是不定式，不能用it代替：It is to believe to see是错误的。

②To answer correctly is more important than to finish quickly. 而finish与finishing放在than后面都是不合适的，因为前面句子的主语是to answer，后面的主语也要是to finish, 保持than前后句子结构平行。

(2)不定式作表语：不定式在系词后面作表语。

At that time his job was to write reports for the newspaper.

This suit doesn't seem to fit me.

The problems remain to be unsettled.

(3)不定式作宾语：在下列及物动词后，常跟不定式作宾语：want, need, hope, wish, expect, like, hate, try, manage, forget, remember, know, begin, start, intend, plan, mean, pretend, prefer, agree, refuse, learn等。

To keep the water clean, you need to get some under water plants.

I prefer to stay at home rather than go out.

They have decided to visit the nature park for the milu deer.

注意：不定式作宾语时，有时用“it”替换，it为形式宾语，而将真正的不定式作宾语后置，如：

I found to learn English well not easy.

鯥 found it not easy to learn English well.

I feel to help others my duty.

鯥 feel it my duty to help others.

(4)不定式作宾语补足语和主语补足语：通常用于及物动词或动词短语之后，如：

Jim told me to give his best wishes to everyone here.

What caused you to change your mind?

在被动语态was considered后面，不定式为主语补足语接不定式作宾补和主补的动词常有:

ask, beg, cause, call n, help, force, allow, permit, advise, order, get, want, wish, tell

等。

(其中没有hope sb. to do, suggest sb. to do和agree sb. to do)

注意：①不定式作宾语补足语，在部分感官及使役动词后，用不带to的不定式作宾语，常用的动词有：let, make, have, see, watch, notice, observe, look at, listen to, feel等，help有无to都可以，如：

The teacher had us recite the text every day.

The boss made his men work all the night.

把上面句子变成被动语态后，不定式成为句子的主语补足语，需带to，即在被动语态中不定式一律带to，不存在省略问题。

注意：②在谓语动词think, consider, suppose, believe, imagine, prove, find等后面跟to be作宾补，不跟to do，但其中有些可跟to have done作宾补。如：

imagine…to be

Imagine yourself(to be)in his place.

find…to be

We found him(to be)honest.

suppose…to be/suppose…to have done.

I suppose him to be about fifty.

We suppose him to have stolen it.

(5)不定式作定语：不定式作定语，有时与前面被修饰的名词逻辑上有动宾关系，如果不定式是不及物动词或所修饰的名词是不定式的地点，工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词，如：

I have a meeting to attend. (attend the meeting)

及物动词+ 宾语

Pass me a piece of paper to write on. (write on the paper)

不及物动词+ 介词+ 宾语

在time, place, way后面的不定式省略介词，如：

He had no money and no place to live.

其他不定式作定语情况，如：

I have no chance to go abroad.

They had never moment to rest.

注意：there be句型中的不定式作定语用主动或被动都可以

There is a lot of work to do.

=There is a lot of work to be done.

There is no time to lose.

=There is no time to be lost.

但是在下列句子中，不定式主动与被动形式意义不同：

--Have you anything to wash?

--No, nothing. I plan to go shopping.

不定式动作的执行者是you. you wash something

--Have you anything to be washed?

--No, Thank you.

不定式动作的执行者不是you. 是省略了的(…to be washed)by me或by someone else.

不定式作状语：

①作目的状语：

I got up early in order to catch the 6∶30 train.

The boy ran all the way so as not to be late.

注意：so as to不能置于句首，in order to可以。

②作原因状语：

He smiled to think of his clever plan.

③在某些形容词后面作状语：

I am glad to see you.

You are sure to succeed.

④作结果状语：

第一, I hurried to the post office, only to find it closed. (出乎意料的结果)

第二，too…to…“太……以至于不……”(to后面译作否定)

He is too old to read.

The boy is too young to dress himself.

当不定式前的形容词为nervous, pleased, willing, delighted, happy, glad等时，too…to，“to…”可译作肯定，

They are too nervous to leave. 他们急于离开

当too前有only, 即only too…to译作肯定

I am only too pleased to help you.

当不定式前有否定意义的词时译作肯定

We are never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。

第三，形容词/副词enough to do sth.

He was quick enough to catch the ball.

The girl is old enough to go to school.

第四，so…as to/such…as to如此……以致于……

He was so angry that he was unable to speak.

He was so angry as to be unable to speak.

He was such a fool that he believed the cheat.

He was such a fool as to believe the cheat.

⑤不定式作方面状语，不定式作方面状语与句子的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，不定式多用主动结构，如果不定式为及物动词，后面不必再跟宾语，如果不定式为不及物动词，要用相应的介词，如：

The mountain is difficult to climb. (动宾关系：climb the mountain)

不定式不说to climb it或to be climbed

Lesson Two is easy to learn. (动宾关系：learn Lesson Two)

有时由形容词+ to do结构一起做宾语补足语

3. 不定式的逻辑主语：不定式的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语，如He seemed to be reading something, 当需要明确指出不定式动作的执行者时，用for/of sb. (sth. )to do sth. 表示，如：

(1)当作表语的形容词表达不定式的逻辑主语的品行，性格，性质时，要用of，常见的这类形容词有:

brave, careful, careless, kind, nice, good, honest, clever, wise, unwise, stupid, foolish, rude, cruel, silly, thoughtful, impolite, polite, right, wrong, 等。这时It+ be+ 形容词+ of sb. /sth. to do sth. 句型，等于sb. /sth. + be+ 形容词to do sth. , 如：

It is very kind of you to say so.

相当于You are very kind to say so.

It is clever of him to win the competition.

鯤e is clever to win the competition.

It+ be+ 形容词+ for sb. /sth. to do sth. 这一句型中的形容词大多为：

easy, important, usual, difficult, hard, possible, impossible, necessary等。这些词只能说明不定式行为的是与非，不能说明不定式的执行者，所以不等于sb. + be+ 形容词+ to do sth. ，如：

1)It is difficult for beginners to read the book.

不能说：Beginners are difficult to read.

但是第一类，即It+ be+ 形容词+ of sb. to do sth. 句型中的形容词，如right, impolite…等如果强调评论人用of，强调评论行为也可用for，应用情况如下：

(1)当sb. 为泛指时，形容词着重评论不定式行为本身，如：

It was not right for the south to break away from the Union.

(2)当不定式为被动语态时，不定式的执行者常常省略，因此形容词只用来评论不定式行为了。

It was unkind for you to be laughed at.

总之for sb. to do sth. 强调不定式行为

of sb. to do sth. 强调不定式执行者

4. 带疑问词的不定式：动词不定式可以和疑问词what, which, how, where, when, whether等连用，构成不定式短语，如：

The question is when to start.

They haven't ageed on whether to build a factory here or not.

what to say.

I don't know what to write about.

how to do it.

注意：没有if to do和why to do.

I don't know why to do it. (误)

I don't know why I should do it. (正)

5. 不定式省略“to”的情况：

(1)当and或or连接同一概念的不定式时，或者当它们之间的关系并列一致时，可将and或or后面的to省去，如：

I'd like to go and see a film.

He had to have a job or go hungry.

但是，有时为了表示对照，或加强语气，则不可以省去to，如：

It is easier to say than to do.

(2)不定式在一部分感官或使役动词后面作宾补省略to。

(3)不定式在but(除了……以外)，except后面的使用，如果but, except前有行为动词do, but, except后省去to，如：

They had nothing to do but wait for the doctor.

The whole night he did nothing except watch TV.

(4)在固定句型中：would rather do…than do…/prefer to do rather than do:

1)The bus was so crowded that I'd rather walk home than take a bus.

2)I prefer to play tennis rather than(play)basketball.

6. “to”代表整个不定式：有时为了避免重复，省去不定式后面的内容，保留到不定式符号to, 如果是to be，保留到be，如：

--Will you please give him a message when you see him?

--I'll be glad to.

--Would you like to go shopping with me?

--I'd like to. (或I'd love to)

有时为了强调，也可以不省略。

Do what he or she tell you to do.

(二)动词-ing形式

动词-ing形式由动词原形+ ing构成。动词-ing形式起到名词、形容词和副词的作用，在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、状语和宾语补足语，但不能单独构成谓语，其构成形式如下，以do为例：

主动 被动

一般时态 doing being done

完成时态 having done having been done

否定式：not+ 动词-ing.

Learning English is very important to me.

Having been widened, the road took on a different look.

随着-ing在句子中所做的成分不同，所用的时态和语态有不同的要求，关于-ing的时态和语态的详细使用，在下面ing所作的句子成分中讲述。

1. 动词-ing形式作主语：

Seeing is believing.

有时主语太长，可用it作形式主语，将真正主语放在后面。如：

It is fun swimming in a river or lake in summer.

注意：动词-ing与不定式作主语的区别：

①一般情况下可以换用：

It is dangerous playing/to play with fire.

但在口语中用动词-ing形式放在句首比不定式多。

Going shopping is a pleasant thing.

②在下列句型中习惯用-ing作主语，不用不定式：

It is no use

It is no good doing.

It is useless

It is useless only learning English grammar.

It is no good cutting down the forest.

③在there+ be+ no+ 主语结构中，必须用动词-ing作主语：

There is no telling what will happen in the future.

④主语和表语结构相同，对等。

Seeing is believing.

To see is to believe.

2. 动词-ing作宾语：

(1)在及物动词后：

Would you mind my sitting here?

We suggest going out for a picnic on Sunday.

(2)在介词后：

We look forward to seeing you again.

(3)在worth, busy, feel like, look like等形容词后面：

China Daily is well worth reading.

The firefighters were busy putting out the big fire.

They look like winning the relay race.

Suddenly I feel like eating something.

动词-ing做主语或宾语时，一般情况下其逻辑主语为句子的主语，如果需要自己的逻辑主语时，要用物主代词或名词所有格+ 动词-ing，如：

His/Li Ping's coming late, made the teacher unhappy.

Would you mind my/me smoking here?

当动词-ing不在句首时，可用人称代词宾格，名词普通格代替，但逻辑主语为无生命的名词，或泛指时，用普通格，如：

We heard the noise of desks being opened and closed.

3. 不定式与动词-ing作宾语的比较：

(1)在下列一些动词后面常跟动词-ing作宾语，而不跟不定式：

admit, appreciate, advise, avoid, allow, consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape,

excuse, face, feel like, finish, fancy, forbid, forgive, imagine, include, keep, mention,

mind, miss, practice, resist, risk, suggest等。如：

He practices speaking English every day.

He admitted having broken the window.

I much appreciate your giving me the chance.

She dislikes doing housework.

He enjoys nothing but playing the computer.

(2)在下列一些动词后只跟不定式，不跟动词-ing作宾语：

want(想要)，hope, expect, wish, decide, would like, refuse, manage, pretend, demand,

offer, afford, plan, wonder, intend…等，如：

I am expecting to get a letter from my parents.

We are planning to build another research center.

I'd like to buy a new car made in the U. S. A.

(3)在下列一些动词后面跟不定式或动词-ing形式作宾语，意义不同，如：

I remember doing this exercise before.

我记得以前做过这个练习。

Remember to post the book for me.

记住帮我把那本书寄走。

归纳：remember doing记得(做过的事，某事已做过)

remember to do记住(去做某事，某事还没做)

We shall never forget hearing Jackson singing.

我们忘不了听杰克逊唱歌的情景。

Don't forget to give my regards to them.

别忘了代我向他们问好

归纳：forget doing忘了(做过的事，某事已做过)

forget to do忘了(去做某事，某事还没做)

I'll try to improve my pronunciation.

我要努力去纠正，提高我的发音。

Since no one answered the front door, why not try knocking at the back door?

既然前门没人答应，为什么不试试后门呢?

归纳：try to do. 尽力去做某事

try doing(用另外一种方法)试一试，试试看

I suggest we stop working and have a rest.

我建议我们停下干活，休息一会儿。

They stopped to listen, but there was no more sound.

他们停下来，听一听，再没什么声音。

归纳：stop to do停下(某事)去做某事，(表目的)

stop doing把某事停下来，(宾语)

What do you mean to do with your old bicycle?

你打算如何处理你那辆旧自行车?

I won't wait if it means delaying a week or so.

如果这意味着要推迟一星期左右，那我就不等了。

归纳：mean to do打算做某事

mean doing意味着做某事

(4)在love, like, hate, prefer后面跟不定式和动词-ing形式无多大区别，如：

Do you like to eat ice-cream?

I like traveling very much.

I like driving(do drive)fast cars.

(5)在start, begin后面，一般接不定式和动词-ing形式无多大区别，在下列情况下，多用不定式：

①自然界变化：

It started to rain.

Snow started to melt as spring came.

②心理活动，在understand, know, realize等词前面：

I began to understand my mother's feelings.

③begin, start本身为进行时：

Mother was starting to cook in the kitchen when I got home.

(6)在allow, advise, permit, forbid等动词后面，有名词或代词作宾语，用不定式做宾语补足语，如果没有宾语，直接用-ing形式，如：

1)We don't allow parking here.

2)The police don't allow people to park here.

3)He advised me to get an English pen friend.

4)I advise seeing more English films.

(7)need, require, want译作“需要”时，跟动词-ing作宾语，主动表示被动，相当于to be done，如：

The windows require cleaning.

The windows require to be cleaned.

The patient needs operating on at once.

The patient needs to be operated on.

The flowers want watering.

The flowers want to be watered.

(8)在一些固定表达中用动词-ing形式，不用不定式：

can't help doing, be worth doing, devote…to doing, look forward to doing, be/get/become used to doing, object to doing, thank…for doing, excuse…for doing等。

Einstein devoted his life to making a research in science.

I'm looking forward to getting your letter.

We are used to living in the countryside.

4. 动词-ing在句中作表语：

Our plan is setting up a new car factory.

My job is teaching/driving.

这类词作表语，起解释说明主语的作用，主表可颠倒：Teaching is my job. 转换成问句，用what提问：

--What's your job?

--My job is teaching.

这类词作表语，起描绘作用，主表不颠倒，转换成问句，用how提问

--How is your job?

--It is interesting.

--How was your trip?

--It is tiring, but interesting.

5. 动词-ing作定语：

(1)表示被修饰名词的用途：

There are two reading rooms in our school library.

a reading room其含义是A room is used for reading.

The swimming pool in our school is nearly completed.

the swimming pool其含义是The pool is used for swimming.

(2)如果动词-ing形式作定语表示被修饰的名词发出的一个正在进行的动作或某种特征行为，这时被修饰的名词与动词-ing逻辑上有主谓关系，如果是主动关系用doing, 被动关系用done, 或being done表达，另外有时间要求：

第一种情况：主动关系，-ing形式与谓语动词同时进行，或经常发生，用doing，如：

Look at the dancing girl. She is one of my classmates.

Look at the girl who is dancing. ….

China is a developing country.

China is a country that is developing.

注意：①如果动词-ing形式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，一般不用having done作定语，而用定语从句表达，如：

The teacher criticized the boy having broken the window. (误)

The teacher criticized the boy who had broken the window. (正)

注意：②如果表达的是未来发生的动作，或含有情态概念，用不定式表达，如：

I have a meeting to attend today.

鯥 have a meeting that I will attend today.

Mary is the proper worker to do the job.

鯩ary is the proper worker who can do the job.

第二种情况：被动关系：动词-ing表达的动作与谓语动词同时发生，正在进行，用being done; 发生在谓语动词之前，完成了的动作用done；发生在谓语动词之后，未来的动作，用to be done. 如：

The bridge being built now is two kilometers long.

鯰he bridge that is being built now is two kilometers long.

The bridge built last year is two kilometers long.

鯰he bridge that was built last year is two kilometers long.

The bridge to be built next year will be two kilometers long.

鯰he bridge that will be built next year will be two kilometers long.

6. 动词-ing作宾语补足语和主语补足语：经常在see, hear, feel, watch, notice,

observe, find, get, look at, listen to, keep, leave, send, set, catch等一些动词后面用动词-ing作补语，其中宾语和宾语补足语在逻辑上有主谓关系，如果主谓关系是主动的，又表示动作在进行，或状态的持续，用doing; 如果主谓关系是被动的，又表示动作在进行，用being done，如：

I noticed them repairing the car.

鯳hen they were repairing the car, I noticed.

I noticed the car being repaired.

鯳hen the car was being repaired, I noticed.

如果宾语和宾补是主动关系，又表示动作的全过程，即完成或一般时态，宾补用不定式to do表达(在某些动词后面不定式不带to)；如果是被动关系，又表示动作的全过程，即完成时态用done表达，如：

I often notice them repair the car.

I noticed the car repaired.

如果把上述句子变成被动语态，宾语补足语就变成主语补足语了。

7. 动词-ing形式作状语：动词-ing形式作状语时，要求其逻辑主语必须是句子的主语，句子的主语与动词-ing形式逻辑上有主谓关系。如果主谓关系是主动的，用主动语态；-ing动作与谓语动词同时发生用一般式doing, 如果-ing动作发生在谓语动词之前，用完成式having done, 如：

Walking along the street, I met a friend of mine.

相当于When I was walking along the street, I met a friend of mine.

Having finished their work, they had a rest. 相当于After they had finished their work, they had a rest.

如果主谓关系是被动的，用被动语态；-ing动作与谓语动词同时发生，用done；如果-ing动作发生在谓语动词之前，已完成的动作，用被动语态的完成式having been done, 如：

Having been cleaned and decorated, our classroom took on a new look.

相当于After our classroom had been cleaned and decorated, our classroom took on a new look.

Well known for his expert advice, he was able to help many people.

相当于As he is well known for his expert advice, he was able to help many people.

注意：-ing形式做状语时，如果-ing形式需要自己的逻辑主语，人称代词用主格，名词用普通格，如：

Mother/She being ill, he had to stay home to look after her.

It being Sunday, the shops are crowded.

(三)过去分词

过去分词由动词+ ed构成，起到形容词和副词的作用，在句中可作状语、表语、定语和宾语补足语。过去分词的性质是被动，完成，但有时侧重程度，有时侧重被动，不及物动词变成的过去分词无被动的意义，过去分词形式由动词原形加词尾-ed构成，及部分不规则的词如：done, played.

①侧重程度：

boiling water 沸水 fallen leaves落叶

boiled water 凉开水 frozen chicken冷冻鸡

developing country 发展中的国家

developed country 发达国家

②侧重主、被动：

a broken glass, a dancing girl, a damaged house.

1. 过去分词的作用：

(1)过去分词作状语：同动词-ing形式作状语一样，过去分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语，如是被动关系，又与谓语动词同时发生，或无一定时间对比，用过去分词，如：

Seen from the top of the mountain, the lake looks like a mirror. (相当于The lake is seen)

相当于When the lake is seen from the top of the mountain it looks like a mirror.

Heated, water can turn into vapor.

相当于If it is heated, water can turn into vapor.

(2)过去分词作表语：

We are interested in science.

(3)过去分词作定语：过去分词作定语，有时间要求，发生在谓语动词之前，即完成的动作，用done，而不用having been done.

The bridge built last year is 2 kilometers long.

People invited to the party are most scientists.

(4)过去分词作宾补：

I noticed the car repaired.

2. 过去分词与动词-ing形式的区别：

(1)作表语和定语的区别：动词-ing形式表示事物对人造成的影响，事物是主动的，常译成令人……，使人……；过去分词表示人对事物的看法产生的心理反应，人是被动的，常译作：感到……如：

The news is surprising.

We are surprised at the news.

这类词很多，如：inspiring, inspired, astonishing, astonished, tiring, tired,

moving, moved, disappointing, disappointed, worrying, worried, encouraging, encouraged, …….

(2)作宾补的区别：宾语与宾补逻辑上有主谓关系，主动用动词-ing或不定式表达，被动用being done或done表达。

We found him standing outside the door.

He found the door locked.

(3)作状语的区别：用作状语的动词，与句子的主语逻辑上有主谓关系、主动用-ing形式，被动用过去分词。

The boy entered the room, followed by a dog.

相当于The boy entered the room and he was followed by a dog.

The boy entered the room, following his father.

相当于The boy entered the room and followed his father.

(4)-ing形式与ed分词都可以作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、结果、让步、程度，如：

Having brought her father back to England, Lucy helped him to get better. (时间)

After she had brought her father back to England, Lucy helped him to get better.

Disturbed by the noise, we had to finish the meeting early. (原因)

We had to finish the meeting early because we were disturbed by the noise.

Born a free man, he was now in chains. (让步)

Though he was born a free man, he was now in chains.

(If) bitten by a snake, you should send for help and not walk. (条件)

鯥f you are bitten by a snake, you should send for help and not walk.

The boy ran in, carrying a ball in his arm. (伴随)

鯰he boy ran in and carried a ball in his arm.

He dropped the plate, breaking it into pieces. (结果)

鯤e dropped the plate and broke it into pieces.

(5)-ing形式与ed分词的否定式，由not+ -ing构成：

Not knowing how to do it, I asked him for help.

责任编辑：李芳芳

非谓语动词-动词不定式

问题：

1. 动词不定式在句中可以充当哪些成分？

2. 动词不定式有几种时态和语态的变化?

3. 动词不定式和动名词做主语有什么区别？

4. 介词后可以用动词不定式做宾语吗？

5. 哪些动词后跟不定式做宾语补足语时要省略to?

6. 动词不定式可以做哪些状语呢？

7. 哪些情况下常用动词不定式做定语？

8. 做插入语的动词不定式常见的有哪些？

Exercise 1: 判断：下列动词不定式在句中充当什么成分？

1. I feel lucky to have won a place on this trip.

2. It (the volcano) continued to erupt for the next three days.

3. How amazing it is to see the ancient Roman city of Pompeii as it was 2,000 years ago!

4. People started to dig in the area for treasure.

5. It’s hard to imagine how this quiet volcano destroyed the whole city.

6. Tomorrow we are off to Naples to visit the museum.

7. I was too tired to eat anything we were given.

8. Loulan is believed to have been gradually covered over by sandstorms from AD200 to AD500.

9. I am so excited to be here!

10. Suddenly Polly felt a rough hand brush her face.

11. Polly heard it (the stick) hit the step.

12. Polly was beginning to feel frightened again.

13. Would you like to come in and rest for a while?

14. It gives me the chance to pay back the help that people give me when it’s sunny.

15. The shark bumps you to find out if you are fit to be eaten.

Exercise 2: 用所给动词的适当形式填空。

1. I hope ____________ (see) you next week.

2. The car needs _________________ (repair) before we go on a trip to Europe.

3. I am sorry ______________ (give) you so much trouble.

4. Don’t pretend ______________ (work) hard. Just do what you should.

5. She is said ___________________ (write) the novel about New York for years.

6. The room seems _________________ (tidy) up already.

7. The meeting is ______________ (hold) tomorrow.

8. I am happy ___________________ (work) with you for so many years.

Exercise 3: 用所给动词的适当形式填空。

9. _____________ (read) aloud is good for your English learning.

10. It’s impossible _______________ (finish) all the homework within two hours.

11. Seeing is _____________ (believe).

12. It’s a waste of time _____________ (argue) with him.

13. It’s no use __________ (discuss) with him since he has made up his mind.

14. It’s important and necessary ________ (master) a foreign language and computer skills.

15. It is my duty __________ (help) you with you English studies.

16. It takes only 2 hours _________ (arrive) in shanghai by bullet train.

Exercise 4: 翻译句子。

17. 我对该干什么感兴趣，而对如何做并不感兴趣。

I’m interested in _________________________________.

18. 他怎么也不去上学。He does everything _______________________________.

19. 我没办法只好放弃这次出国的机会。I had no choice ___________this chance to go abroad.

20. 我没有办法只好依靠自己。 I have got nothing to do ______________________.

Exercise 5:补全句子。

21. 医生劝我多休息。 The doctor advised me __________________________．

22. 我让他们参加我们的讨论。I got them _____________________ in the discussion．

23. 他们在等校长来。They are waiting for the headmaster ______________________.

24. 大家都认为Jack是个勤奋的孩子。

Everyone thought Jack _________________________________．

25. 我们相信它是真的。We believe it ____________________________.

26. 我看见那位女士锁上了门。 I saw the lady ___________________________．

27. 我们没让任何人进来。 We didn’t let anyone ____________________________．

Exercise 6: 用所给动词适当形式填空。

28. His parents died, _____________ (leave) him an orphan.

29. He rushed to the post office only ___________ (find) it was closed.

Exercise 7: 用所给动词适当形式填空。

30. The man __________________(speak) at the meeting now is from America.

31. Do you know the professor _____________(speak) at the meeting tomorrow?

32. He is the professor ______________(invite) to dinner last month.

Key：

Exercise 1: 略

Exercise 2:

1. to see 2. to be repaired/repairing 3. to have given 4. to be working 5. to have been writing 6. to have been tidied 7. to be held 8. to have been working 9. Reading 10. to finish 11. believing 12. arguing 13. discussing 14. to master 15. to help 16. to arrive 17. what to do but not how to do it 18. but go to school 19. but to give up 20. but depend on myself 21. to have some rest. 22. to join us 23. to come 24. to be hardworking 25. to be true 26. lock the door 27. come in 28. leaving 29. to find 30. speaking 31. to speak 32. invited

责任编辑：李芳芳

考点7 非谓语动词

1. I think you’ll grow him when you know him better.

A. liking B. to be like C. to like D. to be liking

2. It’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview. the answers ready will be of great help.

A. To have had B. Having had C. Have D. Having

3. Oil prices have risen by 32% since the start of the year, a record US $ 57.65 a barrel on April 4.

A. have reached B. reaching C. to reach D. to be reaching

4. My cousin came to see me from the country, me a full basket of fresh fruits.

A. brought B. bringing C. to bring D. had brought

5. There have been several new events to the program for the Beijing Olympic Games.

A. add B. to add C. adding D. added

6. Five people won the “China’s Green Figure” award, a title __ to ordinary people their contributions to environmental protection.

A. being given B. is given C. given D. was given

7. Don’t sit there ________ nothing. Come and help me with this table.

A. do B. to do C. doing D. and doing

8. When last valuable, those books enjoyed great success.

A. finding B. found C. being found D. to be found

9. How pleased the detective was what his customer told him!

A. hearing B. to hear C. heard D. to hearing

10. - I’ll thank you my affairs alone. - I will. It is none of my business.

A. to have left B. for leaving C. to leave D. for having left

11. - Is Bob still performing?

- I’m afraid not. He is said the stage already as he has become an official.

A. to have left B. to leave C. to have been left D. to be left

12. in the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local police.

A. Having lost B. Lost C. Being lost D. Losing

13. I send you 100 dollars today, the rest in a year.

A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed

14. Police are now searching for a woman who is reported to __ since the flood hit the area last Friday.

A. have been missing B. have got lost C. be missing D. get lost

15. from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other county in the world.

A. Being separated B. Having separated C. Having been separated D. To be separated

17. AIDS is said the biggest health challenge to both men and women in that area over the past few years.

A. that it is B. to be C. that it has been D. to have been

18. The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic Games in Beijing in 2008.

A. hold B. holding C. held D. to be held

19. There is no doubt that hiking is good for the retired couple, but it remains whether they will enjoy it. A. to see B. seeing C. to be seen D. seen

20. - What should I do with this passage? - ________ the main idea of each paragraph.

A. Finding out B. Found out C. Find out D. To find out

21. in 1963, and in Philadelphia, Charles Petti grew so impressed his teachers that he was sent to Barklee School to study Jazz.

A. Being born; having raised B. Born; raised C. Was born; was raised D. Born; raising

22. - I regret you John has been fired. - I can hardly believe my ears. He is such a fine worker.

A. telling B. having told C. to tell D. to have told

23. When asked by the police, he said that he remembered at the party, but not _______.

A. to arrive; leaving B. to arrive; to leave C. arriving; leaving D. arriving; to leave

24. He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldn’t risk the good opportunity.

A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost

25. The parents suggested in the hotel room but their kids were anxious to camp out during the trip.

A. sleep B. to sleep C. sleeping D. having slept

26. I can’t stand with Jane in the same office. She just refuses ____ talking while she works.

A. working; stopping B. to work; stopping C. working; to stop D. to work; to stop

27. I lost my way in complete darkness and, matters worse, it began to rain.

A. made B. having made C. making D. to make

28. The result was not made until last Sunday.

A. to know B. knowing C. known D. to be known

29. When he got off the bus, he found his pocket .

A. stolen B. picked C. gone D. missing

30. I really can’t understand her like that.

A. you treat B. you to treat C. why treat D. you treating

31. While watching television, .

A. the doorbell rang B. the doorbell rings

C. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbell rang

32. When _________ different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities.

A. compared B. being compared C. comparing D. having compared

33. Faced with a bill for $ 10,000, ___________.

A. John has taken an extra job B. the boss has given John an extra job

C. an extra job has been taken D. an extra job has been given to John

34. A remote-controlled bomb explored outside a hotel yesterday, at least 12 people.

A. having been injured B. having injured C. injuring D. injured

35. in the USA, Louis has now become the 24th largest city.

A. Being the fourth biggest city B. Once the fourth biggest city

C. It was once the forth biggest city D. The forth biggest city it was

36. a reply, he decided to write again.

A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received

37. in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor.

A. Dressed B. To dress C. Dressing D. Having dressed

38. The storm left, a lot of damage to this area.

A. caused B. to have caused C. to cause D. having caused

39. I’ve never seen anyone run so fast -- _ David go.

A. just watch B. just to watch C. just watching D. just having watched

40. - English has a large vocabulary, hasn’t it?

- Yes. more words and expressions and you will find it easier to read and communicate.

A. Know B. Knowing C. To know D. Known

41. Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage ____ the girl and took her away, into the woods.

A. seizing; disappeared B. seized; disappeared

C. seizing; disappearing D. seized; disappearing

42. If the project by the end of this year is delayed, the construction will be fined.

A. to be completed B. is completed C. being completing D. completed

43. - We do hope we can be of some help, doctor.

- That’s great! blood if you can and many lives will be saved.

A. Give B. To give C. Giving D. Given

44. How many of us , say, a meeting that is not important to us would be interested in the discussion.

A. attended B. attending C. to attend D. have attended

45. “You can’t catch me!” Janet shouted, away.

A. run B. running C. to run D. ran

46. It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just a look at the sports stars.

A. had B. having C. to have D. have

47. At last, we found ourselves in a pleasant park with trees providing shade and down to eat our picnic lunch.

A. sitting B. having at C. to sit D. sat

48. into use in April , the hotline has meant for residents reporting water and heating sup ply breakdowns.

A. Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put

49. more about university courses, call ( 920 ) 746 - 3789.

A. To find out B. Finding out C. Find out D. Having found out

50. in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor.

A. Dressed B. To dress C. Dressing D. Having dressed

51. I don’t want like I’m speaking ill of anybody, but the manager’s plan is unfair.

A. to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded

52. I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise .

A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on

53. and no way to reduce her pain and suffering from the terrible disease, the patient sought her doctor’s help to end her life.

A. Having given up hope of cure B. With no hope for cure

C. There being hope for cure D. In the hope of cure

54. The manager, it clear to us that he didn’t agree with us, left the meeting room.

A. who has made B. having made C. made D. making

55. All these gifts must be mailed immediately in time for Christmas.

A. in order to have received B. in order to receive

C. so as to be received D. so as to receive

56. Daddy didn’t mind what we were doing, as long as we were together, fun.

A. had B. have C. to have D. having

57. He hurried to the station only that the train had left.

A. to have found B. finding C. found D. to find

58. More and more people are signing up for Yoga classes nowadays, advantage of the health and relaxation benefits.

A. taking B. taken C. having taken D. having been taken

59. A good story does not necessarily have to have a happy ending, but the reader must not be left .

A. unsatisfied B. unsatisfying C. to be unsatisfying D. being unsatisfied

60. Don’t respond to any e – mails __ __ personal information, no matter how official they look.

A. searching B. asking C. requesting D. questioning

61. Mr. Green stood up in defence of the 16 -year- old boy, saying that he was not the one .

A. blamed B. blaming C. to blame D. to be blamed

62. It remains whether Jim will be fit enough to play in the finals.

A. seen B. to be seen C. seeing D. to see

63. The wild flowers looked like a soft orange blanket the desert.

A. covering B. covered C. cover D. to cover

64. As the twentieth century came to a close, the raw materials for a great national literature were at hand, waiting _ .

A. to use B. to be used C. to have used D. to be using

65. He hurried to the booking office only __ that all the tickets had been sold out.

A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told

66. There was a terrible noise the sudden bursts of light.

A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed

67. football on the playground, the boys felt very happy.

A. Leaving playing B. Left to play C. Left playing D. To leave playing

68. Rather than for help from someone else, how ever difficult the task is, I prefer completing it by my self.

A. to ask B. asking C. ask D. to have asked

69. Which do you enjoy your spare time, playing cards at home or taking a walk in the park?

A. spending B. to spend C. having spent D. to have spent

70. - My son failed to be accepted by the firm after the interview.

- Now that he wasn’t well prepared, he might as well .

A. not try B. not to have tried C. not have tried D. not to try

71. New ideas sometimes have to wait for years before .

A. being fully accepted B. fully accepted C. fully accepting D. fully being accepting

72. I must apologize for ahead of time.

A. 1etting you not to know B. not letting you know

C. 1etting you know not D. 1etting you not know

73. To read aloud the English text before breakfast seemed to me a rule .

A. to never break B. never to be breaking

C. never to have broken D. never to be broken

考点小资料（非谓语动词）

I. 介词后的动词不定式只限于作介词except和but的宾语，此时except / but意为“除了，除去”。

cannot help(choose) but + 动词原形：……不能不……； do nothing but + 动词原形：只做……

There is nothing to do but + 动词原形：……只有做……；have no choice but to do：只有做……

The last bus having gone，I could do nothing but go home on foot．(省略 to)

I cannot choose lint tell him the truth．(省略to) / She could do nothing but leave．(省略抛)

I have no choice but to cry．(不能省略to)

II. 不定式作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系。如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是其动作的地点、工具等，不定式后须有相应的。介词。但名词way除外。如：He is not a man to tell lies．(主谓关系)

The boy has a nice pen to write with． / We found a way to solve this problem(in)．

通常使用不定式作定语的情况有：(1)不定式表示将来；(2)用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no， all，any等限定词的中心词。(3)用来修饰一些抽象名词，常见的有：ability，disability，chance，idea， fact，excuse，promise，answer，reply，attempt，be her，way，reason，time等。如：During my holiday I burrowed some books to read．(表将来) / She Was the first woman to Will the gold medal in the Olympic Games．(有序数词修饰) / I have no chance to escape．(修饰抽象名词) / Do you have the ability to read French?(修饰抽象名词)

III. 不定式作状语时可以表示目的、原因、结果。表示目的时可用in order to，so as to换用。如：

He sat down to have a rest．(表目的) / He woke up to find everybody gone．(表结果)

I’m very pleased to hear from him．(表原因，主要是表示喜、怒、哀、乐)

He Was too excited to say a word．(表程度) / He is old enough to go to school．(表程度)

◆过去分词、不定式和现在分词的被动式作定语的区别：

这三种形式作定语，主要是体现在动作发生的时间上的区别。过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之前或是没有一定的时间性；现在分词的被动式作定语时表示的动作正在发生或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；不定式的被动式作定语时，表示一个未来的动作。如：

The bridge to be built is named Stone in honor of the hero．(将要修建的)

The bridge being built is named Stone in honor of the hero．(正在修建的)

The bridge built is named Stone in honor of the hero．(已经修建了的)“

Have you read the novel written by Dickens?(在谓语之前)

He is a teacher loved and respected by all students．(没有时间性) Listen! The song sung is very popular with the young men．(表正在) / The question to be discussed … is very important．(表将来)

在英语中，表示“感觉状态”的动词现在分词和过去分词形式作表语和定语时，现在分词表示“令人感到……”，指主语或被修饰的词给人的感觉；过去分词表示“感到……”，指主语或被修饰的词本身的感觉。如：interesting令人感兴趣的；interested感到有兴趣的

◆过去分词、不定式和现在分词作宾语补足语的区别：

i. 感官动词(see，look at，watch，notice，observe，hear，listen to，feel)和使役动词(have，let， make)后的宾补有三种形式，即原形动词(不带to的不定式)，现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示主动和正在进行，过去分词表示被动完成，不定式表示主动和完成。注意：make不能接现在分词作宾补。如：I heard her sing a Chinese song jut now．(表示主动，完成)

I heard her singing a Chinese song when I passed her room last night．(表示正在进行)

I heard the Chinese song sung many times．(表示被动)

The captain got/have the soldiers moving to- ward the front after a shout rest．(不能用make)

注意：不及物动词的过去分词作宾补表示完成和状态。如：

I looked down at my neck and found my necklace gone．(表示状态)

I Was surprised to find my hometown changed a lot．(表示完成)

ii. 动词leave后接三种形式作宾补时，表达的具体含义是“使……处于某种状态”。如：It is wrong for you to leave the machine running．(主动，正在进行)

The guests left most of the dishes untouched。(被动，完成)

My workmate left, leaving me to do all the rest work．(主动，将来)

My workmate left．1eaving all the rest work to be done．(被动，将来)

◆过去分词和现在分词作状语的区别：

i. 一般来说，过去分词表示被动完成的动作，现在分词表示主动进行的动作。如：

Seen from a distance the mountain looked like a man．

Seeing the mountain，he always thinks of his hometown．

ii. 现在分词的被动一般式表示正在进行的被动动作，过去分词表示被动完成的动作。如： Being helped by the teacher，she will learn English well．

Helped by the teacher, she has learned English well.

iii. 现在分词的被动完成式表示先于谓语动词发生的动作，过去分词所表示的动作，有时发生在谓语动词之前，有时与谓语动词同时发生，有时表示未来的被动动作或状态。如：

Having been used for a long time, the watch needs to be mended.

Used in this way, the word shouldn’t be taken as a verb.

Given more time, we will finish the work perfectly.

◆垂悬分词作状语：垂悬分词是现在分词一种特殊用法，其逻辑主语是句子非主语部分中指人或物的某一名词或代词，或泛指“我们”。如：Searching along the street，it had taken him a long time to find a clinic．(searching的逻辑主语是句中him所指的人)

Walking or sleeping，this subject is always in my mind．(walking or sleeping的逻辑主语是句中my所指的“我”)

Using the electric energy，it is necessary to change its form．(using的逻辑主语泛指“我们”)

IV. 非谓语动词作宾语补足语

i. 感官动词后的宾补可以是doing，do，done，being done的结构，其中being done只用于少数动词后面，如 find，smell，feel等。

ii. have somebody do something让某人做某事 / have somebody doing something让某人一直做某事 / won’t have somebody do something不许某人做某事 / have something done使某事被做 / have something doing让……一直做……

iii. catch，smell，keep，set等只能接doing的结构，表示主动和正在进行。

iv. leave somebody doing something让某人一直做某事

leave something undone使某事只做了一半

leave something to be done事情有待于解决

leave somebody to do something让某人做某事，表示将来

v. with somebody to do something宾补与宾语是主谓关系，表示将来。

with somebody doing something宾补与宾语之间是主谓关系，表示正在进行。

with something to do宾补与宾语间是动宾关系，表示将来，动作执行者在句中找得到。

with something to be done宾补与宾语是动宾关系，表示将来，但动作执行者在句中找不到。

with something done宾补与宾语之间是动宾关系，表示完成。

责任编辑：李芳芳

非谓语动词专项练习题

一、用所给动词适当形式填空：

A . ① I want one magazine ______ . ( read )

② My teacher wanted me ______ this question . ( answer )

③ The woman wanted her husband ______ at once . ( examine )

④ My bicycle wants _______ . ( repair )

B . ① What made you ______ so ? ( think )

② The girl was made _____ a man she didn't love at all . ( marry )

③ The show made me _______ in the study of science . ( interest )

④ He raised the picture to make everyone _______ clearly . ( see )

⑤ He raised his voice to make himself _______ . ( hear )

⑥ My father himself made some candles _______ light . ( give )

⑦ The boss made the workers _______ day and night . ( work )

C . ① You'd better get your own room _______ . ( clean )

② Yesterday he got his wallet _______ . ( steal )

③ You should get your friends _______ you . ( help )

④ The lecture got us _______ . ( think )

⑤ Don't get ________ in the rain . ( catch )

D . ① Did you see somebody _______ into the room ? ( steal )

② I saw him _______ in the room at that time . ( read )

③ She was glad to see her child ________ good care of . ( take )

④ I saw her _______ at the windows , thinking . ( seat )

⑤ She was seen ________ here . ( come )

E . ① I like _______ very much . ( swim )

② I don't like _______ TV at this time . ( watch )

③ He never likes _______ at the meeting . ( praise )

④ I feel like _______ to the cinema . ( go )

⑤ Would you like ______ with me ? ( go )

F . ① The man ______ at the meeting now is from the south . ( speak )

② I don't know the professor ______ at the meeting tomorrow . ( speak )

③ He is the professor _______ to dinner . ( invite )

G . ① It was so cold and he had the fire _______ all night long . ( burn )

② I have a lot of exercises ________ today . ( do )

③ ”Do you have nay clothes _______ today ? “asked Mother . ( wash )

④ You'd better have that bad tooth _______ out . ( pull )

⑤ I want to have him _______ a car for me . ( find )

H . ① He doesn't do anything but _______ all day . ( play )

② We have no choice but _______ . ( obey )

③ I'm thinking of how _______ my English . ( improve )

④ He made an apology for _____ late . ( be )

I . ① He told us about his trip in an _______ voice . ( excite )

② He told us his story in a _______ voice . ( tremble )

③ At the sight of a snake , the little girl was very _______ . ( frighten )

④ The boy was _______ , so I didn't believe him again . ( disappoint )

J . ① He is looking forward to ______ college . ( enter )

② He is looking forward to _____ nothing . ( see )

K . ① When he heard the news , he couldn't help ________ with joy . (jump)

② I couldn't help ______ by the beauty of nature . ( strike )

③ Sorry , I can't help ______ the housework today . ( do )

L . ①______ enough time , we'll do it better . ( give )

②______ a candle , he went on reading . ( light )

③______ from the hill , the park looks more beautiful . ( see )

④______ the people well , we must work hard at our lessons . ( serve )

二、单项选择：（1）

1. Saying always has less difficulty than _____.

A. done B. doing

C. to do D. having done

2. The girl is seriously ill. There is _____.

A. nothing to do but send for a doctor

B. something to do but to send for a doctor

C. nothing to do but to send for a doctor

D. anything to do but sending for a doctor

3. The rest of the money _____ to Alice.

A. is to send B. are to send

C. is to be sent D. are to be sent

4. Although swimming is his favorite sport, yet he doesn’t like _____ today.

A. to swim B. swimming

C. swim D. to have swim

5. She said she was sorry _____ the train, so she had to stay here for another day.

A. missing B. having missed

C. to miss D. to have missed

6. _____ the same mistake again made his parents very angry.

A. His being made B. He has made

C. He had making D. His making

7. I find the man hard _____.

A. to be pleased B. pleasing

C. pleased D. to please

8. You’d better not have the lights _____ all day long.

A. burning B. burned

C. to burn D. being burnt

9. It is _____ thinking about it now.

A. of no use B. not use

C. no use D. not of any uses

10. -Would you like to sing a song for us?

-_____.

A. I prefer not B. I prefer not to

C. I prefer to not D. I wouldn’t prefer

11. He insisted _____ the working site.

A. to be sent to B. being sent to

C. on being sent to D. that to be sent to

12. During the next ten years, she had to work hard _____ for the necklace.

A. paying B. to pay

C. for paying D. in order to paying

13. Janet was angry at _____.

A. my not waiting for her B. I didn’t wait for her

C. me not wait for her D. me to not wait for her

14. I prefer staying at home _____ the theater.

A. to go to B. for going to

C. to going to D. rather than go

15. Please get someone _____ the washing machine. I want to get it _____ as soon as possible.

A. to repair/to be repaired B. repair/repaired

C. to repair/repairing D. to repair/repaired

16. _____ more time, he could have done the work much better.

A. To be given B. To give

C. Given D. Giving

17. The information _____ to us is of great value.

A. brought B. taken

C. being taken D. being carried

18. The building _____ next month will be a modern hospital.

A. built B. being built

C. to be built D. be built

19. Jessie was sick _____ such noise.

A. of hearing B. to hear

C. of being heard D. heard

20. _____, he left the room.

A. Finishing the work B. Had finished the work

C. After finished the work D. Having finished the work

21. _____ afraid _____ behind, Bill studied even harder than ever before.

A. To be/of falling B. Being/fall

C. Being/of falling D. To be/to fall

22. The machine requires _____, so the workers are required _____ ready.

A. repair/to get B. repairing/to get

C. repairing/getting D. to be repaired/getting

23. Everyone dislikes _____.

A. being laughed B. to be laughed

C. being laughed at D. to be laughed at

24. Would you like Helen _____ you since you have some difficulty?

A. helping B. to help

C. has helped D. help

25. He is beginning _____ his mistakes.

A. correct B. to correct

C. correcting D. corrected

26. The Americans can’t use chopsticks _____.

A. to eat B. to eating

C. eating D. to eat with

27. My wish is _____ the people well in the future.

A. to serve for B. to serve

C. serving D. serving for

28. The poor boy, _____ with extraordinary strength, _____ from the ground.

A. filled/rose B. filling/rose

C. full/raised D. filled/risen

29. Most shops are open every day, Sunday _____.

A. including B. included

C. being included D. to include

30. _____ hot, he left only his stomach _____ with a piece of cloth.

A. Feeling/covering B. Feeling/covered

C. Felt/covered D. Felt/covering

31. He advised _____ a meeting _____ the problem.

A. holding/to discuss B. holding/for discussing

C. to hold/to discuss D. hold/discussing

32. _____ the teacher, and he will tell you the answer.

A. Asking B. Ask

C. If ask D. If you ask

33. The thief entered the room without _____.

A. noticing B. being noticed

C. having noticed D. having been noticed

34. I happened _____ the story when she told me about it.

A. having heard of B. to have heard of

C. to be heard of D. to hear of

35. He is said _____ abroad already.

A. having sent B. to be sending

C. to have been sent D. being sent

36. He was made _____ working because of his poor health.

A. stopping B. to stop

C. stopped D. stop

37. Do you consider it any good _____ again?

A. to try B. try

C. trying D. for you to try

38. I regret _____ you that we are unable to offer you a job.

A. informing B. having informed

C. to inform D. to informing

39. I would appreciate _____ back this afternoon.

A. you to call B. you call

C. your calling D. you’re calling

40. She admitted _____ the key.

A. being taking B. to take

C. having taken D. to have taken

41. Besides _____, she is kind and tender.

A. beautiful B. being beautiful

C. she beautiful D. is beautiful

42. I don’t want to speak to you, but I _____.

A. have to speak B. have to

C. must speak D. must

43. I wondered whether the movie was _____ worth _____.

A. very/seeing B. well/being seen

C. very/being seen D. well/seeing

44. The lecturer began by _____ us where the island was, and went on _____ about its history.

A. telling/talking B. to tell/to talk

C. telling/to talk D. he told/talking

45. After seeing the movie, _____.

A. the book was read by him B. the book made him want to read it

C. he wanted to read the book D. the reading of the book interested him

46. -Why doesn’t he take notes?

-He has no pen _____. He seems _____ it.

A. to write/to forget bringing

B. to write with/to forget to bring

C. to use with/to have forgotten to bring

D. to write with/to have forgotten to bring

47. When _____, water can be changed into vapor.

A. heated B. being heated

C. having been heated D. to heat

48. Having finished the work, _____.

A. it was almost six o’clock

B. a postman came and delivered the evening paper and some letters

C. supper had already been prepared

D. we had a rest and then had supper

49. _____, she felt quite shy at the party.

A. As she a stranger B. Being a stranger

C. According to a stranger D. She was a stranger

50. Flank went to the swimming pool _____ swimming.

A. to go B. gone

C. going D. go

51. The _____ girl sat in the corner, crying.

A. frighten B. frightened

C. frightening D. fright

52. On a _____ morning the little match girl was found _____ at the corner of the street.

A. freezing/freezing B. freezing/frozen

C. frozen/frozen D. frozen/freezing

53. They found a _____ old man _____ on the ground when the door was broken open.

A. dying/lying B. dying/lied

C. dead/lied D. dead/lain

54. Be quick, or you’ll get _____ in the rain.

A. to be caught B. catching

C. to catch D. caught

55. Who could have imagined such a sweet-tempered girl as Jane _____ such a thing!

A. doing B. to do

C. will do D. does

56. He told me not to leave the pot _____.

A. uncovered B. to uncover

C. to be uncovered D. uncovering

57. The experience made him _____ the study of science.

A. interest in B. to interest in

C. interesting in D. interested in

58. He managed to make himself _____ with his _____ English.

A. understood/breaking B. understood/broken

C. understand/breaking D. understand/broken

59. Did you hear the sound like that of a door _____?

A. burst B. to burst in

C. burst in D. to be burst in

60. I was deep in thought, so I didn’t notice _____.

A. him to come in B. him come in

C. he come in D. him coming in

61. Have you any objection to _____ there on foot?

A. be going B. going

C. go D. went

62. The wallet was returned to him without anything _____.

A. missed B. to be missed

C. missing D. to miss

63. The teacher was far from _____ with the result of the exam.

A. satisfy B. satisfied

C. being satisfied D. satisfying

64. Hurry up! Mother is sure _____ us at home.

A. waiting B. to wait for

C. to be waiting D. to be waiting for

65. Mr Brown is said _____ a new novel.

A. to writing B. to have been written

C. to be written D. to have written

66. When _____ into a warm room, the ice soon changed to water.

A. to take B. to be taken

C. taking D. taken

67. The old man walked in the street _____.

A. followed his son B. and following his son

C. and followed by his son D. followed by his son

68. _____ with fear, a hungry fox hid himself in a small cave, _____ his tail to the rain.

A. Trembling/exposing B. Trembled/exposed

C. Trembled/exposing D. Trembling/exposed

69. The two farmers _____ what appeared to be small guns forced the enemy officer to hand in his map.

A. carried B. were carrying

C. carrying D. had carried

70. Six _____ nine makes fifteen.

A. added to B. adds to

C. added up to D. added by

71. The lecturer _____ will be here tomorrow.

A. to talk about so much B. to be talking about so much

C. so much talking about D. so much talked about

72. _____ some of the questions _____, the Premier said goodbye to us.

A. Left/unanswered B. Leaving/unanswered

C. Leaving/unanswer D. Left/unanswer

73. _____ her mother had come, her face lit up.

A. Hearing B. Having heard

C. When heard D. When she heard

74. _____ in white, she looks much more beautiful.

A. Wearing B. Dressing

C. Dressed D. Having dressed

75. _____, the boy couldn’t enter his house.

A. Since the key had lost B. The key being lost

C. Lost the key D. Having lost the key

76. The Arctic is considered _____ the northern part of the Atlantic.

A. having been B. to have been

C. to be D. being

77. It is impossible for the work _____ within a month.

A. finishing B. being finishing

C. to finish D. to be finished

78. I am too glad _____ you.

A. to see B. seeing

C. saw D. at seeing

79. There is _____ what the weather will be like.

A. not knowing B. no knowing

C. not know D. no known

80. The bottle _____ the poison was sent to the laboratory for a test.

A. containing B. contained

C. which containing D. which is contained

81. _____ the children, we are all sure everything will be all right.

A. With him taken care of B. With he taken care of

C. With him taking care of D. With he taking care of

82. At first she wanted to go to the cinema, but on second thoughts she decided it would be better _____ at home and _____.

A. stay/work B. to stay/to work

C. stay/to work D. to stay/work

83. He didn’t speak to me, let alone _____ me.

A. help B. to help

C. helping D. helped

84. The people’s government does its best to have the living standard of the people _____.

A. risen B. raised

C. rise D. raise

85. The little girl found her teddy bear _____ under the bed.

A. hiding B. to hide

C. hide D. hidden

86. Mr Smith is _____ to our English evening.

A. more pleased than to come B. more pleased to come than

C. more than pleased to come D. more pleasing than to come

87. Once _____, a bad habit is rather difficult to get rid of.

A. formed B. to be formed

C. forming D. having formed

88. You can have no idea what is _____ to do when you come to see the strange boss.

A. ordering B. being ordered

C. to order D. to be ordered

89. The noise of the door _____ the baby.

A. closing waken B. to close woke

C. closed wake D. being closed woke

90. Please leave a window _____, for it’s too hot.

A. open B. opening

C. to open D. opened

91. _____ not knowing the answer to such an easy question!

A. Hope B. Decide

C. Imagine D. Think

92. He asked to be kept _____ about developments.

A. informing B. informed

C. to inform D. inform

93. _____ everywhere, the wolves had nowhere _____ themselves.

A. Hunting/to hide B. To hunt/to hide

C. Hunted/hiding D. Hunted/to hide

94. It _____ this way.

A. used to do B. used to be done

C. is used to doing D. is using to do

95. They have a lot of difficulty _____.

A. in overcoming B. to overcome it

C. to overcome D. to be overcome

96. Didn’t you forget us _____ together in the countryside?

A. to work B. to working

C. working D. worked

97. You always hear about planes _____ because of technical faults.

A. having been delayed B. being delayed

C. having delayed D. delaying

98. These are needed for _____ clothes, paper and other necessaries.

A. the making of B. making of

C. to make D. makings

99. Have the police caught _____ yet?

A. the prisoner who escapes B. the escaping prisoner

C. the escaped prisoner D. the prisoner have escaped

100. Do you still remember _____ you when you stayed in hospital?

A. my mother and me visiting B. my mother’s and my visiting

C. my mother and me to visit D. my mother and me to have visited

三、单项选择（2）

1. There ______ no classes yesterday, we paid a visit to the Great Wall.

A. was B. being

C. were D. had been

2. The policeman rushed into the room only ______ an old lady lying on the ground.

A. found B. find

C. finding D. to find

3. The boy lay on the ground, his eyes ______ and his hands ______.

A. closing; trembling

B. closed; trembling

C. closed; trembled

D. closing; trembled

4.______, the girls raced on to the second runners.

A. Stick in hand

B. With a stick in her hand

C. Sticks in hand

D. Sticks in hands

5. Each of them got up early ______ to catch the early bus.

A. to hope B. hoping

C. so that D. and

6. How pleased the Emperor was ______ what the cheats said!

A. hearing B. heard

C. hear D. to hear

7. We should prevent pollution ______ happily.

A. from living B. living

C. to living D. to live

8.I am busy now, so I can’t help ______ the machine.

A. repair B. to have repaired

C. repairing D. fixing

9. Jane came very close ______ a gold medal for Britain in the Olympics.

A. to win B. winning

C. to winning D. to be won

10. The boy seated himself in the corner with his back ______ to his father.

A. turning B. to turn

C. to be turned D. turned

11. ----By the way, when did you get your bedroom ______?

----Last week.

A. to paint B. painted

C. painting D. to be painted

12. He likes ______, but he doesn’t like ______ today because it is too cold.

A. to swim; to swim

B. swimming; swimming

C. to swim; swimming

D. swimming; to swim

13. There is ______ what the weather will be like.

A. not knowing B. no knowing

C. not know D. no known

14. The novel is said ______ into many languages.

A. to translateB. being translated

C. to have been translated

D. having been translated

15. I’m examining the composition he has just finished ______ the possible mistakes in it.

A. correcting B. to correct

C. corrected D. correct

16. They would not allow him ______ across the enemy line.

A. to risk going B. risking to go

C. for risk to go D. risk going

17. He spent as much time as he could _____ the child.

A. teaching B. to teach

C. teach D. for teaching

18. ----Alice, why didn’t you come yesterday?

----I ______, but I had an unexpected visitor.

A. had B. would

C. was going to D. did

19. How pleased the Emperor was ______ what the cheats said!

A. hearing B. to hear

C. heard D. hear

20. ______ the room, a letter was laid on the ground.

A. Entering B. Having entered

C. He entered D. Mrs Green entering

21. They set out ______ for the ______ boy.

A. searching; losing B. searching; lost

C. to search; lost D. to search; missed

22. ______ her mother had come, her face lit up.

A. Hearing B. Having heard

C. When hearing D. When she heard

23. They arrived at their university very late, ______ the gate closely shut.

A. found B. to find

C. find D. finding

24. ----Do you have anything more ______, sir?

----No. You can have a rest or do something else.

A. typing B. to be typed

C. typed D. to type

25. The manager promised to keep me ______ of how our business was going on.

A. to be informed B. on informing

C. informed D. informing

26. With a lot of difficult problems ______, the manager felt worried all the time.

A. to settle B. settling

C. settled D. being settled

27. Will those ______ the children from abroad come to the headmaster’s office?

A. teaching B. teach

C. who teaches D. who teaching

28. After ______ for the job, you will be required to take a language test.

A. being interviewed

B. interviewed

C. interviewing

D. having interviewed

29. They apologized for ______ to attend the meeting.

A. their not being able

B. their being not able

C. them not able

D. them being able not

30. They would not allow him ______ across the enemy line.

A. to risk going B. risking to go

C. for risk to go D. risk going

31. ______ to nuclear radiation, even for a short time, may produce variants(变异体) of genes in human bodies.

A. Being exposed B. Having exposed

C. Exposed D. After being exposed

32. China became the 143rd member of the World Trade Organization on December 11, , thus ______ its 15-year wish to join the global trade body.

A. having realized B. realized

C. realizing D. to realize

33. Tom looked at Jenny, tears ______ his eyes, and shouted out the words ______ in his heart for years.

A. filling; having hidden

B. filled; hidden

C. filling; hidden

D. filled; hiding

34. They apologized for ______ to attend the meeting.

A. their not being able

B. their being not able

C. them not able

D. them being able not

35. Which will you enjoy ______ your vacation, traveling abroad or working in the countryside?

A. to spend B. spend

C. spending D. spent

36. ----Will you please tell us how you can seize the robbers?

----I will spend a whole week ______ in your room to wait for their coming.

A. locking B. to lock

C. locked D. being locked

37. I regret ______ you that they are unable to come to your wedding tomorrow.

A. informing

B. having informed

C. to have been informed

D. to inform

38. He wondered if he could slip out of the lecture hall without anyone ______.

A. noticing B. noticed

C. to notice D. being noticed

39. After ______ for the job, you will be required to take a language test.

A. being interviewed

B. interviewed

C. interviewing

D. having interviewed

40. He spoke in such a high voice ______ out in the street.

A. as to be heard B. to be heard

C. as to hear D. to hear

41. As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be set up in every town ______ 50 households or more.

A. having B. to have

C. to have had D. having had

42. The building project ______ next year is, I think, not easy ______ in time.

A. being carried out; to complete

B. carried out; to be completed

C. to be carried out; to complete

D. to be carried out; to be completed

43. The reason ______ she gave for not coming to the party is that her mother wouldn’t allow her to.

A. that B. what

C. why D. because

44. Excuse me, could you tell me how to get to the Grand Hotel? I thought it was on this corner, but I seem to ______ a mistake.

A. make B. be making

C. having made D. have made

45. ----Here’s a new pair of shoes for you.

----Thank you, but there’s no need ______ a new pair for me.

A. to have bought B. to buy

C. buying D. to be buying

46. What worried the boy most was ______ to visit his father in the hospital.

A. his not allowing

B. his not being allowed

C. having not been allowed

D. his being not allowed

47. To do a bit for the motherland, ______.

A. working hard is necessary

B. to learn a foreign language is needed

C. it is important to master science

D. one should serve the people whole-heartedly

48. Everything ______ into consideration, they ought to have another chance.

A. to take B. taken

C. to be taken D. taking

49. The officials discussed the plan that they would like to see ______ the next month.

A. carry out B. carrying out

C. to carry out D. carried out

50. With a lot of difficult problems ______, the manager felt worried all the time.

A. to settle B. settling

C. settled D. being settled

51. ----Do you have anything more ______, sir?

----No, you can have a rest or do something else.

A. typing B. to be typed

C. typed D. to type

52. The manager promised to keep me ______ of how our business was going on.

A. to be informed B. on informing

C. informed D. informing

1-5 BACAD 6-10 DDACB 11-15 CBACD 16-20 CACAD

21-25 CBCBB 26-30 DBABB 31-35 ABBBC 36-40 BCCCC

41-45 BBDCC 46-50 DADBA 51-55 BBADA 56-60 ADBCB

61-65 BCBDD 66-70 DDACA 71-75 DBDCB 76-80 CDABA

81-85 CDABD 86-90 CADDA 91-95 CBDBC 96-100 CBACA

答案：

A. 1.to read 2. to answer 3. (to be) examined 4. repairing / to be repaired

B. 1. think 2. to marry 3. interested 4. see 5. heard 6. to give 7. working

C. 1. cleaned 2. stolen 3. to help 4. thinking 5. caught

D. 1. steal 2. reading 3. taken 4. seated 5. to come

E. 1. swimming 2. to watch 3. being praised 4. going 5. to go

F. 1. speaking 2. to speak 3. invited

G. 1. burning 2. to do 3. to be washed 4. pulled 5. find

H. 1. 1. play 2. to obey 3. to improve 4. being

I. 1. excited 2. trembling 3. frightened 4. disappointing

J. 1. 1. entering 2. see

K. 1. 1. jumping 2. being struck 3. (to) do

A. 1. Given 2. Having lit 3. Seen 4. To serve

答案：

1------5BDBAB 6------10DDACD

11------15BDBCB 16------20AACBD

21------25CDDBC 26------30AAAAA

31------35ACCAA 36-----40CDAAA

41------45ACADA 46------50BDBDA

51-----55BC

责任编辑：李芳芳

非谓语动词专练

--（动词不定式，现在分词，过去分词）

1. ___________ black and blue, the lady couldn’t move.

A. Beaten B. Beating C. To be beaten D. To beat

2. Most of the men _________ to the party were from town.

A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited

3. When I got back, I saw a message ____ to the door _____ “ Sorry to miss you; will call later.”

A. pin, read B. pinning, reading C. pinned, reading D. pinned, read

4. With a lot of different problems _______, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.

A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled

5. With a lot of different problems __________ , the newly-elected president is very pleased.

A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled

6. ________ poor in English, I’m afraid I can’t make myself __________.

A. To be; understand B. I’m; to understand C. Being; understanding D. Being；understood

7. _________ the room, the nurse found the tape-recorder ________.

A. Entering; stealing B. Entering; gone

C. To have entered; being stolen D. Having entered; to be stolen

8. English is a language ______________ in many countries.

A. spoken B. speaking C. be spoken D. to speak

9. I should say sorry to him. I regret ___________ to help him that day.

A. refusing B. to refuse C. refused D. refuse

10. Professor Li is often seen ___________ something in his office.

A. to write B. write C. wrote D. written

11. Do you still remember __________ to your hometown ten years ago?

A. taken B. to take C. to be taken D. being taken

12. She is not used _________ in the city.

A. to live B. to living C. to have lived D. live

13. Hurry up! He is sure _________ us at the gate.

A. waiting B. to wait C. to be waiting D. to be waiting for

14. _________ everywhere, the wolves had no where _________ themselves.

A. Hunting; hiding B. To hunt; to hide C. Hunted; hiding D. Hunted; to hide

15. This is a _________ car.

A. use B. using C. to be used D. used

16. When ________, ice changes into water.

A. to heat B. heating C. heated D. they are heated

17. Charlie Chaplin is considered __________ a great contribution to the film industry.

A. to make B. making C. to have made D. having made

18. _________ with you, we still have a long way to go.

A. Comparing B. To compare C. Having compared D. Compared

19. They haven’t decided when __________ for Shanghai.

A. to be leaving B. to leave C. leaving D. leave

20. I don’t know the girl ___________ in the snow storm.

A. to catch B. caught C. catching D. to be catching

21. Nobody enjoys ________ fun of in public.

A. to make B. making C. being made D. to be made

22. Do you know the girl ________ on a stone?

A. sit B. seating C. seated D. sat

23. I feel like __________ a long walk. Would you like _________ with me ?

A. taking; going B. to take; going C. taking; to go D. to take; to go

24. Don’t forget __________ the letter for me when you pass by the post office.

A. post B. to post C. posted D. posting

25. Hearing the good news, he couldn’t help _________.

A. jumping with joy B. to jump with joy C. jump with joy D. jumped with joy

26. The girl __________ down by a car lay dying.

A. knock B. knocking C. knocked D. to knock

27. You should keep on _________ English every day in order to improve it.

A. to practise to speak B. to practise speaking C. practising to speak D. practising speaking

28. In those days my family didn’t have enough room _________.

A. to live B. living in C. to live in D. living

29. ___________ more attention, the trees could have grown better.

A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given

30. She told me ________ about my lessons.

A. needn’t worry B. don’t worry C. not to worry D. not worry

31. The teacher walked to the lab, ______________.

A. followed by his students

B. his students followed

C. and followed by his students

D. both A and B

32. The lecture __________ will be given the day after tomorrow.

A. has been talked about B. to talk about

C. so much talked about D. so much talking of

33. The ___________ girl sat in the corner, crying.

A. frighten B. frightened C. frightening D. fright

34. I have had my bike ______, and I’m going to have somebody ______ my radio tomorrow.

A. repair; to repair B. repairing; to be repaired

C. repaired; repair D. to repair; repairing

35. You must get the work ________ before Friday.

A. do B. to do C. doing D. done

36. Prices of daily goods __________ through a computer can be lower than store prices.

A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying

参考答案：

1-5 ABCCA 6-10 DBAAA 11-15 DBDDD 16-20 CCDBB 21-25 CCCBA 26-30 CDCAC

31-36 ACBCDB

责任编辑：李芳芳

语法系列复习专题-----非谓语动词

非谓语动词

非谓语动词（不能作谓语用）包括不定式、分词及动名词。

一、动词不定式

1．常用形式：一般主动式to do, 一般被动式to be done

完成主动式to have done, 完成被动式to have been done

进行式to be doing

2．语法功能：可作主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语和状语（即除谓语之外的各种成

分）。例如：

1）主语：To master a foreign language is very important.

2）表语：My job is to drive them to the company every day.

3）宾语：Do you want to visit the Great Wall?

Can you give us some advice on what to do next?

4） 宾补：The teacher advised us to have a rest first.

I didnt notice them come in.

注：see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等动词后作宾补的动词不定式不带to, 但变为被动语态以后（即不定式作主补时）要带to, 其中let sb. do sth. 变为被动式为sb. is let do sth.

help（帮助）后作宾补的动词不定式可带to，也可不带to. 即help sb.(to)do sth.

5） 定语：不定式位于所修饰的名词，代词之后，如：Who was the first one to set

to the top of the hill yesterday? /He is the man to depend on/to believe in.

6）状语： in order to

A．目的状语：She reads China Daily every day so as to improve her English.

to

注：in order to 可以位于句首或句中，so as to 不能位于句首。

B．原因状语： Im glad to see you . 注：这种“be＋形容词＋不定式”结构，其不定式有时也可视为宾语，如：He is eager to go to college./ She is sure to come here.

C．结果状语：They lived to see the liberation of their home town.他们一直活到见到家乡解放。

△在“too…to…”结构中表“太…结果不能”，如：He is too weak to do the work.

注：too之前如果有only, only too 表“非常”、“很”意，此时不定式不再表否定意，而表肯定意。如：They are only too lucky to go abroad for a visit. 他们很幸运去国外访问。

另外，too后如果是happy, glad之类形容词时，不定式也表肯定意，

如：She was too happy to meet her old friend in the street.

△在“形容词/副词＋enough＋不定式”结构中表“足以能…”，如：He is strong enough to do the work .

3．复合结构不定式（for sb. to do sth.），可作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。for 本身无意义，sb.可称之为不定式的逻辑主语。例如：I think it necessary for him to go there at once.（复合结构不定式作宾语）

注：当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时，不用for, 而用of,

如：It is kind of you to help me .（相当于You are kind to help me .）这类形容词有good,nice,kind,wise, clever, foolish, silly, stupid, careless, impolite（不礼貌）等。right, wrong既可用于for sb. to do sth. 也可用于of sb. to do sth. 例如：Its right/wrongg for him to do the work alone.

4．疑问词＋不定式：可作主语、表语或宾语。如：How to finish the work in time is a problem.（主语）We dont know when and where to go .（宾语）

5．动词不定式的否定式（not to do sth.），语法功能同不定式肯定式。

6．不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系：

1）一般式：表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，或在谓语动作之后，或

没有时间限制。例如：

They often watch us play table tennis.（与谓语动作同时）

She hopes to go there again.（在谓语动作之后）

It is necessary and important to read English every day.（无时间限制）

The factory to make radios is over there.（无时间限制）

2）完成式：表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如：Im sorry to have kept you waiting. /She seems to have been a teacher for many years.

3）进行式：表示正在发生的动作且与谓语动作同时发生。例如：

She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I come in.

7．不定式的被动式：名词、代词为不定式的逻辑宾语时，一般用不定式被动式，

例如：What is to be done is unknown. /The bridge to be bulit there is very long.

注：关于不定式的主动式表被动义用法参见《动词时态、语态》一讲。

一、分词

1．分词形式：有现在分词和过去分词两种。过去分词只有一种形式，现在分词则有：

一般主动式doing, 一般被动式being done, 完成主动式having done,完成被动式having been done

2．语法功能：在句中作定语、表语、宾补、状语。

3．现在分词和过去分词的区别：

1）语态不同：现在分词表示主动概念，及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念。例如：the moving film 动人的电影，the moved girl 受感动的姑娘，a running machine 一台转动的机器， a stolen car 一辆被盗的汽车

注：关于心理状态动词的－ing形式表主动意，－ed形式表被动意，详见该讲后的专题。

2）时间关系上不同：现在分词表正在进行的动作，过去分词往往表已经完成的动作。

例如：a developing country 发展中的国家，a developed country发达的国家

4．现在分词的基本用法：

1） 一般主动式用法：

A．作定语：The sleeping child is only five years old.(＝The child who is sleeping is…)/The girl writing a letter there can speak English very well.(＝The girl who is writing a letter can…)

The factory making TV sets is very large.(＝The factory which makes TV sets is very large.)

B．作表语：The story sounds very interesting./The news is very exciting.

C．作宾补：学用于see, watch, hear, feel, find, have, keep等动词之后。

例如：We can see steam rising from the wet clothes. /I saw Tom coming out of the house. /Dont keep the students doing homework all day.

注：上述动词后跟不定式作宾补表示动作的过程，而不是正在进行中的动作，而现在分词作宾补则表示正在进行中的动作。例如：I heard them singing in the room

when I passed it.(singing不可改为sing) Do you often hear them sing in the room ?(sing不可改为singing)

have sb. do sth. 与have sb. doing sth. 的区别：前者have＝let, 后者have 有时表“keep”意，有时表“employ（雇用）”意。如：

Ill have him go with me.我将让他和我一块去。

Ill have him working in my compary.我将雇用他在我的公司里工作。

Dont have the machine working all day .不要让机器整天工作。

D．作状语：

①时间状语：Reading the letter, I couldnt help thinking of my school life.

②原因状语：Being ill, I didnt go to school yesterday.

③方式或伴随状语：Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty.

2）完成主动式用法：

这种分词所表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前，一般在句中作时间或原因状语用，不能作定语用。例如：

Having finished her homework,she went to bed. /Not having received his letter, she wrote to him again.

3）一般被动式用法：

表示正在发生的被动动作，在句中作定语或状语。

例如：The car being repaired is mine.(＝The car which is being repaired is mine.) /Being repaired,the car cant be used.(＝As/Because it is being repaired,the car cant be used.)

4）完成被动式用法：

表示发生在谓语动作之前的被动动作，在句中多作状语，不能作定语。

例如：Having been praised a second time ,I decided to make still greater progress.

5．过去分词的基本用法：

1）作定语：The stolen car was found by the police last week.

2）作表语：The glass is broken. /When I got to the classroom,the door was locked.

3）作宾补：You must have your hair cut.

4）作状语：Given more time ,we can do the work much better.

6．独立主格结构：

当分词有它自己的独立主语（不同于句子主语的名词或代词）时，则是一种独立

主格结构形式，在句中作状语、定语等。例如：

The bell ringing, we all stopped talking.(＝When the bell rang,we all stopped talking.) /There being no bus, we had to walk home .(＝There was no bus ,so we had to walk home.)

7．使用现在分词的几个注意点：

(1)作状语用的现在分词，其逻辑主语必须同句中主语为同一人或同一事，例如：

Standing on top of the tall building,we could see the whole city.（正）

(Standing＝When we stood)

Standing on top of the tall building,the whole city could be seen.（误）

Having found the cause, they continued the experiment.（正）（Having found

＝After/When they had found）

Having found the cause, the experiment continued.（误）

(2)短暂动词（即瞬间动词）的现在分词被动式不可作宾补或定语。例如：

He saw the old man knocked down by the car.(knocked down不可改为being knocked down或having been knicked down)

Do you like the dictionary bought by Zhang Ming?(bought不可改为being bought或having been bought)

现在分词被动式与过去分词用法的区别：

现在分词被动式与过去分词都有被动意，但其用法是有区别的：

(1) 作宾语时，现在分词的一般被动式表示一个正在发生的被动动作，过去分词则表示一个已发生过的被动动作或没有时间性的状态。例如：

Do you see the hospital there?

你看见了那边那个 医院吗？

The continent connected with Asia at the Suez Canal is Africa.在苏伊士运河处与亚洲相连的洲是非洲。（句中connected无时间性）

(2) 作原因状语，现在分词被动式与过去分词可以互换。例如：

Being led(＝Led )by the Party,the Chinese people have won great victories.

(3) 作方式或伴随状语，不用现在分词被动式，而用过去分词。例如：

The soldiers lay on the ground,covered with nothing.

(4) 作时间状语，若动作先于句子的谓语动作，且有具体过去时间，不可用现在分词一般被动式或完成被动式。例如：Built in 1192 ,the bridge was very useful.

如果没有具体过去时间状语，可用过去分词或现在分词完成被动式。例如：

Discussed(＝Having been discussed)many times, the problem was settled at

last.

如果要强调分词状语的动作发生的时间在谓语动作之前，则宜用现在分词完成被动式，而不用过去分词。例如：

Not having been invited,she had to stay at home.

(5)在have,get之后宜用过去分词作宾补，不用现在分词被动式或不定式被动式作宾补。例如：Ill have my hair cut.(cut不能改为being cut或be cut)He got his watch repaired.(repaired不能改为being repaired或to be repaired)

(6)在make, order, want, like, wish等动词后，多用过去分词作宾补，少用现在分词被动式作宾补。例如

The speaker couldnt make himself heard.(一般不说being heard)

He wanted his house painted.(一般不说being painted)

8.心理状态动词的-ing形式与-ed形式

所谓心理状态动词是指含有使动意，使人产生某种情感、心理变化的动词。如：surprise使惊讶；interest使感兴趣。它们的-ing形式含主动意义，-ed形式含被动意义。皆可视为形容词。例如：surprising令人惊讶的，interesting令人感兴趣的；surprised（因…）感到惊讶的，interested（因…）感到兴趣的。下面的句子可显示两者的区别：

The film is so interesting that they are all interested in it.

She was much surprised at the surprising news.

已学的心理状态动词有：astonish,bore(使厌烦),delight,disappoint,

discourage,encourage,excite,frighten,interest,move(使感动)，please（使高兴）,puzzle（使迷惑）,satisfy（使满意）,surprise,shock,tire（使疲劳）,trouble,upset（使不安）,worry

它们的-ing形式多和物连用，如：The news is pleasing/exciting./a boring report(一个令人厌烦的报告),a tiring walk（累人的步行）。

它们的-ed形式多和人连用，如：an excited girl,/Im tired.

但是也有-ing形式和人连用，-ed形式和物连用的现象。如：an inspiring leader一位有感召力的领袖，an amusing girl一个讨人喜欢的女孩，a puzzled expression一种迷惑不解的表情，She said in a frightened voice.她用受了惊吓的声音说着话。

三、动名词

1． 形式同现在分词，有四种。

2． 动名词的基本用法：

1）作主语：Seeing is believing. /Talking is easier than doing. /it isnt necessary explaining to him. /Its no use waiting here.

2） 作表语：My hobby（爱好）is collecting stamps . /His job is washing and cooking.

3） 作宾语：When he came in,we all stopped talking . /He has given up smoking. /We often do our cleaning on Saturday afternoon. /Are you fond of dancing?/The boy isnt worth teaching.

注 有些动词后只能跟不定式作宾语。有些动词后只能跟动名词作宾语，有些动词后跟不定式。动名词作宾语含义不同。详见第6点。

4） 作定语：This is her fathers walking stick.

3． 动名词的复合结构：形式：his/him working there,Wang Dongs/Wang Dong working

there

语法功能：

1） 作主语：Your smoking too much will do harm to your health.（动名词的复合结构在句首作主语时，只能用sbs的形式，此句中的Your不可改为You。）

2） 作宾语：I dont like his/him staying with us.

3） 作表语：My joy is his winning the table－tennis game.（his不能改为him）

4． 动名词的完成式：

动名词的一般式所表示的动作为一种时间要领不强的或泛指的动作，或是与句中谓语同时发生。或在谓语之后发生的动作。

如果动名词的动作发生在谓语动作之前，则要用完成式。例如：

We were praised for having completed our task ahead of time.

在remember, forget, regret, excuse, apologize等动词之后，某些介词后，或某些习惯用语中，用动名词的一般式就可以表示完成式的概念。例如：

I remember him some money before.

He forgot me that. /After finishing his homework,he

went out for a walk.

5． 动名词的被动式

如果动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示动作的承受者，这个动名词就要用被动式。

例如：The problem is far from being settled.

动名词的完成被动式往往用一般被动式来代替，以免句子显得累赘。例如：

I still remember being invited（代替having been invited）by a famous artist when I was in Shanghai.

6． 动名词与不定式作主语、宾语的用法比较

作主语：

(1)多数情况两者可以互换。例如：Seeing is believing.＝To see is to believe.

Talking is easy and doing is difficult.＝To talk is easy and to do is

difficult.

(2)如果表示一种具体、短期的行为，或表示将来的行为，宜用不定式。例如：

It took him two hours to finish the work.

To be a scientist is his desire（愿望）.

(3)如果表示一种经常性、习惯性的行为，一般用动名词。例如：

Getting up early is a good habit.

作宾语：

(1) 有些动词跟不定式、动名词作宾语皆可，意义也差不多，主要有：begin, start,

continue, love, prefer等。

(2) 有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语，主要有：wish, hope, expect, demand, refuse,

decide.

(3) 有些动词后只能跟动名词作宾语，已学过的这类词有：finish, imagine, insist on,enjoy, escape, consider, cant help, admit, avoid, mind, miss, practise, put off（延迟）＝delay, suggest.feel like, look forward to,devote…to(doing),be worth.

(4)有些动词后跟不定式、动名词意义有明显差别，主要有：forget, remember, regret, stop, mean, try, want, need, require, go on

A.forget to do sth. 忘记要做某事

forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事＝forget having done sth.＝forget to have

done sth.

B.remember to do sth. 记住要做某事 remember doing sth.记住做过某事

C.regret to do sth. 遗憾（要）做某事 regret doing sth. 懊悔做了某事

D.stop to do sth. 停下（原事）去做某事（不定式作目的状语）

stop doing sth. 停止做某事

E.mean to do sth. 决意／打算做某事 mean doing sth. 意味／表明做某事

F.try to do sth. 努力／设法去做某事

try doing sth. 试图／尝试用某一方法做某事

G.want/need/require to do sth. 要／想做某事

want/need/require dong. 需要／想要被…

H.go on to do sth. 继续做不同的事 go on doing sth. 继续做相同的事

7．使用现在分词的几个注意点：

(1)作状语用的现在分词，其逻辑主语必须同句中主语为同一人或同一事，例如：

Standing on top of the tall building,we could see the whole city.（正）

(Standing＝When we stood)

Standing on top of the tall building,the whole city could be seen.（误）

Having found the cause, they continued the experiment.（正）（Having found

＝After/When they had found）

Having found the cause, the experiment continued.（误）

(2)短暂动词（即瞬间动词）的现在分词被动式不可作宾补或定语。例如：

He saw the old man knocked down by the car.(knicked down不可改为being knocked down或having being knicked down)

Do you like the dictionary bought by Zhang Ming?(bought不可改为being bought或having been bought)

现在分词被动式与过去分词用法的区别：

现在分词被动式与过去分词都有被动意，但其用法是有区别的：

(5) 作宾语时，现在分词的一般被动式表示一个正在发生的被动动作，过去分词则表示一个已发生过的被动动作或没有时间性的状态。例如：

Do you see the hospital there?

你看见了那边那个 医院吗？

The continent connected with Asia at the Suez Canal is Africa.在苏伊士运河处与亚洲相连的洲是非洲。（句中connected无时间性）

(6) 作原因状语，现在分词被动式与过去分词可以互换。例如：

Being led(＝Led )by the Party,the Chinese people have won great victories.

(7) 作方式或伴随状语，不用现在分词被动式，而用过去动词。例如：

The soldiers lay on the ground,covered with nothing.

(8) 作时间状语，若动作先于句子的谓语动作，且有具体过去时间，不可用现在分词一般被动式或完成被动式。例如：Built in 1192 ,the bridge was very useful.

如果没有具体过去时间状语，可用过去分词或现在分词完成被动式。例如：

Discussed(＝Having been discussed)many times, the problem was settled at

last.

如果要强调分词状语的动作发生的时间在谓语动作之前，则宜用现在分词完成被动式，而不用过去分词。例如：

Not having been invited,she had to stay at home.

(5)在have,get之后宜用过去分词作宾补，不用现在分词被动式或不定式被动式作宾补。例如：Ill have my hair cut.(cut不能改为being cut或be cut)He got his watch repaired.(repaired不能改为being repaired或to be repaired)

(6)在make, order, want, like, wish等动词后，多用过去分词作宾补，少用现在分词被动式作宾补。例如

The speaker couldnt make himself heard.(一般不说being heard)

He wanted his house painted.(一般不说being painted)

8.心理状态动词的-ing形式与-ed形式

所谓心理状态动词是指含有使动意，使人产生某种情感、心理变化的动词。如：surprise使惊讶；interest使感兴趣。它们的-ing形式含主动意义，-ed形式含被动意义。皆可视为形容词。例如：surprising令人惊讶的，interesting令人感兴趣的；surprised（因…）感到惊讶的，interested（因…）感到兴趣的。下面的句子可显示两者的区别：

The film is so interesting that they are all interested in it.

She was much surprised at the surprising news.

已学的心理状态动词有：astonish,bore(使厌烦),delight,disappoint,

discourage,encourage,excite,frighten,interest,move(使感动)，please（使高兴）,puzzle（使迷惑）,satisfy（使满意）,surprise,shock,tire（使疲劳）,trouble,upset（使不安）,worry

它们的-ing形式多和物连用，如：The news is pleasing/exciting.a boring report(一个令人厌烦的报告),a tiring walk（累人的步行）。

它们的-ed形式多和人连用，如：an excited girl,Im tired.

但是也有-ing形式和人连用，-ed形式和物连用的现象。如：an inspiring leader一位有感召力的领袖，an amusing girl一个讨人喜欢的女孩，a puzzled expression一种迷惑不解的表情，She said in a frightened voice.她用受了惊吓的声音说着话。

非谓语动词考点分析

1．The Olympic Games, ______ in 776 B.C,didt include women players until

1919.(NMET)

A.first playing B.to be first played

C.first played D.to be first playing

析：根据题干，必须选表示被动的选项，故排除A、D；因B选项表“将要被举行”意， 不

合题干之用，只有C选项（相当于which was first played）才合用。

2．European football is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sport

in the world.(NMET)

A.making B.makes C.made D.to make

析：B、C是谓语动词，在此不可用。D项to make或表目的，或表“将要使得”，这都不合题干情景。只有A.making,可作状语，表结果。再举一现在分词作结果状语例：

The bus was held up by the snowstorm,causing the delay.公共汽车被大风雪所阻，因而耽误了。

3．Little Jim should love ______ to the theatre this evening.(NMET)

A.to be taken B.to take C.being taken D.taking

析：根据this evening,应选表示将来义的选项，C、D应排除。Take后无宾语，必然要用被动式，故答案为A。

4．John was made ______ the truck for a week as a punishment.(NMET)

A.to wash B.washing C.wash D.to be washing

析：根据be made to do sth.句式，可定答案为A。

5．The patient was warned ______ oily food after the operation.(NMET)

A.to eat not B.eating not C.not to eat D.not eating

析：根据warn sb.(not)to do sth.句式，可排除B、D两项；又根据非谓语动词的否定式not总是在首位的规律，又可排除A，而定C。

6．--I usually go there by train.

--Why not ______ by boat for a change?(NMET)

A.to try going B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try going

析：此题可根据why not后直接跟原形动词规律而一举确定正确答案为D。若将B项改为try to go，则要根据其与try going意义之别来确定答案。依据题干对话内容，乙方是建议甲方尝试乘船变变花样，所以答案仍为D。

7．______ a reply,he decided to write again.(NMET)

A.Not receiving B.Receiving not

C.Not having received D.Having not received

析：非谓语动词的否定式not应置于首位，B、D皆为错误形式。A项不能表达先于decided

的动作，只有选C项才表没收到信在先，决定再写信在后，所以C为正确答案。

8．Charles Babbage is generally considered ______ the first computer.(NMET)

A.to invent B.inventing C.to have invented D.having mvented析：consider表“考虑”意时，其后动词用doing形式，此处不表“考虑”，而表“认为”，

这时consider后作宾语补足语或主语补足语多为to do,to have done,to be等形式。

据此可排除B、D两个选项。又因A表“要发明”意，不合题用，只有C表“发明了”意，才合题用，故选C。

9．Most of the artists ______ to the party were from South Africa.

A.invited B.to invite C.being invited D.had been invited

析：“被邀请参加晚会”，应选表被动意的选项，B不可用。D项少引导词who，也应排除。

又因短暂动词的现在分词被动式不可作定语，C也应排除，只有A.invited(＝who were

invited)才是正确答案。

10．The murderer was brought in,with his hands ______ behind his back.(NMET)

A.being tied B.having tied C.to be tired D.tied

析：B表主动意，应排除。C表“将要被捆绑”，A表“正在被捆绑”都不合题意，只有D项填入空白才能表达“双手被反绑着”这一意思，符合题干情景。再看一类似例句：

He came in,(with)his head held high.他昂首走了进来。

非谓语动词专练

1.______ more attention,the trees could have grown better.

A.To give B.Having given C.Given D.Giving

2.The first textbooks ______ for teaching English as a foreign language came out

in the 16th century.

A.to be written B.written C.being written D.having written

3.The missing boys were last seen ______ near the river.

A.to play B.play C.to be playing D.playing

4.______ in thought,he almost ran into the car in front of him.

A.To lose B.Lost C.Having lost D.Losing

5.When passing me he pretended ______ me.

A.to see B.not having seen C.to have not seen D.not to have seen

6.The children insisted ______ there on foot.

A.they going B.they would go C.on their going D.going

7.He still remembers ______ to Shanghai when he was very young.

A.taking B.being taken C.taken D.having taken

8.______ the railway station,we had a break,only ______ the train had left.

A.Arriving at;to find B.Coming to;discovering that

C.On arriving at;finding out D.Hurrying to;to have found out

9.With the boy ______ the way,we had no trouble ______ the way ______ to Zhongshan

Park.

A.leading;finding;leading B.to lead;found;to lead

C.led;finding;led D.leading;found;led

10.______ these pictures,I couldnt help thinking of those days when I was in Being

and ______ from the top of a thirty-storeyed building,Beijing looks more

beautiful.

A.Seeing;seen B.Seen;seeing C.Seeing;seeing D.Seen;seen

11.I can hardly imagine Peter ______ across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.(NMET)

A.to have sailed B.to sail C.sailing D.sail

12.If you wave your book in front of your face,you can feel the air ______ against

your face.(MET)

A.moved B.moving C.moves D.to move

13.______ is known to all,China will be an ______ and powerful country in 20 or

30 years time.

A.That;advancing B.This;advanced C.As;advanced D.It;advancing

14.While shopping,people sometimes cant help ______ into buying something they

dont really need.

A.persuade B.persuading C.being persuaded D.be persuaded

15.There was terrible noise ______ the sudden burst of light.(MET)

A.followed B.following C.to be followed D.being followed

16.Please excuse my ______ in without ______ .

A.come;permitted B.coming;permitted

C.comimg;being permitted D.to come;being permitted

17.______ his head high,the manager walked into the room to attend the

meeting ______ then.

A.Holding;being held B.Held;holding

C.Having held;held D.Held;to be held

18.--Did you hear her ______ this pop song this time the other day?

--Yes,and I heard this song ______ in English.

A.sing;singing B.sung;sung C.sung;singing D.singing;sung

19.The question ______ now at the meeting is not the question ______ yesterday.

A.discussed;discussed B.discussing;had discussed

C.being discussed;discussed D.discussing;discussing

20.With the cooking ______ ,I went on ______ some sewing.

A.done;to do B.being done;doing

C.to be done;doing D.to have done;doing

21.It is no use ______ your past mistakes.

A.regretting B.regret C.to regret D.regretted

22.Her husband died in 1980 and had nothing ______ to her,only ______ her five

children.

A.left;to leave B.leaving;leaving C.leaving;left D.left;leaving

23.I am very busy.I have a very difficult problem ______ .

A.to work B.to work out

C.to be worked out D.to work it out

24.I would appreciate ______ back this affernoon.(NMET)

A.you to call B.you call C.your calling D.youre calling

25.Climbing mountains was ______ ,so we all felt ______ .

A.tiring;tired B.tired;tiring C.tiring;tiring D.tired;tired

26.I saw some villagers ______ on the bench at the end of the room.

A.seating B.seat

C.seated D.seated themselves

27.She was glad to see her child well ______ care of.

A.take B.to be taken C.taken D.taking

28.It is one of the important problems ______ tomorrow.

A.to solve B.to be solved C.solved D.solving

29.______ maps properly,you need a special pen.

A.Drawn B.Drawing C.To draw D.Be drawing

30.There is a river ______ around our school.

A.to run B.run C.running D.to be running

31.How about the two of us ______ a walk down the garden?

A.to take B.take C.taking D.to be taken

32.I was fortunate to pick up a wallet ______ on the ground on the way back home,

but unfortunately for me,I found my colour TV set. ______ when I got home.

A.lying;stolen B.laying;stealing C.lay;stolen D.lying;stealing

33.Whth the kind－hearted boy ______ me with my work,Im sure Ill be able to spare

time ______ with your work.

A.to help;help you out B.helping;helping you

C.helped;to help you out D.to help;to help you

34.Greatly movedd by her words, ______ .

A.tears came to his eyes B.he could hardly hold back his tears

C.tears could hardly be held back D.his eyes were filled with tears.

35.--I hope the children wont touch the dog.

--Ive warned them ______ .

A.not B.not to C.not touch D.not do

36.I would love ______ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to

finish a report.(NMET)

A.to go B.to have gone C.going D.having gone

37.When ______ why he walked in without permission,he just stared at us and

said nothing.

A.been asked B.asked C.asking D.to be asked

38.The man kept silent in the room unless ______ .

A.spoken to B.spoke to C.spoken D.to speak

39.He was often listened ______ in the next room.

A.sing B.sung C.to sing D.to to sing

40.Rather than ______ on a crowded bus,he always prefers ______ a bicycle.(NMET)

A.ride;ride B.riding;ride C.ride;to ride D.to ride;riding

41.The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street,but his mother told him ______ .

A.not to B.not to do C.not do it D.do not to

42.Whats troubling them is ______ enough experienced workers.

A.that they have to B.they have not

C.their not having D.not their having

43.______ his telephone number,she had some difficulty getting in touch with

Bill.

A.Not knowing B.Knowing not

C.Not having known D.Having not know

44.Bamboo is used ______ houses in some places .

A.to build B.to building C.to be built D.being built

45.Go on ______ the other exercise after you have finished this one.(MET)

A.to do B.doing C.with D.to be doing

46.The day we looked forward to ______ .

A.come B.coming C.has come D.have come

47.Whom would you rather ______ the work?

A.to have to do B.to have do C.have to do D.have do

48.Do you think it any good ______ with him again?

A.to talk B.talking C.to talking D.having talked

49.Sometimes new ideas have to be tested many times before ______ .

A.accepting fully B.being fully accepted

C.fully accepting D.fully being accepted

50.The government forbids ______ such bad books.

A.published B.to publish C.publish D.publishing

非谓语动词专练答案

1―5 C B D B D 6―10 C B A A A 11―15 C B C C B 16―20 C A D C A

21―25 A D B C A 26―30 C C B C C 31―35 C A D B B 36―40 B B A D C

41―45 A C A A A 46―50 C D A B D

责任编辑：李芳芳

非谓语动词填空练习（1）

1.______________ (surprise) and happy，Tony stood up and accepted the prize.

2.We often provide our children with toys, footballs or basketballs, __________ (think) that all children like these things.

3.It is difficult to imagine his _____________(accept) the decision without any consideration.

4. _________________(face) with a bill for $ 10,000, John has taken an extra job.

5.He hurried to the booking office only _____________（tell）that all the tickets had been sold out.

6.No matter how frequently______________ (perform), the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world.

7. ___________（make）this cake, you’ll need 2 eggs, 175 g sugar and 175 g flour.

8.My cousin came to see me from the country, _____ (bring) me a full basket of fresh fruits．

9. _____________（convince ）that the government can lead them out of the financial crisis, people are optimistic about the future of the country.

10.Mr. Green stood up in defense of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one _________ （blame）．

11. Sandy could do nothing but _____________ (admit) to his teacher that he was wrong.

12. I can’t stand ____ ( work )with Jane in the same office. She just refuses _______ (stop) talking while she works.

13.__________________ (blame) for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits.

14. Carbon dioxide _________(produce)from burning fuels is the most common of the so – called greenhouse gases.

15. Don’t sit there _________ (do) nothing. Come and help me with this table.

16. The wild flowers looked like a soft orange blanket_____________ (cover) the desert.

17. If you think that treating a woman well means always ____________(get)her permission for things, think again.

18. I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise __________________(go )on.

19. Whenever he was asked why he was late for class, he would answer carelessly, always ___________ (say) the same thing.

20.-There is a story here in the paper about a 110-year-old man.

-My goodness! I can’t imagine ____________ (be) that old.

21.After he became conscious , he remembered ___________(attack) and_______(hit)on the head with a rod.

22. When _____________(offer) help, one often says “Thank you.” or “It’s kind of you.”

23.Five people won the “China’s Green Figure” award, a title _____ (give) to ordinary people for their contributions to environmental protection .

24.Police are now searching for a woman who is reported to (be) missing since the flood hit the area last Friday.

25.The British are proud of the 30th Olympic Games (hold) in London in .

26. He glanced over at her, ____________ (note) that though she was tiny, she seemed very well put together.

27. It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just _____________ (have) a look at the sports stars.

28. When ___________________ (compare) different cultures , we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities .

29. It remains __________________ (see) whether Jim will be fit enough to play in the finals.

30. Isn't it time you got down to ____________ (mark )the papers?

非谓语动词填空练习（2）

1. -It’s a long time since I saw my sister.

-Why not __________ （visit） her this weekend?

2. -The last one _____________（arrive） pays the meal.

-Agreed!

3. I smell something _________（burn）in the kitchen. Can I call you back in a minute?

4. The disc, digitally ___________（record）in the studio, sounded fanstic at the party.

5. I don’t know whether you happen_______________(hear), but I am going to study in the United States.

6. There is nothing more I can try ______ (persuade) you to stay, so I wish you good luck.

7. The Town Hall ___________(complete) in the 1800’s was the most distinguished building at that time.

8. The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent ______________________ (launch) at the end of last March.

9. Please remain _____________(seat )until the plane has come to a complete stop.

10. John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work ______________( finish), he gladly accepted it.

11. -Robert is indeed a wise man.

-Oh, yes. How often I have regretted __________________(not take) his advice!

12. -Excuse me sir,where is Room 301?

-Just a minute.I’ll have Bob ____________ (show) you to your room.

13. He is a student at Oxford University, _______________( study) for a degree in computer science.

14. Jenny hopes that Mr. Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English ________ (improve) in a short period.

15. -Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.

-Sorry. With so much work ____________ (fill) my mind, I almost break down.

16. As the light turned green, I stood for a moment, not ______________(move), and asked myself what I was going to do.

17. “Things _________( lose) never come again!” I couldn’t help talking to myself.

18. -Can I smoke here?

-Sorry. We don’t allow ____________ (smoke) here.

19. He is very popular among his students as he always tries to make them ______________ (interest) in his lectures.

20. When asked why he went there, he said he was sent there _____________ (train) for a space flight.

21. __ (say) that she didn’t do a good job, I don’t think I am abler than her.

22. All the staff in our company are considering ____ (go) to the city centre for the fashion show.

23. ___________ (ensure) the safety of gas, the government has checked the city’s gas supply system thoroughly.

24. She wants her paintings ___________ (display) in the gallery, but we don t think they would be very popular.

25. Peter received a letter just now ____________ (say) his grandma would come to see him soon.

26. The flowers his friend gave him will die unless ______________ (water) every day.

27. The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the entrance, ________ (let) in the natural light during the day.

28. The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle ______________(hear).

29. ___________( drive) by a greater demand of vegetables, farmers have built more green houses.

30. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons ____________ (finish) for the day.

非谓语动词填空练习（3）

1. I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good _______________.(breathe)

2. The director had her assistant _______________ (pick up) some hot dogs for the meeting.

3. ____________(walk) in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring.

4. __________(see) that she was going off to sleep, I asked if she’d like that little doll on her bed.

5. –Did the book give the information you needed?

–Yes. But _____________(find) it, I had to read the entire book.

6. I feel greatly honored _________________(welcome) into their society.

7. It is worth considering what makes “convenience” foods so popular, and ______________ (introduce) better ones of your own.

8. _______________(wait) in the queue for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized he had left the cheque in the car.

9. Can those _________________ (seat) at the back of the classroom hear me?

10. _________ (search) the website of the Fire Department in your city, and you will learn a lot about firefighting.

11. The trees ________________(blow down) in the storm have been moved off the road.

12. ______________(complete) the project as planned, we’ll have to work two more hours a day.

13. Susan wanted to be independent of her parents. She tried ____________(live) alone, but she didn’t like it and moved back home.

14. I hear they’ve promoted Tom, but he didn’t mention __________________(promote) when we talked on the phone.

15. We finished the run in less than half the time ______________(allow).

16. Lucy’s new job paid twice as much as she had made _____________(work) in the restaurant.

17. The message is very important, so it is supposed _______ (send) as soon as possible.

18. ___________(show) around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Bird’s Nest for the Olympic Games.

19. We had an anxious couple of weeks _______________(wait) for the results of the experiment.

20. _______________(throw) their hats into the air, the fans of the winning team let out loud shouts of victory.

21. ___________ (fail) to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead.

22. --- They are quiet, aren’t they? --- Yes. They are accustomed to______________ (not talk) at meals.

23. To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English ______________(speak) as much as we can.

24. He was busy writing a story, only _____________(stop) once in a while to smoke a cigarette.

25. Please remain _________________(seat); the winner of the prize will be announced soon.

26. _________________(not realize) that he was in great danger, Eric walked deeper into the forest.

27. It is one of the funniest things _______________(find) on the Internet so far this year.

28. My sister, an inexperienced rider, was found sitting on the bicycle ____________(try) to balance it.

29. If we have illegal immigrants ___________(come) in, many local workers will lose their jobs.

30. Something as simple as ______________(drink) some cold water may clear your mind and relieve pressure.

非谓语动词填空练习（4）

1.The play _____________ (produce) next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.

2. For breakfast he only drinks juice from fresh fruit ___________ (grow) on his own farm.

3. All of them try to use the power of the workstation _____________ (present) information in a more effective way.

4. ________ (bite) twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we changed our dog.

5. In April, , President Hu inspected the warships in Qingdao, _____________ (mark) the 60th anniversary of the founding of the PLA Navy.

6. Every evening after dinner, if not __________ (tire) from work, I will spend some time walking my dog.

7. At the age of 29, Dave was a worker, ____________ (live) in a small apartment near Boston and ____________ (wonder) what to do about his future.

8. Nowadays people sometimes separate their waste to make it easier for it ______________ (reuse).

9. Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers, almost three times the number hired last year, ____________ (help) reduce unemployment pressures.

10. Distinguished guests and friends, welcome to our school. ____________ (attend) the ceremony of the 50th Anniversary this morning are our alumni (校友) from home and abroad.

11. ___________ (give) the right kind of training, these teenage soccer players may one day grow into the international stars.

12. The government plans to bring in new laws ____________ (force) parents to take more responsibility for the education of their children.

13. When we visited my old family home, memory came ______________ (flood) back

14._____________ (be) a winner, you need to give all you have and try your best.

15. The children all turned ____________ (look at) the famous actress as she entered the classroom.

16. Now that we've discussed our problem, are people happy with the decisions _____________ (take)?

17 It is often _____________(say) that human beings are naturally equipped to speak.

18. They use computers to keep the traffic ____________ (run) smoothly.

19. We are invited to a party _________(hold)in our club next Friday.

20. I still remember ______________ (take) to the Famen Temple and what I saw there .

21. A small plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city, _____________ (kill) all four people on board.

22. With the government’s aid, those _____________ (affect) by the earthquake have moved to the new settlements.

23. Bill suggested ____________ (hold) a meeting on what to do for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation.

24. David threatened _______________ (report) his neighbor to the police if the damages were not paid.

25. He told us whether _____________ (have) a picnic was still under discussion

26. Ladies and gentlemen, please remain ____________ (seat) until the plane has come to a complete stop.

27. ________________ (complete) the project in time, the staff were working at weekends.

28. _____________ (encourage) by the advances in technology, many farmers have set up wind farms on their land.

29. ____________ (tire) and short of breath, Andy and Ruby were the first to reach the top of Mount Tai.

30. There is a great deal of evidence ______________ (indicate) that music activities engage different parts of the brain.

31. Michael’s new house is like a huge palace, _____________ (compare) with his old one.

32. With the world changing fast, we have something new ____________ (deal) with all by ourselves every day.

非谓语动词填空练习（5）

1. _____________(look) at my classmates' faces, I read the same excitement in their eyes.

2. I'm calling to enquire about the position _____________________(advertise) in yesterday's China Daily.

3.Lots of rescue workers were working around the clock,_____________(send) supplies to yushu. Qinghai province after the earthquake.

4.In April, thousands of holidaymakers remained _______________(stick) abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud.

5.The wild flowers looked like a soft orange blanket ___________(cover) the desert.

6. Listen! Do you hear someone ____________(call) for help?

7. Dina,_______________________(struggle) for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency.

8. So far nobody has claimed the money _____________________ (discover) in the library.

9. The retired man donated most of his savings to the school damaged by the earthquake in

Yushu ,___________________(enable)the students to return to their classrooms.

10. The lady walked around the shops, _________________(keep) an eye out for bargains.

11. There were many talented actors out there just waiting ______________________(discover).

12. Mrs.White showed her students some old maps ____________________(borrow) from the library.

13. With Father’s Day around the corner ,I have taken some money out of the bank ________________(buy) presents for my dad.

14.We were astonished ___________________(find) the temple still in its original condition.

15. Alexander tried to get his work _________________(recognize) in the medical circles .

16. I have a lot of readings __________________(complete) before the end of this term.

17. The living room is clean and tidy, with a dining table already ______________(lay) for a meal to be cooked.

18. ____________(see) from the top of the tower ,the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees .

19. His first book ________________________(publish) next month is based on a true story.

20. I had great difficulty_____________(find)the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant.

21. Lucy has a great sense of humour and always keeps her colleagues __________(amuse) with her stories.

22. This is the only way we can imagine _________________(reduce) the overuse of water in students' bathrooms.

23. ________________(approach) the city centre, we saw a stone statue of about 10 metres in height.

24. A great number of students (question)said they were forced to practise the piano.

25．In many people’s opinion，that company，though relatively small, is pleasant _____________(deal with).

26．The lawyer listened with full attention,___________(try) not to miss any point.

27. It rained heavily in the south,_________________ (cause) serious flooding in several provinces.

28. The traffic rule says young children under the age of four and _________________(weigh) less than 40 pounds must be in a child safety seat.

29. The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise, if ___________________(carry) out regularly, can improve our health.

30.Many buildings in the city need repairing, but the one ___________________(repair) first is the library.

参考答案

一、1. Surprised 2. thinking 3. accepting 4. Faced 5. to be told 6. performed 7. To make 8. bringing 9. convinced 10. to blame 11. admit 12. working; to stop 13. Blamed 14. produced 15. doing 16. covering 17. getting 18. going 19. saying 20. being 21. having been attacked/being attacked; hit 22. offered 23. given 24. have been 25. to be held 26. noting 27. to have 28. comparing 29. to be seen 30. marking

二、1．visit 2. to arrive 3. burning 4. recorded 5. to have heard 6. to persuade

7. completed 8. having been launched 9. seated 10.finished 11. not taking 12. show 13. studying 14. improved 15. filling 16. moving 17.lost 18. smoking 19. interested 20. to be trained 21. Having said 22. going 23. To ensure 24. displayed 25.saying 26. watered 27. letting 28. to be heard 29. Driven 30.finished

1. 三、to breathe 2. pick up 3. Walking

4. Seeing 5. to find 6. to be welcomed

7. introducing 8. Having waited 9. seated

10. Search 11. blown down 12. To complete

13. living 14. having been promoted

15. allowed 16. working 17. to be sent

18. Having been shown 19. waiting 20. Throwing

21. Having failed 22. to not talking 23. spoken

24. stopping 25. seated 26. Not realizing

27. found 28. trying 29. coming

30. drinking

四、1.to be produced 2. grown 3. to present 4. Bitten 5. marking 6. tired 7. living; wondering 8. to be reused 9. to help 10. Attending 11. Given 12. forcing 13. flooding 14 To be 15. to look at 16. taken 17. said 18. running 19. to be held 20 being taken 21. killing 22. affected 23. holding 24. to report 25. to have 26. seated 27. To complete 28. Encouraged 29. Tired 30. indicating 31. compared 32. to deal

五、1.Looking 2.advertised 3.sending 4.stuck 5.covering

6.calling 7.Having struggled 8.discovered 9.enabling 10.keeping

11.to be discussed 12.borrowed 13.to buy 14.to find 15.recognized

16.to complete 17.laid 18.Seen 19.to be published 20.finding

21.amused 22.to reduce 23.Approaching 24.questioned 25.to deal with

26.trying not 27.causing 28.weighing 29.carried out 30.to be repaired

责任编辑：李芳芳

语法专项之四： 非谓语动词

一．非谓语动词的语法功能：

主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 补语

不定式 是 是 是 是 是 是

动名词 是 是 是 是 否 否

分词 否 否 是 是 是 是

二．非谓语动词的时态和语态：

不定式 动名词 现在分词 意义 过去

分词

一般式 to do doing doing 所表动作与谓语同时发生或之后发生 仅有一种形式表示完成或被动

一般被动式 to be p.p being p.p being p.p

完成式 to have p.p. having p.p having p.p 所表动作在谓语之前发生

完成被动式 to have been p.p. having been p.p having been p.p

进行式 to be doing 无 无 与谓语同时发生

完成进行式 to have been doing 无 无 截止到谓语发生时一直进行的动作

练习一.说出下列非谓语动词在句中担当的成分.

1.To study hard is important.

2.They seemed to be talking about

something important.

3.He pretend to be waiting for someone.

4.She said she was happy to have met you.

5.He doesn’t want her to attend the meeting.

6.Is he a man to depend on?

7.The old man lived long enough to see

his son’s success.

8.Most of the students standing there are

from our class.

9.She felt very tired.

10.He saw the ground covered with snow.

11.Passing by the house,he saw a girl playing the piano.

12.Given another chance,he will succeed.

13.Not having found the wallet,he still had

some money with him.

14.A sleeping student is often one who doesn’t pay attention to what the

teacher says.

15.She bought a writing desk.

练习二：用所给动词的适当形式填空

1.Mother doesn’t allow him _____(speak)

loud in the room.

2.Students pretended_________(read)

when the teacher came in.

3.He was said ___________(be)rich=It was said that he had been rich.

4.He needs a room to ________(live)

5.I will go to Beijing tomorrow.Do you have anything ____________(buy)

6.I intended _____________(go)abroad

but I was badly short of money then.

7.________(walk)along the road,he found a wallet.

8.___________( dare not)to speak,they sat there just listening.

9._____________(live)there for many years,she knew the place well.

10.____________(have not)met her before,I can’t tell what she is like.

11.The question ___________(=which is being discussed) is very important.

12._____________(=After we had been shown around the museum),we went back home.

13.Ours is a_____________country

and theirs is a _________one. (develop)

14.She heard someone _____(close)the door.(=She heard the door _________)

15.The meeting __________(over),they went home.

16.Other things ________(consider),I prefer the first plan.

17.He was criticized for _________(not come)to class on time.

18.She is proud of __________(be rich).

19.He ws given a medal for___________

(have done)excellent work.

20.She prided herself on ___________

(give)such a good chance.

解读非谓语动词：

1.句型:主+感官动词/使役动词+宾语

v.原→做了谋事（变被动加上to）

+ doing →正在进行

p.p. →表示宾语被做

感官动词/使役动词：此类动词有：

一感：feel

二听：listen to/hear

三使：let/make/have

四让：see/watch/observe/notice

半帮助：help

练习三：用动词的适当形式填空：

1.I heard her _____(sing)the whole

English song.

2.I saw two men men _____(wear)

dark glasses ______(get out)of the car,

_______(run )across the street and ____

into a bank.

3.Paul doesn’t have to be made___(learn)

He always works hard.

4.The missing boys were last seen____

(play)near the river.

5.I almost foget ______the TV set______

(cover)up.

6.He lay in his bed with the sunlight ____

(fall)onto his face.

7.He lay in bed with the bedroom door __

(shut).

2.It is +adj+of/for+n/pron to do

（for:当adj修饰事时 of:当adj修饰人时）

e.g.1)It is difficult for some of you to give up surfing the Internet.

2)It is cruel of him to kill the cat.

3.be +to do :表示预先的安排或计划、命令

劝告等。

练习四：分析下面句子所表含义：

1)The foreign friends are to arrive this evening.

2)The plan is to be made in a week.

3)You are not to walk on the grass.

4)You are to be criticized if you do like that.

5)All the exercise-books are to be handed in after class.

4.do nothing but/except +v原

注：若but/except之前没有实义动词do,其后接to do.

你理解了吗？试试看吧！

练习五:1)Delar had nothing to do but___

(drop,to drop)herself onto the sofa and

cry.

2)He desired nothing but ___(go,to go)

home.

5.动名词与不定式的区别：

1）不定式可表示尚未发生的动作，动名词则暗示已有的经验。

2）不定式表示一次性的动作，动名词则表示习惯性的动作。

练习六1)My grandfather is a millionaire,

but_______(have)miney does not solve

all his problems.

2)She likes ______(eat)apples,but today she would not like_____(eat)one,

because there’s something something wrong with her stomach.

6.仅跟动名词做宾语的动词或短语。

enjoy, practice, risk（冒险）

excuse, imagine, can’t help（禁不住）

,consider（考虑）, mind, suggest,

delay（耽搁）, miss, give up,

put off（推迟）,burst out（突然）,

finish,deny（否认）, keep,

dislike（不喜欢）, admit（承认）,

be/get used to,习惯

come to ,谈到

add to, look forward to盼望,

devote to献身于, stick to坚持,

lead to,get down to 开始

be sentenced to,宣判

object to,反对

be worth doing,feel like想要

7可以跟doing/todo做宾语，但意义有差别：

1)remember/forget/regret

+ to do sth. 未有体验

+ doing 已有体验

2)stop to do 停下来去做（目的状语）

stop doing 停下所做的事

3)learn to do:学会做谋事

learn doing:学习做谋事

4)go on to do:继续做另一件事

go on doing:继续做同一件事

5)try to do :=try one’s best尽力做某事

try doing:尝试做谋事

6)mean to do :想要/打算做谋事

mean doing:意思是，意味着

练习七：

1.I remember_____(keep)the maid ____

(wait)out of the office yesterday.

2.He regrets___________(not see)his

father last week.

3.She reached the top of the hill and stopped _________(rest)on a big rock by the side of the path.

4._____________(learn)________(skate)

skillfully,she went on _________(learn)

__________(swim).

5.Go on ________(do)the other exercise after you have finished this one.

6.-I usually go there by train.

---Why not try_________(go)by boat for a change.

7.Don’t forget _______(write)to me .Let’s

keep in touch.

8.I managed to stop father_____(smoke)

when he meant_______(to/todo),saying that smoking meant buying death with money.

8.分词做状语，若句子的主语与分词所表动作有主动关系，则用现在分词；若句子的主语与分词所表动作之间有被动关系，则用过去分词。

练习八:1)”Can’t you read?”Mary said ___

(angry)_______(point)to the notice.

2)_______(give)more attention,the trees could have grown better.

判断正误：

3）Being seriously ill,he was sent to hospital by his classmates.

4）Being seriously ill,his classmates sent

him to hospital.

5)Not having seen us for years,we could hardly recognize her.

6)Having been in Zao Zhuang for many times,he gets so familiar with the city that he can name all the streets in it.

9.独立主格结构：分词（短语）作状语，当分词的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，必须在分词（短语）之前保留其逻辑主语（主格），

此种分词意义上的主语与句子主语并无语法联系.通常表示时间、理由、条件、伴随状态等。

练习九：分析下列独立主格结构：

1)The shower being over,we continue our journey.

2)The work done,we felt relieved.

3)It being known she was the mother of the hero,everybody present offered her their respects.

4)All the tickets having been sold out,they went away feeling disappointed.

5)All things considered,her paper is better than yours.

6)Nobody having more to say,the meeting would be over.

7)They marched down the street,their flags waving.

8)He went to the front door,his students following him.

10.状语从句的省略：

条件：1）主句和从句的主语相同或从句的主语为it;

2)从句中含有be动词。

可（必）生成分：从句的主语和be.

练习十：判断正误：

1)Though very tired ,he didn’t take a rest.

2)Though raining hard,I went shopping.

3)When travelling in Japan ,he met my aunt.

4)I don’t mind having to kill time while waiting for you here.

11.动名词的逻辑主语：

1）动名词的逻辑主语通常用adj性的 物主代词或名词所有格。

2）动名词作宾语时，其逻辑主语既可以用

adj性的 物主代词或名词所有格，也可用宾格形式。

3）动名词意义上的主语为无生命的名词或抽象名词时，则用原型。

练习十一：写出下列动名词的逻辑主语。

1）_________(John) coming back

tomorrow excited all of us .

2)_____(he)coming back is a great help.

3)I am sure of __________(my brother)

passing the exam.

4)There is little chance of _____(he)being elected Mayor of the city.

5)I am very glad of the ______(examination)being over.

6)I am sure of _________(the news)

12.定语从句该为分词短语坐定语的方法：

1）去掉作主语的关系代名词（who/which..）

2）变成：被修饰词 + v-ing表进行、主动

+p.p. 表完成、被动

练习十二：把下列句子改成分词短语作定语的形式：

1).I couldn’t understand the language which was spoken in that country.

2) Among these shoes are none which

belonged to us.

3)The students who have seen the film are coming out of the cinema.

4)The student who has been late for class for dozens of times is left standing at the gate for a whole mornig.

责任编辑：李芳芳

非谓语动词在句中作定语

在英语句子中，不定式to do，分词v+ing 和v+ed 以及动名词v+ing 是非谓语动词，除不能作谓语外，其他成份都可担当，其中一个成份就是作定语。

不定式to do在句中作定语置于被修饰名词后，常同该名词构成动宾关系，要是不定式是不及物动词，其后应加上必要的介词。例：

I have something to say. (to say something )

I’ll give you a magazine to read.

That is a good company to work for.

He is a pleasant fellow to work with.

Would you bring me a bench to sit on?

有些名词常接不定式作定语，如：chance ,time ,reason ,way ,effort ,right (权利), movement等，例：

You haven’t any reason to leave me.

You have no right to do such a thing.

He succeeded in his effort to overcome his fatal weakness.

He put himself out of the way to help others.

We have no time to lose..

Thank you for giving me the chance to make the speech.

The first ,the last ,the second ,the best 等常与不定式连用作定语。例：

He is always the first to come.

She would be the last to agree to our plan.

You are the second to ask me that question.

I’ll do my poor best to fix it up.

当to go ,to spare 作“剩下”讲时可作定语。例：

He had five minutes to go before time was up.

They had only 100 dollars to spare.

不定式用在某些句子中作定语相当于一个定语从句，表示动作即将发生。例：

There are many difficulties to overcome.

= There are many difficulties that will have to be overcome.

He has a large family to support.

= He has a large family that he must support.

现在分词与过去分词作定语

现在分词和过去分词在句中都可以作定语，但在语态和时间概念上有区别，在语态上，现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动，在时间上，现在分词表示动作正在进行，而过去分词则表示动作完成。例：

boiling water (主动、进行)

boiled water (被动、完成)

有时过去分词则表示被动，不表示完成的动作，有时则表示动作的完成，不表示被动的动作。例：

the fallen leaves (动作已完成)

developed countries (动作已完成)

an interested party (被动)

单个分词作定语置于被修饰词前。例：

China is a developing country.

He lit a fire and from it took a burning stick.

America is a developed country.

有些单个分词（尤其是现在分词）作定语时也可以置于被修饰词之后，特别如一些不定代词 anything ,something ,everything ,nothing 等则应后置。例：

the experience gained (获得的经验)

for the time being (暂时)

for years running ( 一连数年)

She found the window open and something stolen.

There is nothing doing.

There is nothing interesting in today’s paper.

They can see everything happening on the line.

Is there anything interesting in the book?

分词短语置于被修饰词之后

The pen lying on the table belongs to you.

The boy making faces is my son.

I like songs performed by Mao Aming.

其实作定语的分词短语可以扩展为定语从句。如上述三句可改为：

The pen which is lying on the table belongs to you.

The boy who is making faces is my son.

I like songs which was performed by Mao Aming.

现在分词作后置定语表示一个（现在或将来）正在进行的动作，或者表示某经常性动作或状态。例：

Can you see the star moving in the sky?

There is a piano standing in the corner.

如果分词所表示的动作在时间上同谓语动词所表示的动作不一致，不能使用现在分词，而应使用定语从句。例：

I want to know the man breaking the window. (X)

Break 的动作是先发生

上例不能用现在分词，应改为定语从句。如：….who broke the window.

Do you know anyone having lost money. (X)

Do you know anyone who lost money. (V)

因此我们就知道在那种情况下定语从句可以用现在分词代替，即：定语从句动词所表示的时间同主句谓语动词的时间一致时。例：

Did you see the man (who was) talking to the headmaster?

The hospital which stands /standing across the street was set up last year.

(stands 表示一个经常性的状态)

过去分词在时间上，表示的动作发生在谓语动词之间，表示与句中谓语动词相应的经常性动作；或表示一个正在进行的动作，用being +过去分词结构。例：

Is this the book written ( which was written) by Henry James?

He was then a teacher respected ( who was respected ) by all his students.

The matter being discussed ( which is being discussed ) is of great importance.

He was invited to a meeting to be held ( which was to be held ) the next day.

动名词作定语

动名词单个词作定语时也置于被修饰词前，表示被修饰词的用途、类属等。例 ；

a writing table = a table for writing (动名词)

a sleeping child = a child who is sleeping （现在分词）

a swimming pool = a pool for swimming （动名词）

a waiting room = a room for waiting （动名词）

drinking water = water for drinking （动名词）

No one is allowed to speak aloud in the reading room. （动名词）

That is a shop dealing in walking stick. （动名词）

The sleeping child was in a sound sleep. （现在分词）

All bedrooms in this hotel have hot cold running water. (现在分词)

从上述看，单个动名词和现在分词都可以作前置定语，但现在分词和被修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系，表示被修饰名词自身发生的动作或行为，而动名词和被修饰的名词不表示这种关系，只表示与被修饰名词的用途、类属等。

动名词作介词宾语构成的介词短语可定语。例：

He is in the habit of rising early.

( of rising 修饰名词habit )

She has a good idea of playing snowball.

( of playing 修饰名词idea )

有些名词有时也可接不定式和其接“介词＋动名词”在意义上没有区别。例：

That is the way of setting the problem.

That is the way to settle the problem.

这类名词常用的有：

time for doing sth. Reason of doing sth.

Time to do sth. Reason to do sth.

Freedom in doing sth. Chance of doing sth.

Freedom to do sth. Chance to do sth.

Failure in doing sth. Patience in doing sth

Failure to do sth. Patience to do sth.

Choice of doing sth. Opportunity of doing sth.

Choice to do sth. Opportunity to do sth.

但有些名词和purpose ,method ,idea ,habit 等后面只能接of + 动名词，不接不定式，有些名词如promise ,effort ,desire ,attempt ,ability ,refusal ,determination ,failure 不接of + 动名词，但可以接不定式。例：

It is surprising that they should choose this method of passing the evening. (不用……method to pass)

The old man is in the habit of reading the newspaper at breakfast. (不用……habit to do )

Idon’t trust his promise to come for a visit. （不用……promise of coming ）

She had persisted in her refusal to spend Christmas in Bursley . （不用……refusal of spending）

But his efforts to get her back were vain. (不用……efforts of getting)

[示例]

考题1 ---What do you think of the middle school?

---It is a very good ___.

A. school to study B. School to study in

C. Studying school D. school for children to study

解析 从本题的答案看并结合提干的要求接上一个名词school，后在这个名词后面使用不定式作该名词的定语，从答案中看给的不定式to study，在此是作不及物动词，因此不定式的后面应加上一个介词in才合乎题意，所以选B。

考题2 Snow was falling when they went along a mountain path ___ to the front.

A. to lead B. Led C. Leading D. being led

解析 据题意提干前有一个名词path，其后是介词组to the front ，即要求一个现在分词和to the front连成现在分词短语修饰名词path作定语，path名词虽表示物不能使用过去分词，是小路本身延伸到前线的，所以选C。

考题3 They set up an ____ table in a small temple to operate on the ___ soldiers.’

A. operating ;wounded B. Operated ;wounding

C. operated ;/wounded D. operating ;wounding

解析 据题意在第一个提干里应使用动名词作tale的名词的定语，修饰table，说明战士是被枪击伤的即受伤的士兵，表被动完成的动作，所以选A。

［训练］

The cadre told me that he had a meeting ____.

A. to attend B. Attend C. Attending D. to be attended

He asked for a piece of paper ____ and a pen _____.

to write ;to write B. To write ;to write on C. To write on ;to write with D. writing ;writing

Are you going to the dinner party ____ at the hotel.

A. to give B. To be given C. Giving D. to giving

The man drinking ____ water was scalded (烫伤) by ___ water yesterday.

A. boiled ; boiled B. Boiling ;boiling C. Boiled ;boiling D. boiling ;boiled

Holding a ____ stick he went into the dark cave.

A. burn B. Burnt C. To burn D. burning

责任编辑：李芳芳

语法和词汇考点详解----非谓语动词

【命题依据】 非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词等几种形式。它是中学英语语法中的重点和难点，也是历年高考题中的必考项目。单项填空题中平均每年有1-3题涉及该部分内容，常考考点主要为：动名词和不定式作宾语或宾语补足语的用法比较；现在分词和过去分词作定语和状语的用法比较；现在分词和过去分词的用法比较以及非谓语动词在特定语境中的考查。该项内容能考查考生在具体语言环境中理解句子结构、分析句子的逻辑主语的能力。

[例题1]_____ as the ”first lady of speech“, Dr, Lillian Glass is recognized as one of the world’s leading experts on communication skills.

A. KnowingB. Having known C. Known D. To be known

【解题关键】解答该题的关键在于根据句意，准确判断选项动词在句中所作成分。

【答案解析】该题考查过去分词在句中用作原因状语。根据句意及句子结构可知，句子的主语Dr, Lillian Glass实际上就是选项动词的主语，相当于As he is known as ...引导的原因状语从句，为被动结构，故选过去分词known。答案为C。

[例题2]-Why do you look sad?

-There are so many problems _____.

A. remaining to settle B. remained settling

C. remaining to be settled D. remained to be settled

【解题关键】 解答该题的关键在于要准确把握There be句子结构及系动词remain的用法。

【答案解析】remain 在There be 结构中用作后置定语，由于remain是不及物动词，故应用现在分词remaining，相当于定语从句that remains；动词settle置于remain之后，应用动词不定式的被动结构来表示动作还未完成。答案为C。

[例题3]At the end of , there were around 6,000 foreign printing companies in China, _____ up around 4 percent of national total.

A. made B. to make C. making D. having made

【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要理解选项动词与前面分句结构关系，并准确把握其主动与被动的意义以及动作的一般性和完成性。

【答案解析】该句考查分词在句中用作结果状语。make up为及物动词短语，在前一分句动作之后发生，根据句意，表示主动，故应选making用作结果状语，相当于并列句and it made 或定语从句which made 句型结构。答案为C。

[例题4]-The English exam is not difficult, is it?

-_____. Even Tom _____ to the top students failed in it.

A. Yes; belongs B. No; belonged C. Yes; belonging D. No; belonging

【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要根据上下文情景正确判断”前否后肯“反意问句的回答以及对句子结构的准确理解。

【答案解析】根据答句句意”甚至最好的学生汤姆考试也失败了“可知，第一空应选Yes,(it is)意为”不，英语考试难“；第二空选项动词belong与to构成不及物动词短语，在句中用作定语，故应选现在分词belonging，相当于定语从句who belongs to ...,注意句子的主谓结构为Even Tom failed in it。答案为C。

[例题5]-We didn’t find the Blacks _____ the lecture.

-No one had told him about ____ a lecture the following day.

A. to attend; there to be B. attending; there being

C. attended;there be D. attend; there was

【解题关键】 解答该题的关键在于准确把握”感觉动词“的复合结构的运用以及介词后There be结构的使用。

【答案解析】第一空动词attend为及物动词，表主动，根据感觉动词find所跟复合结构，不可使用to attend，过去分词attended表被动，意义也不成立，可选用attending或attend，但根据句意，此处强调状态，故attending现在分词为最佳选项；第二空介词about 后应使用动名词形式there being。答案B。

[例题6]Only____ according to the directions can the medicine be quite effective.

A. taking B. taken

C. being taken D. having been taken

【解题关键】 解答该题的关键在于正确区分分词的用法。

【答案解析】根据句意可知，选项动词的逻辑主语the medicine与动词take之间为被动关系，实际上相当于一个时间状语从句only when it is taken...结构，故应选taken在句中用作状语。答案B。

[例题7] The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if____ whether he was going in the right direction.

A. seeing B. having seen C. to see D. to have seen

【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是准确把握连接词as if后非谓语动词的选用。

【答案解析】当as if后面直接跟一个动词时，常使用不定式to do来表示目的，相当于as if he were (was) to do sth说明动作的未完成性。答案为C。

[例题8]-Is there any possibility of the film____ in Paris International Festival?

-Not in the least, because audience generally think little of it.

A. trying out B. tried out C. to try out D. being tried out

【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要正确理解介词后动名词的主动式与被动式的选用以及动名词与其逻辑主语之间的关系。

【答案解析】选项动词短语在句中用作介词of的宾语，应使用动名词形式，根据句意可知，介词of 后的名词the film为动名词短语try out的逻辑主语，且为被动关系，故应选用动名词的被动结构。答案D。

[例题9]-Hi, Mary. Would you like to go to the concert this evening?

-Sorry, Tom. ____ tomorrow’s lessons, I have no time to go out with you.

A. Not preparing B. Not having prepared

C. Not to prepareD. Being not prepared

【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要准确区分非谓语动词作状语的意义及用法，以及否定副词not的位置。

【答案解析】根据句意可知，选项动词为原因状语，表主动，强调动作的完成性，相当于一个原因状语从句：As I haven’t prepared tomorrow’s lessons...故应选B(Not having prepared);选项A为现在分词，不表示完成的意思；选项C为不定式的否定结构表目的；选项D为被动结构，not应置于分词being前面，均不符句意。答案B。

[例题10]Every student in our class had an application form in his hand, but no one knew which office_____.

A. to send it to B. to send it

C. to be sent to D. to have it sent

【解题关键】解答该题关键是要注意疑问词后接不定式主动结构与被动结构用作宾语时的用法区别。

【答案解析】根据句意及句子结构可知，选项部分不定式与疑问词一起作为句子的宾语，在这一结构中，常用不定式的主动结构，可以转换为宾语从句：but no one knew which office he would send it to。注意send sth to sb/sp为固定短语，to为介词，不能省略。答案A。

[例题11]-O’Neal works hard.

-So he does. He is often seen _____ heavily before his teammates have even arrived at practice.

A. to be sweated B. sweated

C. be sweated D. sweating

【解题关键】 解答该题关键是要正确处理好”感觉动词、使役动词“主动形式与被动形式复合结构中动词的选用。

【答案解析】根据句子结构可知，感觉动词see用于被动结构，选项A、C不可以用于这一结构中；选项B为被动意义，不成立；只有选项D(sweating)现在分词与be seen构成复合结构，强调状态。答案为D。

[例题12]-How did you get in touch with Mrs. Green?

-Well, it seems to me that you’ve forgottenme her telephone number the other day.

A. to tell B. to have told C. telling D. being told

【解题关键】 解答该题关键是要在上下文语境中理解动词forget后接动名词与不定式的用法区别。

【答案解析】根据问话人的句意可知，”已与Mrs. Green取得联系“了。故回答部分说明”已经忘记了告诉电话号码这件事“，应该使用forget doing sth/having done sth ”某事已做，但忘了“，forget to do sth意为”忘记要去做的事情"，强调动作还未发生。答案C。

责任编辑：李芳芳

2005年与2006年全国各地高考英语非谓语动词一览

1. Daddy didn’t mind what we were doing, as long as we were together, ______ fun. (2005,重庆) A. had B. have C. to have D. having

2. ---What should I do with this passage?

--- ________ the main idea of each paragraph. (2005,重庆)

A. Finding out B. Found out C. Find out D. To find out

3. The repairs cost a lot, but it’s money well __________. (2005,湖北)

A. to spend B. spent C. being spent D. spending

4. ________ from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world. (2005,湖北)

A. Being separated B. Having separated

C. Having been separated D. To be separated

5. Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year, _______ a record US$57.65 a barrel on April 4. (2005,山东)

A. have reached B. reaching C. to reach D. to be reaching

6. ---Can the project be finished as planned?

---Sure,_______ it completed in time, we’ll work two more hours a day. (2005,福建) A. having got B. to get C. getting D. get

7. When _______ help, one often says “Thank you.” or “It’s kind of you.” (2005,福建) A. offering B. to offer C. to be offered D. offered

8. I don’t want ______ like I’m speaking ill of anybody, but the manager’s plan is unfair. (2005,天津)

A. to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded

9. You should understand the traffic rule by now. You’ve had it ______ often enough.

(2005,天津) A. explaining B. to explain C. explain D. explained

10. ---Is Bob still performing?

---I’m afraid not. He is said ______ the stage already as he has become an official. (2005,江苏)

A. to have left B. to leave C. to have been left D. to be left

11. The storm left, ________ a lot of damage to this area. (2005,全国)

A. caused B. to have caused C. to cause D. having caused

12. It’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview. ________ the answer ready will be of great help. (2005,北京)

A. To have had B. Having had C. Have D. Having

13. When asked by the police, he said that he remembered ______at the party, but not ________.(2005,北京)

A. to arrive; leaving B. to arrive; to leave

C. arriving; leaving D. arriving; to leave

14. I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise _________.(2005,北京)

A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on

15. He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldn’t risk _____ the good opportunity. (2005,上海)

A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost

16. ________ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns. (2005,上海)

A. Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put

17. It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just _____ a look at the sports stars. (2005,上海)

A. had B. having C. to have D. have

18. More and more people are singing up for Yoga classes nowadays, ________ advantage of the health and relaxation benefits. (2005,上海)

A. taking B. taken C. having taken D. having been taken

19. You should understand the traffic rule by now. You’ve had it ______ often enough. (2005,天津) A. explaining B. to explain C. explain D. explained

20. I don’t want _____ like I’m speaking ill of anybody, but the manager’s plan is unfair. (2005,天津)

A. to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded

21.All these gifts must be mailed immediately ______ in time for Christmas. (2005,辽宁) A. in order to have received B. in order to receive

C. so as to be received D. so as to be receiving

22. _______ more about university courses, call(920) 7463789. (2005,浙江)

A. To find out B. Finding out C. Find out D. Having found out

23. I think you’ll grow _____ him when you know him better. (2005,江西)

A. liking B. to be like C. to like D. to be liking

24. The manager, ______ it clear to us that he didn’t agree with us, left the meeting room. (2005,江西) A. who has made B. having made C. made D. making

25. I really can’t understand _______ her like that. (2005,安徽)

A. you treat B. you to treat C. why treat D. you treating

26. He hurried to the station only _______ that the train had left. (2005,广东)

A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have found

27. He glanced over at her , ______ that though she was tiny, she seemed very well put together. (2005,广东) A. noting B. noted C. to note D. having noted

28.________ and happy, Tom stood up and accepted the prize. 2006年(全国1卷)

A. Surprising B. Surprised C. Being surprised D. To be surprising

29. Don’t sit there _____ nothing. Come and help me with the table. 2006年(湖北卷)

A. do B. to do C. doing D. and doing

30. No matter how frequently , the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world. 2006年 （广东卷）

A. performed B. performing C. to be performed D. being performed

31. this cake, you'll need 2 eggs, 175 g sugar and 175 g flour. 2006年(广东卷) A. Having made B. Make C. To make D. Making

32．______ for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits. 2006年(福建卷)

A. Blaming B. Blamed C. To blame D. To be blamed

33. My cousin came to see me from the country, me a full basket of fresh fruits．2006年（安徽卷）

A．brought B．bringing C．to bring D．had brought

34.The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic Games __________ in Beijing in 2008. 2006年（四川卷)

A. hold B. holding C. held D. to be held

35. ______ with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time. 2006（年四川卷)

A. Faced B. Face C. Facing D. To face

36. Isn't it time you got down to _____ the papers? (2006年重庆卷)

A. mark B. be marked C. being marked D. marking

37.Faced with a bill for ＄ 10,000,________. 2006年(陕西卷)

A. John has taken an extra job B. the boss has given john an extra job

C. an extra job has been taken D. an extra job has been given to John

38. He hurried to the booking office only ________ that all the tickets had been sold out. 2006年(陕西卷)

A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told

39. The wild flowers like a soft orange blanket _______ the desert. 2006年（湖南卷）

A. covering B. covered C. cover D. to cover

40. As the twentieth century came to a close, the raw materials for a great national literature were at hand, waiting _______. 2006年（湖南卷）

A. to use B. to be used C. to have used D. to be using

41．A good story does not necessarily have to have a happy ending, but the reader must not be left ________. 2006年（天津卷）

A. unsatisfied B. unsatisfying C. to be unsatisfying D. being unsatisfied

42．After he become conscious, he remembered ______ and _______ on the head with a rod. 2006年(江西卷)

A. to attack; hit B. to be attacked; to be hit

C. attacking; be hit D. having been attacked; hit

43. It took a long time for the connection between body temperature and illness ______. 2006年(江西卷)

A. to make B. to be made C. making D. being made

44. There have been several events _______ to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. 2006年(北京卷)

A. add B. to add C. adding D. added

45. I can’t stand _______ with Jane in the office. She just refuses ______ talking while she works. 2006年(北京卷)

A. working; stopping B. to work; stopping

C. working; to stop D. to work; to stop

46. Police are now searching for a woman who is reported to ________ since the flood hit the area last Friday. 2006年(山东卷)

A. have been missing B. have got lost

C. be missing D. get lost

47. When _____ different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities.2006年(浙江卷)

A. compared B. being compared C. comparing D. having compared

48. It remains ________ whether I’ll be fit enough to play in the finals. 2006(年浙江卷)

A. seen B. to be seen C. seeing D. to see

49．The parents suggested _____ in the hotel room but their kids were anxiousto camp out during the trip. 2006年（上海春季高考）

A. sleep B. to sleep C. sleeping D. having slept

50．There are hundreds of visitors ___ in front of the Art Gallery to have a

look at Van Gogh’s paintings. 2006年（上海春季高考）

A. waited B. to wait C. waiting D. wait

51．______ the employees' working efficiency, the supervisor will allow them

to have a coffee break. 2006年（上海春季高考）

A. Improving B. To improve C. Having improved D. Improved

52. I was told that there were about 50 foreign students _______ Chinese in

the school, most ______ were from Germany. 2006年（辽宁卷）

A. study; of whom B. study ; of them

C. studying ; of them D. studying ; of whom

53. Whenever he was asked why he was late for class, he would answer carelessly, always ______ the same thing. 2006年(江苏卷)

A. saying B. said C. to say D. having said

Key:

1-5【D】【C】【B】【C】【B】

6-10【B】【D】【A】【D】【A】

11-15【D】【D】【C】【A】【B】

16-20【A】【C】【A】【D】【C】

21-25【C】【A】【C】【B】【D】

26-30【A】【A】【B】【C】【A】

31-35【C】【B】【B】【D】【A】

36-40【D】【A】【B】【A】【B】

41-45【A】【D】【B】【D】【C】

46-50【B】【C】【B】【C】【C】

51-53【B】【D】【A】

责任编辑：李芳芳

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