高中英语语法教学总结

下面小编为大家带来高中英语语法教学总结，本文共14篇，希望能帮助大家!

一、语法教学的重要性

语法教学是英语教学的一个重要组成部分，肩负着培养语言技能和提高交际能力的任务。英语技能包括听、说、读、写四个方面，四者与语法都有密切的关系，语法具备生成力，学会一种语法规则可产生出无穷无尽的句子。那么，掌握语法是提高英语语言能力的重要途径。因此，在英语教学中必须重视语法教学，不断探索教学方法，提高语法教学质量，为提高英语教学的总体水平打下牢固的基础。

二、任务型教学与语法教学

任务型教学强调在“做中学，用中学”，即倡导教师根据教学内容，创造性地设计各种任务活动，让学生学会用英语做事，并在做事的过程中学习语言，形成综合运用语言的能力。

《普通高中英语课程标准》明确提到：“教师要引导学生主动学习，帮助他们形成以能力发展为目的的学习方式，鼓励学生通过体验、实践、讨论、合作和探究等方式，发展听、说、读、写的综合语言技能。”“要为学生独立学习留有空间和时间，使学生有机会通过联想、推理和归纳等思维活动用英语分析问题和解决问题，获得经验，增强自信，提高能力。”“要通过设计丰富多彩的课内外学习活动，使学生在参与交际活动的过程中形成交际策略。”

然而，至今仍有部分教师固守传统的语法教学理念，将大量课堂时间用来讲解语法知识，忽视学生的主观能动性。上述做法与新课程的要求是背道而驰的。

因此，正确领会新课程精神，优化语法教学的方法，避免语法教学走极端，是英语语法教学改革的一个重要方面。下面我将结合一堂英语语法随堂课谈一点感悟。

三、两次语法教学实例的设计与反思

1.教学背景

(1)学情分析：

上课课型：高中英语随堂课—“倒装句”语法课

(2)教学内容分析：

人教版NSEFC M5U4的主题是“Making the News”，阅读课My First Work Assignment讲述了Zhou Yang在一家英语报社第一天上班时，和上司Hu Xin的谈话，引导学生了解新闻工作者应该具备的素质，新闻采访的基本程序以及采访时要注意的要点等等。文章里出现了四句倒装句：

“Never will Zhou Yang forget his first assignment at the office of a popular English newspaper.”

“Not only am I interested in photography, but I took an amateur course at university to update my skills.”

“Only if you ask many different questions will you acquire all the information you need to know.”

“Here comes my list of dos and don’ts.”

(3)教学目标设计：

①教学内容： NSEFC M5U4 Making the News, Grammar: inversion

②教学目标：

learn the two forms of “inversion”— “full inversion” and “partial inversion”;

grasp inversion and learn to use it in various real life situations.

(4)学生基本情况：这是高二的第一个学期，文理平行班刚分不久。高二(16)班是文科班，英语基础较好，高二(8)班是理科班，英语基础比较差，能开口讲英语的同学寥寥无几，但两个班的学生学英语的积极性都是比较高的。而且大部分学生都能主动复习课文My First Work Assignment，记住成长为一名好记者需要的基本素质。同时，根据教师的要求，背诵并默写文中提到的四句倒装句(见教学实践，只让他们背诵，并未告诉他们这是倒装句)。

一. 动词的时态

时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。英语动词有16种时态，但是常用的只有9种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去进行时、过去将来时，现在完成进行时。下面分别进行介绍。

1. 一般现在时的用法

1) 表示经常性，习惯性的动作;表示现在的状态、特征或真理而不表示具体的特定行为。

句子中常用often，usually，every day等时间状语。例如： He goes to school every day。(经常性动作) He is very happy.(现在的状态) The earth moves around the sun.〈真理〉

2) 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时态的形式表示将来。

If you come this afternoon，we'll have a meeting. When I graduate，I'll go to the countryside.

3) 有时这个时态表示按计划，规定要发生的动作，(句中都带有时间状语)但限于少数动词如begin，come，leave，go，arrive, start，stop，return，open，close等。 The meeting begins at seven.

The train starts at nine in the morning. 在时。例如：

I like English very much.

2. 一般过去时的用法

4) 表示状态和感觉的动词，如be，like，hate.think, remember, find，sound等常用一般现

The story sounds very interesting.

1) 表示过去某时间发生的事、存在的状态或过去反复发生的动作。

He saw Mr. Wang yesterday.

I used to smoke. He worked in a factory in 1988. During the vacation I would swim in the sea. 2) 表示过去经常发生的动作，也可用“used to”和“would+动词原形”。例如：

注意：used to表示过去常发生而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态。另外“to be used to+名词(动名词)”表示“习惯于„„’’。例如：

I am used to the climate here. He is used to swimming in winter.

3. 一般将来时的用法

一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态。其表达形式除了“will或shall + 动词原形”外，还有以下几种形式。

1) ―to be going to+动词原形‖，表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事。例如： It is going to rain. We are going to have a meeting today.

2) go, come, start, move, leave, arrive, stay等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作。

I’m leaving for Beijing. Next week I’m staying in the country for days.

The boy is to go to school tomorrow. 3) ―be to + 动词原形‖表示按计划要发生的事或征求对方意见。 Are we to go on with this work ?

跟时间状语。例如：

We are about to leave. I’m about to start out. He gets off at the next stop. 5) 某些词，如come，go，leave，arrive，start，get，stay等的一般现在时也可表示将来。 The meeting starts at five o'clock.

4. 现在进行时

1) 现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作，由“to be + 现在分词”构成，另外“系动词十

介词或副词”也表示进行时的意义。例如：

What are you doing? The bridge is under construction.

2) 表示感觉，愿望和状态的某些动词如：have, be, hear, see, like等词一般不用进行时。

3) 非持续性动词一般不用进行时态，但当用于进行时态时所表达的意义是：a) 逐渐地。 b)

反复进行的动作。例如：

a) I’m beginning to understand it. (我慢慢开始明白了。)

b) The monkey is jumping up and down there. (那只猴子在那一直上上下下跳个不停。)

4) 有的句子用一般现在时态和进行时态均可，但用进行时态往往带有感情色彩。比较：

The Changjiang River flows to the east. (长江向东流。 客观现实)

The Changjiang River is flowing to the east. (长江滚滚东流。 赞叹)

Tom often lies to our teachers. (“汤姆经常对老师撒谎。”表汤姆的习惯)

Tom is always lying to our teacher. (“汤姆老是对老师撒谎。”表说话者厌恶的态度)

5. 过去进行时的用法

1) 过去进行时表示过去某一时刻、某一阶段正进行的动作，由“was(were)十 现在分词”

构成。例如： In 1980 he was studying in a university. He was reading a novel when I came in.

4) ―be about to+动词原形‖ 表示即刻发生的动作，意为：be ready to do sth.后面一般不

2) 用一般过去时态和过去进行时态有行为完成与否的差别。比较：

Yesterday my sister wrote a letter. (写了一封信)

Yesterday my sister was writing a letter. (这封信或许还没有写完)

6. 现在完成时的用法

现在完成时由“have+过去分词”构成。其使用有两种情况：

1) 现在完成时所表示的动作在说话之前已完成，而对现在有影响。句中没有具体时间状语。

He has gone to Wuhan.(说话人认为他不在该地) He has been to Wuhan.(说话人认为他在该地)

表示一段时间的状语或so far，now，today，this week(month，year)等表示包括现在 时间在内的状语。例如： He has studied English for 5 years.

He has studied English since 1985.

Now I have finished the work.

注意：表示短暂时间动作的词，如：come，go，die，marry，buy等的完成时不能与for，since等表示一段时间的词连用。

3) 现在完成时还可用在时间和条件状语从句中，表示将来某时完成的动作。例如：

I’ll go to your home when I have finished my homework.

If it has stopped snowing in the morning，we'll go to the park.

7. 过去完成时的用法

1) 过去完成时由“had+过去分词”构成。过去完成时的动词表示过去某一时刻或某一动

作之前完成的动作状态。句中常用by，before，until，when等词引导的时间状语。例如：

By the end of last year we had bui1t five new houses. I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.

或持续下去。例如：

Before he slept，he had worked for 12 hours.

8. 过去将来时的用法

过去将来时表示从过去的某时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时由“should或would + 动词原形”构成。第一人称用should，其他人称用would。例如：

They were sure that they would succeed.

9. 现在完成进行时的用法

现在完成进行时由“have(has)+ been+现在分词”构成，表示现在以前一直在进行的动作。有些词，如work，study，live，teach等用现在完成进行时与用现在完成时意思差不多。例如： I have worked here for three years.

I have been working here for three years.

但多数动词在这两种时态中表示不同意思。例如：

I have written a letter.(己写完)

I have been wring a letter.(还在写)

注意：表示短暂动作的动词，如finish，marry，get up，come，go等不能用这种时态。

2) 现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去，持续到现在，也许还会持续下去。常用for和since

2) 过去完成时的动词还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间

二. 动词的语态

1. 当句子的主语是动作的执行者时，谓语的形式叫主动语态。当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，

谓语要用被动语态。被动语态由助动词be+过去分词构成，时态通过be表现出来。例如：

1) 一般现在时：You are required to do this.

2) 一般过去时：The story was told by her.

3) —般将来时：The problem will be discussed tomorrow.

4) 现在进行时：The road is being widened.

5) 过去进行时：The new tool was being made.

6) 现在完成时：The novel has been read.

7) 过去完成时：He said that the work had been finished.

8) 过去将来时：He said that the trees would be planted soon.

2. 一些特殊的被动语态结构：

1) 带情态动词的被动结构：

The problem must be solved soon.

2) 带不定式的被动结构：

The room is going to be painted. The homework needs to be done with care.

例l)The baby is looked after carefully.

用于这类被动结构的短语动词要把它们作为整体看待，即要把它们看作单字及物动词。

这类结构有以下几种：

a) (不及物)动词+介词：agree to，ask for，call for，laugh at，listen to，look after，

operate on，send for，talk about.think of等。

b) (及物)动词+副词：bring about，carry out，find out，give up，

hand in， make out， pass on， point out， put away， put off， take up, think over，

turn down，turn out，wipe out，work out等。

c) 动词+副词+介词：do away with，face up to，give in to，look down upon, make up for,

put up with等。

例2)They will be taken (good) care of.

Attention must be paid to your pronunciation.

用于这类被动结构的短语动词最多见的是“动词+名词+介词”这一结构。如：catch sight of，keep an eye on，make use of，make a fool of，pay attention to， put an end to，set fire / light to， take care of, take hold of，take notice of等。

例2) 与例1) 的不同点在于，它们用于被动态时能有两种形式。第一种形式是把“动词十名词+介词”作为整体看待。第二种形式是把其中的“动词+名词”作为“动词+宾语”的结构处理。

4) 带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改成主语，宾语补足语保留在谓语后面。例如：

We always keep the classroom clean. (比较：The classroom is always kept clean.)

3) 短语动词的被动结构：

5) 汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示，例如：

据说„„ 希望„„ 据推测说„„ It is said that„ It is hoped that„ It is supposed that„ It must be admitted that„ It must be pointed out that„ It is well known that„ It will be said that„ It is generally considered that„

It is believed that„ 必须承认„„ 必须指出„„ 众所周知„„ 有人会说„„ 大家认为„„ 有人相信„„

3. 表示被动含义的主动动词

1) 系动词没有被动形式,但有些系动词常表示被动意义。常见的有look, taste, sound, smell,

prove, feel等, 例如:

Your reason sounds reasonable. The door won’t open. The book sells well. Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth. It can’t move. These clothes wash easily. The dust has blown into the house. 2) 一些与can’t或won’t连用的动词。 常用的有: lock, shut, open, act等, 例如: 3) 一些与well, easily, perfectly等连用的动词, 如: sell, wash, clean, burn, cook等, 例如: 4) 用在 ―主语 + 不及物动词 + 主语补语‖ 句型中的一些不及物动词, 例如: This material has worn thin.

4. 表示被动含义的主动结构

1) 在动名词结构中

be worth, want (=need), need, require后所用的动名词, 必须用主动结构表被动意义。

These young seedlings will require / need looking after (= need to be looked after) carefully. Your hair wants / needs cutting (needs to be cut).

a) 作定语:不定式结构常表示动宾关系, 即用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这种情

形最常出现在 ―There + be + 主语 + 修饰主语的不定式‖ 和 ―及物动词 + 宾语 (或双宾语) + 修饰宾语的不定式‖ 结构中, 特别是 ―主语 + have + 宾语 + 修饰宾语的不定式‖ 结构中。

Give him some books to read. He has a family to support. There is a lot of work to do. 当然, 这里的不定式在个别情形下也可用被动形式, 含义区别不大,例如: There is so much work to do / to be done. Give me the names of the people to contact / to be contacted.

是应用主动形式表示被动含义。适合于此结构的形容词比较多, 最常用的有amusing, cheap, dangerous, difficult, easy, important, nice, pleasant等, 例如:

That question is difficult to answer. Chicken’s legs are nice to eat.

2) 在不定式结构中 b) 在―主语 + be + 形容词 + 不定式‖句型中, 有时主语是不定式结构的逻辑宾语, 这在be to结构中的一些不定式:这种结构中的不定式通常应用主动表主动, 被动表被

动。然而,由于古英语的影响, 下列动词仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义:

Who is to blame for starting the fire? The house is to let. A lot remains to do.

3) 在特殊结构中

a) ―be + under +名词‖ 结构:这种结构表示某事 ―在进行中‖。例如: The building is under construction.

The whole matter is under discussion (= is being discussed).

经常这样用的名词还有repair (修理), treatment (治疗), question (质问)等。

b) ―be worthy of +名词‖结构: 在这一结构中, 名词和句子的主语有被动含义, 如: a man worthy of support nothing worthy of praise

此结构后通常用表示行为的名词, 而不用动名词的被动形式。

一. 简单句

一个简单句里只有一个主谓结构(有时可能会有并列的主语或谓语)，而谓语又一定是需要限定动词的，因此，通过对限定动词的识别，可以帮助我们判断一个句子是不是简单句，找出其基本结构中缺少或多余的成分。请看以下例句：

I saw him walking to the office this morning and looking eager to get there and start work. (saw 是限定动词;walking，looking，to get，start都是非限定性动词，即非谓语动词。)

While cutting trees，one man was nearly killed by a falling tree. (was是限定动词;cutting，killed，falling是非限定动词。)

You can either stay here or come with us.

(stay，come都是非限定动词;can是情态动词，can stay or come作谓语。)

二. 并列句

1. 并列连词及其使用

1) 常用的并列连词(或称等立连词)有：and，or，but，for，not only...but(also)，either...or，

nether...nor，both...and.

2) 除for以外的并列连词都可以用来连接一个单句里的两个并列成分，例如：

Jenny and I are good friends。 We run，jump and shout for joy together.

(当有两个以上的并列成分时，一般只在最后两者之间用连词。)

We go for a walk or watch TV after supper.。

The bike is quite old but in excellent condition.

Either your answer or mine is wrong.

3) 除both...and以外的并列连词还可用来连接两个简单句(或称并列分句)，构成并列句。

She was often late and everybody knew，but no one asked why.

The old lady doesn't go out in the winter， for she feels the cold a great deal.

Not only is the teacher himself interested h the subject but a11 his students are beginning to show an interest in it.

2. 连接并列分句的其它手段

1) when/where偶尔也可作并列连词;如：

I was walking down the street when I remembered that I had forgotten my umbrella.(when = and then)

Last night I went to the theatre where I saw Tom's parents，(where = and there) The tongue is not steel，yet it cuts.

I’m busy today，so can you come tomorrow?

Go into the cave，then they won't see you.

It may be possible or not;however，we shall understand.

I’ve never been to Berlin;therefore I don't know much about it. 2) 副词yet，的和then可以连接并列分句：

3) 还可用分号“;”。如： 3. 并列分句的排列顺序 必须考虑各分句之间的逻辑关系及其时间上的先后顺序，具体情况具体分析。 1) 有些并列的分句可以相互颠倒，并不影响所表达的句意，如： Everyone was in the classroom and the doors were closed.

(=The doors were c1osed and everyone was in the classroom.)

2) 多数并列句里的分句不能相互颠倒。如：

Most of us were in the classroom，the doors were closed and the late comers had to wait Outside.

(为说明门关之后，迟到者只好在外等着，后两个分句的顺序不能颠倒。)

We were coming to see you，but it rained(so we didn’t)。

(考虑到两个分句所谈事实的时间先后与逻辑关系，它们的位置不能颠倒。)

三. 复合句

1. 复合句由一个主句和一个(或一个以上的)从句组成。用来连接从句的连词是从属连词。从句附属于主句的方式有三种：

1) 相当另一个句子里的某个名词或名词词组的作用，作名词从句。

Everyone could see the truth / (that) it was true.

2) 修饰句子里的某个名词或代词，作定语从句。如：

I often see My old friends / my school friends who were at school with me.

3) 相当另一个句子里的某个状语的作用，作状语从句。如：

I met your brother ten years ago / when I came to this school. 2. 两类连词的区分与使用 并列连词与从属连词的作用不同，注意不可混用。如：

不能说：*Although I was good at maths，but I was never given full marks.(although与but不能连用)

应说：Although I was good at maths，(yet)I was never given full marks.

或： I was good at maths，but/yet I was never given full marks.

不能说：*Unless you work harder，or you will fail to pass the test.(unless与or不能连用)

应说：Unless you work harder，you will fail to pass the test.

或：Work harder/you must work harder, or you will fail to pass the test.

四. 陈述句的肯定与否定

1. not及其它否定词的使用

1) 否定句一般可以由否定词not及必要的助词来构成，例如：

These exercises are not difficult.

I don't like sweets.

2) 除not以外，还有以下这些否定词，也能构成否定句：

a) never，hardly，seldom一类含否定意义的副词。如：

I have not / never / hardly (ever)/ seldom spoken to Mr. George.

I have not said anything to anybody about it.

I have spoken to nobody / no one about it.

I have said nothing to anybody about it.

I haven't any money / I have no money.

I haven't any./ I have none.

c) neither和nor，主要在以下句式中：

---I haven't spoken to Mr. George.

---Neither/Nor have I.

当用作连词时，neither要在nor之前。如：

Neither Bob nor I broke the window. We neither want nor need any help from you, thank you. b) no，none以及其它由no-构成的复合词(nothing，nobody，no one，nowhere等)。

2. 肯定变否定时的其它相应变化

肯定与否定句的区别，除了看有无否定词之外，还可能体现在其它方面，试比较： I have found some mistakes already.

I haven't found any yet?(some >>>any;already >>>yet)

I have found some mistakes，too.

I haven't found any either.(too >>>either)

五. 疑问句

1. 否定问句

1) 否定问句可由否定句变来，例如：

He doesn't eat meat.

I haven't seen him.

结构相当正规，如：

Does he not eat meat?(不能说 *Does not he...?)

Have you not seen him?(不能说 *Have not you...?)

3) 否定问句的回答要“前后如一”，不可受汉语影响犯以下这类错误：

— Doesn't he eat meat?

一Yes，he does. /No，he doesn't.

(不能说 Yes，he doesn't./No，he does.)

2. 反意疑问句的一般构成

1) 反意疑问句的一般构成是：肯定陈述，否定尾句;否定陈述，肯定尾句。要注意反问尾

句中的助词(或系动词、情态动词等)与人称代词应与陈述部分中的语法动词与主语取

得一致。例如：

Jane is your cousin，isn’t she? There is no doubt，is there?

We need to ask first，don’t we? We needn’t ask first，need we?

2) 要注意陈述部分主语后面的缩写形式 's或 'd的真实意义，以决定尾句应该选用的助动

词或系动词等。如：

He’s never met you before，has he? (He's=He has)

He’s going to tell you the truth，isn't he?(He's=He is)

You'd better go， hadn't you? (you'd =you had)

You'd rather stay， wouldn't you?(you'd =you would)

3) 要注意“否定陈述+肯定尾句”的回答必须前后一致。

You seldom go swimming in the morning，do you?

Yes，I do，/No，I don't.

3. 比较特殊的反意疑问句

有些反意疑问句的尾句构成比较特殊，应当引起注意:

Few people knew the answer，did they?(few为否定含义，后接肯定尾句。)

I'm older than you，aren't I?(I am后面的否定尾句常用aren't I?)

Pass me the newspaper，will you?(肯定祈使句用will you?)

Don't be late next time，will you?(否定祈使句后也用will you?)

Remember to lock the door，won't you?(用won't you表示请求或恳求。)

Use your head，can't you?(can't you表示不耐烦或不满的斥责。)

Let's do it by ourselves，shall we?(第一人称祈使句，we包括说话人与听话人双方。)

Let us do it by ourselves，will you?(第二人称祈使句，we只指说话人一方。)

Everybody has been told what to do，haven't they?(尽管hasn't he似乎更合语法;习惯常用 haven't they。)

Doesn't he eat meat? >>>Haven't you seen him?

2) 否定问句的开头一般都用not的缩写形式;如分开，则须将not放到主语之后，但这类

None of us knew the way，did we?(none of us作主语, 尾句中用we)

Some of you are learning Russian，aren't you?(同上句理解。)

4. 特殊疑问句

1) 两种语序：

a) 当疑问词为主语或主语的定语时，语序与陈述句相同，如：

Somebody broke the window. >>>Who broke the window?

Something broke the window. >>>What broke the window?

Somebody's window was broken. >>>Whose window was broken?

b) 当疑问词为其它成分时，则疑问词后面的语序与一般疑问句相同，如：

He was reading China Daily. >>>What paper was he reading?

I saw the film yesterday. >>>When did you see the film?

2) 要注意选择恰当的疑问词以及与之搭配的其他词语，如：

I bought a bike made in Tianjing. >>>What bike did you buy?

The new bike under the tree is mine. >>>Which bike is yours? He did his work carefully. >>>How did he do his work?

I go to the library twice a week.>>>How often do you go to the library?

He painted the desk white.>>>What color did he paint the desk?

5. 两类选择疑问句

1) 一类是以一般疑问句为基础的。如：

Do you speak French or German?

Will they come to see us or sha11 we go to see them?

Has Henry finished his breakfast or hasn't he?

2) 另一类是以特殊疑问句为基础的，可以看成是由一个Wh- 问句加上并列起来供人选择

的两个(或两个以上的)答案构成的。如：

How do you go to school every day，by bus or on foot?

When shall we set off，at six or (at)six thirty?

六. 祈使句

1. 祈使句的主语

1) 主语应为第二人称时，通常不表示出来，如：

Read after me， please. Be careful with your pronunciation. Have this seat，will you?(可加反意疑问句) Let me have a try. Let him try again. All/Everybody be here at two o'clock。(也可不用Let) 2) 行为动作的主语为第一、三人称时，祈使句通带以Let开头：

2. 祈使句的强调与否定

1) 祈使句的强调结构是在句首加Do：

Do come early next time. Do be careful! 2) 祈使句的否定是在句首加Don't： Don't ask me why. Don't be late.

Don't 1et there be too much noise.

Never buy what you cannot pay for.(也可用Never)

3. 祈使句+and/or结构

这类结构常可与含if从句的复合句相互转换：

Give h1m an inch， and he'll take a yard. (=lf you give him an inch, he'll take a yard.)

Wear your coat，or you'll catch cold.(If you don't wear your coat，you'll catch cold.) 七. 感叹句

1. What +(a/an)+adj. + n.+ 主谓

What a beautiful day it is!

What wonderful weather we are having!

1) What之后是否用a/an要看后面的名词是否可数;是单数还是复数：

What beautiful music the boy is playing!(music不可数，前面不可加a/an.) What fools they were!(fools，复数，不可加a/an) What a beautiful day!

What fools!

How hard you've been working! How time flies!

2) 在上下文清楚的情况下，感叹句中的主谓结构甚至形容词都可省略。如： 2. How + adj./adv. + 主谓!

How happy we are!

How也可修饰句中动词，如： How I miss you，my friend! 3. How+adj.+ a/an +单数名词„：

How foolish a boy he is!(= What a foolish boy he is!)

高中英语语法总结范文精选三：非谓语动词用法比较

一、不定式与动名词作主语时的比较

不定式和动名词在作主语时常常可以互换： Crying/To cry will not help you out of difficulty 但是要注意以下的几点：

1. 动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作，而不定式作主语通常表示抽象动作，而不定式做主

语通常表示具体动作。试比较：

Living in Beijing must be wonderful.(泛指行为)

He realized that to live with her any longer was wrong (具体行为) 2. 当主语被否定时，通常用不定式：

Not to have hope is the poorest of all conditions

3. 在It is important/necessary…的结构中，主语只能用不定式，不用动名词：

It is important to grasp the spirit of a foreign language in order to use it feely. It became necessary to build new factories for products never before produced 4. 在It takes+时间等+。¨的结构中，主语常用不定式：

How much cloth will it take to make a shirt?

5. 在There is no … 和It is no good …结构中，通常用动名词 二、不定式与动名词作表语时的比较

不定式和动名词在作表语时常常可以互换： His job is bringing/to bring milk every day

但是，当不定式作主语时，表语用不定式;动名词作主语时，表语也用动名词。

To see is to believe. Seeing is believing.

此外，还应注意以下两点：

1. 主语是it，this，that等指示代词时，表语通常用动名词：

That was playing with fire.

2. 主语是名词时，表语较短时通常用动名词，表语较长时通常用不定式：

My favorite sport is swimming.

What I like is to swim in the sea and then to lie on the sand

三、不定式与动名词作宾语时的比较

1. 接不定式或动名词作宾语意义区别不大的动词常见的有：begin，start，continue，love，

like，propose等：

Almost all the boys like to play/playing football . 但以上的动词中有一部分在下列情况下通常用不定式作宾语：

1) 在would like/love/hate等的后面：

I'd like(love)to have a drink.

I'm starting to talk about it.

3) 当begin后接某些感觉或状态动词时：

She began to see what he meant.

2. 接不定式或动名词作宾语，意义不同的动词或词组常见的有：

1) remember/forget/regret+doing或to do sth

I must remember to ask him (指记住要做的事)

I shall always remember seeing the famous scientist (指记住己经发生过的事) Don’t forget to bring your dictionary.(不要忘记要做的事)

I will never forget meeting you here (不会忘记曾发生过的事)

I regret telling you so much (懊悔己经作过的事=I'm sorry told you so much。)

I regret to tell you that you have failed your exam(regret发生在to tell之前，=I’m sorry

to tell you…)

可见，上述用法中，动名词指己经发生的事，不定式指发生在renumber, forget或

regret以后的事。要注意：可以用动名词的完成式替代一般式;通常不用*I forgot

doing it 而说：I forgot that I had done it 或I forgot about doing it.

2) stop/go on/leave of+doing或to do sth.

They stopped smoking (停止吸烟) They stopped to smoke (停下所做的事，开始吸烟) He went on reading (继续读) He went on to read.(放下原来做的事，转而读书) He left off playing tennis (停止打网球) They left off to play tennis (离开某处去打网球) 以上stop，leave off或go on后面的不定式都不是其宾语，而是作目的状语。 3) try+to do或doing sth. He'll try to finish the work as soon as possible.

Please try putting some more salt- that might make it taste a bit better.

try to do sth.中，try是不及物动词，意思是“没法、努力、尽力”，to do sth作目的

状语;try doing sth中，try是及物动词，意思是“尝试、试一试”，看会发生什么情

2) 当这部分动词是进行时态时：

况，动名词作宾语。

4) mean+to do/doing sth.

接不定式时，意思是“有„的意图、打算。

I meant to telephone you last Friday but I didn’t have time to.

接动名词时，意为“意味着”，“就是„

This kind of illness means going to hospital.

接动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，此处也能用不定式的被动形式代换，但用动名词较为常见：

The room wants repairing ( = to be repaired)

The radio needs fixing ( = to be fixed)

6) be afraid+to do sth。或of doing sth.

接带to的不定式时，意为“不敢”做某事，“害怕”做某事： She was afraid to see you again.

接“of+动名词”时，意为“担心”或“害怕”发生某种情况： 5) need/want/require+doing(=to be done)。

I'm afraid of making mistakes when I speak English.

7) be interested+to do sth。/in doing sth。

My sister is interested in becoming a doctor.

(指她想当医生，动名词表示将要发生的事。)

My sister is interested to be a doctor。

(指她当医生后感到有意思，不定式表示已经发生的事。)

3. 除了一部分既可接不定式、也可按动名词作宾语的动词外，还有一部分动词后面只能接

不定式作宾语;另有一部分动词和成语后只能接动名词作宾语。关于这两点可以参看前面讲到的不定式和动名词条款。

四、to be done，being done或done(作定语)

不定式被动式、现在分词一般被动式与过去分词作定语时，存在时间关系上的区别。例如： The power station to be built next year will be of great benefit to the industry and agriculture of our Province.(to be built指将来 =which will be bui1t)

The power station being built now will be one of the largest in Asia.(being built=which is being built.

The power station built on the river last year has been left to our management.(built on the river指己完成 = which was bui1t on the river )

五、不定式和分词作宾语补足语时的比较

1. 在see，hear，find等一类表示感觉的动词后：

1) 不带to不定式作宾语补足语，表示其动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生，并强调动作

发生的全过程或事实： We saw the computer operate well 2) 现在分词作宾语补足语，表示其动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生，强调正在进行： We saw the computer operating very well

3) 过去分词则往往表示动作完成的状态：

We found the work of the computer done

2. 表示心理状态的动词：consider，declare， find，prove，think，know，believe，discover，imagine，judge，suppose，understand的宾语补足语一般，用 to be：

We found him to be cruel.

You surely can’t consider him to be selfish man.

一、分词的基本概念

分词有现在分词和过去分词两种，主要在句中要起形容词和副词的作用。它们可以带有自己 的宾语、表语、状语等。

现在分词与过去分词的区别主要表现在语态和时间关系上:

1. 在语态上，现在分词表示主动的意思，而及物动词的过去分词表示被动的意思： the moving body(运动着的物体)：the moved body(被移动的物体)。

示的动作和句中谓语动词所表示的动作几乎是同时发生的;而过去分词表示已完成的动作或己存在的状态，即它所表示的动作一般先于句中谓语动词所表示的动作：

I saw someone opening the door.

I saw the door opened.

二、分词作定语

分词或分词短语作定语，通常是说明句子中名词的，但有时也说明代词one(ones)，that (those)，some，others，anything，something等：

The girl in the next room is his sister.

Today's computers are of much greater difference those used in the past(说明those)

1. 现在分词作定语

1) 表示正在进行的动作(变为定语从句时常用进行时态)：

The man standing(=Who is standing)at the door is our new maths teacher.

2) 表示经常性动作或现在(或当时)的状态(变为定语从句时常用一般时态)：

They visited the museum lying(=which lies)nearby .

语。例如：

People wishing (= who wished)to see the film star had waited two hours outside the

cinema.

4) 除以上情况外，用定语从句比用现在分词短语作定语更好。例如：

The students who had attended the lecture were discussing it.

2. 过去分词短语作定语

1) 意指过去分词所表示的动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生：

Is this book written by the young man? A letter posted this morning will probably reach her tomorrow.

3) 动词wish，want，hope，know，think，believe，expect的现在分词短语常可用作定2. 在时间关系上，一般来说，现在分词表示正在进行的动作或动作的进展过程，即它所表没有一定的时间性：

I don't like to see letters written in pencil.

3. 作定语时的位置

1) 单个分词作定语，常置于被说明的词之前，不强调动作而强调某种性质或特征： The cold wind was blowing through a broken window.

2) 单个分词作定语，有时放在被说明的词之后，用来强调动作：

We have had good harvests for many years running. (我们连续多年获得丰收。)

3) 分词短语作定语时，通常位于被说明的词之后

三、分词作状语

分词及分词短语作状语，通常用来说明句中谓语动词。其位置可在句首、句子中间或句末，一般用逗号分开。放在句首的常表示时间、原因、条件;放在句末的常表示结果、方式或伴随情况等。

1. 现在分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语应该和句子的主语是一致的。

1) 作时间状语，相当子when等引起的从句：

Seeing those pictures(=When he saw those pictures)，he couldn’t help thinking of those memorable days in his hometown.

Having done their homework(=After they had done/did their homework)，they went

swimming in the lake.

如果两个动作是完全同时发生的，也常用when或while加分词这种结构： He got to know them while attending a meeting in London.

Being so poor in those days( =As they were so poor)，they couldn't afford to send the

children to school.

Not having received an answer(=As she hadn’t received an answer)，she wrote another

1etter to her parents.

必须注意：being短语作状语时，通常表示原因，意为“由于某某是„”，不能理解

为“当„的时候”。

3) 作结果状语：

They opened fire，killing one of our villagers.

2. 过去分词短语作状语，句中的主语往往是过去分词的逻辑宾语。

1) 作时间状语，相当于一个表示时间的状语从句：

Seen from the hill (=When it is seen from the hill)，our town looks 1ike a beautiful

garden.

2) 作原因状语，相当于一个表示原因的状语从句：

Born into a poor family(=As he was born in a poor family)，he got only two years of school education.

3) 说明谓语所表示的动作发生的背景或情况：

Built in 1891， the building is over 100 years Old .

四、分词作宾语补足语

2) 作原因状语，相当于一个表示原因的状语从句：

1. see/hear/watch/notice√smell/feel/observe/listen to/look at+宾语+现在分词： We watched the girl going through some of the movements they had just leaned. At this moment he noticed the teacher coming in.

2. catch/find+宾语+现在分词：

I caught Tom reading my diary and he made an apology to me for it.

We found a tree lying across the road.

3. have/get/keep/leave+宾语+现在分词：

I'll have the car waiting at the gate. Will that be all right?

Do you think you can get the radio working?

4. have+宾语+过去分词：其中have有三个不同的含义：

1) “使„被完成”(常可用get代替have)：

I'd like to have (get) my radio repaired

2) “遭受”、“经历”(不能用get代替)：

He had his watch stolen yesterday.

3) “有、拥有”：

He felt in his pocket to see if he had any money left.

5. make + oneself + known/understood/heard等过去分词：

He repeated explanations，but he couldn't make himself understood.

6. with+介词宾语+现在分词或过去分词：

They sat in the room with the curtains drawn.

With the tree growing tall，we get more and more shade.

7. like/want/wish/order/+宾语+过去分词

He won't like such questions discussed in his house.

8. find或think、feel等+宾语+changed/lost/gone/broken/come等过去分词(说明宾

语所处的状态)：

We found him greatly changed. When they entered the hall， they found the guests gone. 以上有些结构可变为被动语态，其补语形式依然不变，起主语补语的作用。

五、现在分词的完成式

其形式为：having done(主动形式)，表示这动作发生在谓语所表示的动作之前： Having arrived at a decision, they immediately set to work.

六、现在分词的被动式

其形式为：(以do为例)being done(一般式)，having been done(完成式)。

在表示一个被动动作时，如果这动作是现刻正在进行的，或是与谓语所表示的动作同时发生的，常用现在分词的被动式。这种形式可以用来：

1. 作定语：

This is one of the experiments being carried (= which are being carried) on in our lab.

2. 作状语：

Being asked to sing a song，he couldn't very well refuse.

间或用完成被动式：

The decision having been made，the next problem was how to put it into practice. (分词本身带逻辑主语the decision而构成独立主格结构充当状语)

3. 作宾语补足语：

You'll find the news being talked about everywhere.

七、不及物动词的过去分词

不及物动词的过去分词没有被动意义，而是表示主动的完成的意义：

Gone are the days when we use foreign oil.

(此句是倒装句结构，gone作表语，表示己“一去不复返了”。)

You can see some fallen leaves at the corner.

这类过去分词常见的有：fallen，come，gone, risen, grown up，returned等.

象interesting和interested一类的“使役动词”的分词在意义和用法上很容易混淆，一般可作如下区分：

1. 一部分表示“情感”，“心情”等意义的动词的现在分词有“令人/使人„的”意思，常用

来说明人或事物的特征：

The president made an inspiring speech at the meeting yesterday.

2. 它们的过去分词有“感到/觉得 „”的意思，用来指人的感觉：

这类容易混淆的分词常见的有：encouraging — encouraged; exciting— excited;interesting — interested;astonishing — astonished;disappointing — disappointed;inspiring — inspired;puzzling — puzzled;surprising — surprised;shocking — shocked;discouraging — discouraged;pleasing — pleased;tiring - tired;worrying — worried;satisfying — satisfied;moving — moved; 八、容易混淆的现在分词和过去分词

一、动名词作主语

1. 一般置于句首：

Reading English is easier than speaking it.

2. 有时也可以用it作形式主语，而把动名词放在谓语动词之后。 It will be nice seeing them again.

这类句子结构常见的还有：

1) It’s no use…;It is no use crying over spilt milk.

2) It's no good…;It is no good feeling self——satisfied over your first success. 3) Is it any good…? Is it any good trying to exp1ain? 4) It's a waste of time…;It's a waste of time arguing about it. 3. 动名词还可以在There is no„句子结构中做主语： There is no asking him to come now.He is busy.

这种句子中的动名词常带有宾语，其句型含义相当于It is impossible to do„

二、动名词作表语

连系动词常与动名词连用，一起构成复合谓语：

Our task is building China into a powerfu1 modern socialist country. 1. 作动词宾语：

This factory has stopped producing the old type of engine.

必须接动名词作宾语的动词常见的有：consider，delay，dislike，enjoy，excuse，finish， give up，cannot help(禁不住)，imagine，mind，miss，practise，put off，resist，suggest，

三、动名词作宾语

pardon，stop，allow，permit，forbid，appreciate等。

2. 作介词宾语：

在介词后面，常常用动名词作宾语，这样构成的介词短语常用作定语或状语 There are several ways of doing it.(定语) After finishing the experiments， we wrote down the results.(状语) 这样的介词短语间或作表语： I am for putting the meeting off.

须接动名词做介词宾语的成语很多，最常见的有：Insist on, think of dream of hear of

prevent…from, keep…from, stop…from, be engaged in, look forward to，depend on，

thank…for, feel like，excuse…for, aim at, devote…to, set about, spend…(in)，waste…(in),

get/be used to，be fond of be afraid of, be tired of succeed in, be interested in, feel/be ashamed of, be proud of等。

四、动名词的逻辑主语：

动名词之前可以加上一个物主代词、名词的所有格、人称代词的宾格或名词的普通格，来表示这个动名词的逻辑主语。

1. 物主代词+动名词

这种结构可置于句首，也可放在句中或句末，常可用作主语、表语、宾语或介词宾语：

His going there won't do any harm(主语)

Do you think his going there will be of any help? (主语)

What's troubling them is their not having enough food.(表语)

They insisted on my staying there for dinner.(宾语)

2. 名词的所有格+动名词

其用法与“物主代词+动名词”相同：

We all thought Tom's going there a great mistake.

3. 人称代词宾格+动名词(不能放在句首用作主语)He was angry about me not having to

leave early.

4. 名词的普通格+动名词(不能放在句首用作主语)

I don't like young people smoking. 其它情况下的动名词的逻辑主语形式

1) 如果动名词的逻辑主语是无生命的东西，就只能用普通格。

Is there any hope of your factory winning the game?

2) 如果动名词的逻辑主语是一个较长的名词词组，也只能用普通格：

Did you ever hear of a man of good sense refusing such an order?

There is no chance of that being settled.

I’m sorry. I have no idea of it being midnight. 3) 当动名词的逻辑主语是不定代词、指示代词或指时间的it时，常用其宾格：

五、动名词的否定式

1. 一般式：not doing(主动形式)：not being done(被动形式)

2. 完成式：not having done(主动形式);not having been done(被动形式)

注意：当动名词带有逻辑主语时，not应放在逻辑主语后面。如：his not seeing the film.

六、动名词的完成式

其形式为：(以do为例)having done(主动形式);having been done(被动形式)。如果动名词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，常用其完成式： He was praised for having completed thirty years of teach.

但是在forget，remember，regret等动词和apologize for，excuse…for，thank…for等成语后， 经常可用动名词的一般式来代替其完成式： I remember posting (=having posted) the letter.

Excuse me for coming (=having come) late 七、动名词的被动式

其形式为：(以do为例)being done(一般式);having been done(完成式)

当动名词的逻辑主语是动名词所表示的动作的对象;当句中的主语逻辑上是动名词所表示的动作的对象时，动名词一般要用被动式(多数情况下用一般被动式代替完成被动式)： They insisted on their being treated as ordinary workers. This question is far from being settled.

介词

I. 要点

1、介词和种类

(1) 简单介词，常用的有at, in, on, about, across, before, beside, for , to, without等。

(2) 复合介词，如by means of, along with, because of, in front of, instead of等。

2、介词和其他词类的`习惯搭配关系

(1) 和动词的搭配，如agree with, ask for, belong to, break away from, care about等。

(2) 和形容词的搭配，如afraid of, angry with, different from, good at

(3) 和名词的搭配，如answer to , key to, reason for, cause of, visit to等.

3、介词短语可以有自己的修饰语，这种修饰语通常有right, just, badly, all, well, directly, completely等少数几个副词。如：

He came right after dinner.

He lives directly opposite the school.

4、某些介词的意义与用法举例

(1) at, on, in(表时间)

表示时间点用at,如at four oclock, at midnight等;表示不确定的时间或短期假日也用at,如at that time, at Christmas等。

指某天用on, 如on Monday, on the end of November, 指某天的朝夕用on,如on Friday morning, on the afternoon of September 1st 等。

指长于或短于一天的时段用in,如in the afternoon, in February, in Summer, in 等。

(2) between, among(表位置)

between仅用于二者之间，但说三者或三者以上中的每两个之间的相互关系时，也用between, 如

Im sitting between Tom and Alice.

The village lies between three hills.

among用于三者或三者以上之间。如：

He is the best among the students.

(3) beside, besides

beside意为“在…旁边”，而besides意为“除…之外”。如：

He sat beside me.

What do you want besides this?

(4)in the tree, on the tree

in the tree 指动物或人在树上，而on the tree 指果实、树叶长在树上

(5)on the way, in the way, by the way, in this way

on the way 指在路上 in the way 指挡道

by the way 指顺便问一句 in this way 用这样的方法

(6)in the corner, at the corner

in the corner 指在拐角内 at the corner 指在拐角外

(7)in the morning, on the morning

in the morning 是一般说法 on the morning 特指某一天的早晨

(8)by bus, on the bus

by bus 是一般说法 on the bus 特指乘某一辆车

II. 例题

例1 Do you know any other foreign language____ English?

A except B but C beside D besides

解析：A、B两项except等于but，意为“除了…”，C-beside意为“在…旁边”，不符合题意。而D-besides, 意为“除了…之外，还有”。所以该题正确答案为D。该题意为：除了英语外，你还知道别的语言吗?

例2 He suddenly returned ____ a rainy night.

A on B at C in D during

解析：我们均知道，at night这一短语，但如果night前有修饰词，表具体的夜晚，则要用介词on来修饰，故该题正确答案为A。

例3 Im looking forward ____your letter.

A to B in C at D on

解析：该题正确答案为A。 look forward to 为固定搭配，意为“期望、盼望”。

(一) 形容词和副词

I. 要点

A. 形容词

1、形容词的用法

形容词是用来修饰、描绘名词的，通常在句中作定语、表语或宾补，有时还可作状语。如：

He is honest and hardworking.

I found the book interesting.

某些形容词与定冠词连用表示一类人作主语时，谓语通常用复数形式。如：

The rich and the poor live in different parts of the city.

The English like to be with their families.

多个形容词作定语修饰名词的顺序：

冠词+序数词+基数词+性质状态(描述性)+形状大小+新旧老少+颜色+国籍+材料+名词。如：

the second five interesting big new red Chinese wall papers.

2、形容词比较等级的形式

(1) 规则形式

一般说来，单音节词及少数双音节词在后加-er; -est 来构成比较级和最高级;其他双音节词及多音节词在前加more, most.如：

great-greater-greatest

busy-busier-busiest

important-more important-(the) most important

(2) 不规则形式

good (well)-better-best

bad (ill)-worse-worst

many (much)-more-most

little-less-least

(3) 形容词比较等级的用法

①表示两者的比较，用形容词的比较级+than. 如：

He is cleverer than the other boys.

This one is more beautiful than that one.

②表示两者以上的比较，用“the +形容词最高级(+名词)+of(in) …”如：

He is the cleverest boy in his class.

③表示两者是同等程度，用“as +形容词原级+as”. 如：

He is as tall as I.

I have as many books as you.

④ 越… 越…

例如：The more I learn, the happier I am.

⑤ You can never be too careful. 越小心越好

又如：You can never praise the teacher too highly.

你怎么赞扬这个老师也不过分。

⑥ I have never spent a more worrying day.

那一天是最令我担心的一天。

I have never had a better dinner.

这是我吃过的最好的一顿饭。

⑦ My English is no better than yours.

我的英语和你的英语都不怎么样。

B.副词

1、副词的种类

(1) 时间副词 如：ago, before, already, just, now, early, late, finally, tomorrow等

(2) 地点副词 如：here, there, near, around, in, out, up, down, back, away, outside等。

(3) 方式副词 如：carefully, angrily, badly, calmly, loudly, quickly, politely, nervously等。

(4) 程度副词 如：almost, nearly, much, greatly, a bit, a little, hardly, so, very等。

2、副词比较等级的用法

其用法与形容词相似，只是副词最高级前可省略定冠词。如：

Of all the boys he sings (the) most beautifully.

We must work harder.

3、某些副词在用法上的区别

(1) already, yet, still

already表示某事物已经发生，主要用于肯定句;yet表示期待某事发生，主要用于否定句和疑问句;still表示某事还在进行，主要用于肯定句和疑问句，有时也可用于否定句。如：

Weve already watched that film.

I havent finished my homework yet.

He still works until late every night.

(2) too, as well, also, either

too, as well和 also用于肯定句和疑问句，too和as well多用于口语，一般放在句末，而also多用于书面语，一般放在句中与动词连用。either用于否定句和否定的疑问句，往往放在句末。如：

He went there too.

He didnt go there either.

I like you as well.

I also went there.

(3) hard, hardly

hardly意为“几乎”与hard在词义上完全不同。如：

I work hard every day.

I can hardly remember that.

(4) late, lately

lately意为“最近、近来”，late意为“晚、迟”。如：

He never comes late.

Have you been to the museum lately?

II. 例题

例1 Toms father thinks he is already ____

A high enough B tall enough

C enough high C enough tall

解析：该题正确答案是B。修饰人高用tall, 而建筑物的高用high,并且enough修饰形容词要放在形容词后面。因此该题选B。

例2 ____ the worse I seem to be.

A When I take more medicine

B The more medicine I take

C Taking more of the medicine

D More medicine taken

解析：该题正确答案为B。 “the+形容词比较级+… , the +形容词比较级+…”意为越…，越…。该句意为：吃的药越多，我的病越是加重。

例3“I havent been to London yet”.

“I havent been there ____”.

A too B also C either D neither

解析：该题正确答案为C。 A和B都用于肯定句中。D-neither本身意为否定“两者都不”，而C-either则用于否定句中，意为“也”。

例4 Mr. Smith was ____ moved at the news.

A deep B deeply C very deep D quite deeply

解析：该题正确答案为B。 A. deep用于副词时，修饰具体的深，如dig deep,而B-deeply则修饰表示感情色彩的词，如该题为deeply moved.另如deeply regret等。而D-quite和deeply均为副词，不能互相修饰。

一.概念:

助动词是帮助主要动词构成各种时态,语态,语气以及否定或疑问结构的动词.助动词分为时态助动词和结构助动词两种.

二.相关知识点精讲:

1. 助动词be的用法

1) be +现在分词，构成进行时态。例如：

They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。

English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。

2) be + 过去分词，构成被动语态。例如：

The window was broken by Tom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。

English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。

3) be + 动词不定式，可表示下列内容：

a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排。例如：

He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去纽约。

We are to teach the freshmen. 我们要教新生。

说明： 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。

b. 表示命令。例如：

You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。

He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室。

c. 征求意见。例如：

How am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他?

Who is to go there? 谁该去那儿呢?

d. 表示相约、商定。例如：

We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。

2. 助动词have的用法

1)have +过去分词，构成完成时态。例如：

He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。

By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work. 上月未为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。

2)have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时。例如：

I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。

3)have +been +过去分词，构成完成式被动语态。例如：

English has been taught in China for many years. 中国教英语已经多年。

3.助动词do 的用法

1)构成一般疑问句。例如：

Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通过大学英语测试吗?

Did you study German? 你们学过德语吗?

2)do + not 构成否定句。例如：

I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评。

He doesn't like to study. 他不想学习。

In the past, many students did not know the importance of English.

过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。

3) 构成否定祈使句。例如：

Don't go there. 不要去那里。

Don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。

说明： 构成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。

4)放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气。例如：

Do come to my birthday party. 一定来参加我的生日宴会。

I did go there. 我确实去那儿了。

I do miss you. 我确实想你。

5)用于倒装句。例如：

Never did I hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情。

Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 进了大学以后，我们才认识到英语的重要性。

说明： 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。

6)用作代动词。例如：

---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜欢北京吗?

---- Yes, I do. --是的，喜欢。(do用作代动词，代替like Beijing.)

He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he? 他知道如何开车，对吧?

4. 助动词shall和will的用法

shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时。例如：

I shall study harder at English. 我将更加努力地学习英语。

He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。

说明：在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall用于第一人称，will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较:

He shall come. 他必须来。(shall有命令的意味。)

He will come. 他要来。(will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。)

5.助动词should, would的用法

1)should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称。例如：

I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。

比较：“What shall I do next week?” I asked. “我下周干什么?”我问道。

可以说，shall变成间接引语时，变成了should。

2) would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称。例如：

He said he would come. 他说他要来。

比较：“I will go,” he said. 他说：“我要去那儿。”变成间接引语，就成了He said he would come。原来的will变成would，go变成了come.。

6. 短语动词

动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词。例如：

Turn off the radio. 把收音机关上。(turn off是短语动词)

短语动词的构成基本有下列几种：

1)动词+副词，如：black out;

2)动词+介词，如：look into;

3)动词+副词+介词，如：look forward to。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词

一.概念:

情态动词是表示能力,义务,必须,猜测等说话人的语气或情态的动词.

二.相关知识点精讲:

1.can

1)表能力

can表能力时意味着凭体力或脑力或技术等可以无甚阻力地去做某事。

I can climb this pole. 我能爬这根杆子。

He is only four , but he can read. 他只有4岁，但已认得字了。

Fire can’t destroy gold. 火烧不毁金子。

因为can不能和其他助动词连用，所以表示将来式时用will be able to

You will be able to skate after you have practiced it two or three times.

你练习两三次后就会溜冰了。

2)表可能性

多用于否定与疑问结构中，但也可用在肯定句中。

Can the news be true? 这消息可能是真的吗?

It can’t be true. 它不可能是真的。

What can he possibly mean? 他可能是什么意思?

can 用在肯定句中表示理论上的可能性(一时的可能)。

A horse in the center of London can cost a lot of money.

Attending the ball can be very exciting.

The road can be blocked. 这条路可能会不通的。

may 在肯定句中表示现实的可能性。

The road may be blocked. 这条路可能不通了。

3)表示允许(和may意思相近)常见于口语。

Can (May) I come in ? 我能进来吗?

Can I smoke here ? 我可以在这里抽烟吗?

2.could的用法

1)表过去的可能和许可，(多用于间接引语中)

At that time we thought the story could not be true.

那时我们认为所说的事不可能是真的。

Father said I could swim in the river.

爸爸说我可以在河里游泳。

2)表过去的能力

I could swim when I was only six.

我刚六岁就能游泳。

Could在肯定句中表示过去的能力时，常表抽象的一般的能力。

He could be very naughty when he was a child.

他小时候会是很顽皮的。

3)表“允许”。可表示委婉客气的提出问题或陈述看法

Could I use your bike?

Yes, you can.

他会记得那时吗?

I’m afraid I couldn’t give you an answer today.

恐怕我今天不能回答你。

The teacher said you could go to the store for sweets.

老师说你可以去商店买糖。

3)Could/can+have done 结构表示对过去发生的事情的“怀疑”或“不肯定”。 could 加完成式还用于肯定句时一般表过去可能完成而却未完成的动作。

Can they have won the basketball match?

他们赢了那场篮球赛吗?

What you referred to just now can have made her very sad.

你刚刚所谈到的可能令他很伤心。

You could have completed the task a little earlier.

你本来能早点完成任务的。(但事实上并没有提前完成任务)

I could have passed my examination easily but I made too many stupid mistakes.

我本可以轻易通过考试，但我犯了太多不该犯的错误。

如表具体做某一件事的能力时，则须用 be able to .

He was able to translate the article without a dictionary.

他可以不用词典翻译那篇文章。

Can表示一贯的能力 ，be able to表示客观能力和通过努力可以达到的能力

I can’t swim. But I am sure I will be able to swim through more practicing.

The fire spread through the hotel, but everyone was able to get out

When the boat sank he was able to swim to the bank

3.may 的用法

1)表示请求、可以、允许。

You may drive the tractor. 你可以开那台拖拉机。

2)当回答由may 引起的问题时，否定答语要用must not,表示“不许可”、“不应该”、“不行”。

May I come in?

Yes, you may.

No,you can’t

No, you may not .

No ,you mustn’t

No ,you’d better not.

3) may /might 推测性用法 可能

He may be right.

He may not come today (可能不)

He may /might come tomorrow.

, 注意: 1只用于肯定和否定句中,不用于疑问句中。

2 might 比may可能性更小

He might get a job.

He may get a job.

3 may no 可能不 can not不可能

He may not come

He can’t come

3)表建议(可和as well 连用)

You may(might)as well stay where you are.

你还是原地待着好。(may as well 有“还是……的好”的含义)

4)表祝愿

May you be happy!

might

1)表过去的“可能”和“允许”多用于间接引语。

She said that he might take her dictionary.

她说他可以拿她的词典去用。

除在间接引语中外，might一般不表示过去的“可能”与“许可”。表过去的“可能”可用could，表过去的“许可”可用were (was) allowed to。

2)表现在的“可能”，其可能性要比may小。

Electric irons could be dangerous; they might give you a severe shock.

电熨斗会有危险，它可能电着人。

3)may (might) + have +done 表示对过去发生行为的推测，含有“想必”、“也许是”的意思。

It may have been true. 这事也许是真的。

He might not have settled the question. 他可能尚未解决那个问题。

4.must 的主要用法。

1)表示必须、必要

We must do everything step by step .我们必须按部就班地做一切事情。

Why must you always bother me? 为什么你偏要打扰我呢。

2)must be + 表语的结构，通常表示猜测，含有“一定”之意。(只用在肯定句中)

He must be an honest boy. 他一定是个诚实的男孩。

This must be your room. 这一定是你的房间。

3)must 的否定式有两个：当回答由must引起的问题时，否定答复要用needn’t或don’t have to 表示“不必”、“无须”、“用不着”、“不一定”的意义。当表示“不应该”、“不许可”、“禁止”时，就用must not。

Must I go tomorrow?明天我必须去吗?

Yes, please.是的，请吧!

No , you needn’t. 不，你不必去。

4)must +have +过去分词的结构，常用在肯定句中，表示对过去发生行为的推测，含有“一定”、“准是”的意思。否定和疑问句用can。

She must have studied English before.她以前一定学过英语。

5.have to的含义与must是很接近的,只是have to 比较强调客观需要，must着重说明主观看法。

I must clean the room.(主观想法)

I have to clean the room.(客观需要)

另外，have to 能用于更多时态：

We had to be there at ten .我们得在十点钟到那里。

We will have to reconsider the whole thing.

这一切我们将不得不重新加以考虑。

have to 的否定式：don’t have to do 表示“不必做……”之意。

6.ought to 的用法

Ought to 后接动词原形，表义务，但不及must 那样具有信心，如：

You don’t look well. You ought to go to see the doctor.

你气色不好，应该去看病。

Ought to 用于否定句，其否定形式可缩略为oughtn’t ，如：

You oughtn’t to smoke so much. 你不应该抽这么多烟。

也可以用于疑问句，如：

Ought you to smoke so much?你应该抽这样多烟吗?

Ought to 在间接引语中表过去时形式不变，如：

He said you ought to tell the police.

他说你应该去报告警察。

7.shall的用法

1)用于第一人称征求对方的意见，如：

What shall I wear on the journey? 我路上穿什么好呢?

Shall we dance? 我们跳舞好吗?

2)shall 用于第二、三人称时表允诺，警告，命令，威胁(现已少见)，如：

She shall get her share. 她可以得到她的一份。

You shall have it back tomorrow.你明天可以将它拿回。

情态动词should一般不应被认为是情态动词shall的过去式，主要用法有：

1)用于第一人称疑问句中询问对方的意愿，但语气较委婉温和，如：

What should we do now? 我们现在该怎么办?

2)表示应该、必须，常与must 换用。例如：

We should (must) master a foreign language at least.

我们应当至少掌握一门外语。

3)“should+be+表语”的结构，表示推测或惊奇。例如：

They should be back by now. 他们现在应该回来了吧。

I am sorry that she should be so careless. 我感到遗憾她竟会那样粗心。

4)“should+have+过去分词”的结构，表示过去该做而实际上尚未做的动作或行为;其否定则表示发生了不应该发生的行为。其同义结构“ought to have +过去分词”,表示过去“早应该”、“本当”之意，语气较强。例如：

I should have thought of that. 这一点我是应当想到的。(但没想到)

They should not have left so soon.他们不应当走得这么早。(但已走了)

5) 在“It is natural (strange, natural, necessary, surprised, impossible, important ) that……”句型中，主语从句中的谓语动词要用should +动词原形”表示“理所当然”、“奇怪”、“必要”、“惊异”等的意思。在lest(以免)、for fear (that) (以防)、in case(以备万一)等之后也要用should+动词原形;在advise, sugest, order, demand, request 等的从句中should+do”例如：

It is necessary that he(should) be sent there at once.

有必要马上派他到那里去。

It is strange that he should say so. 他会说这样的话真是奇怪。

Let us go at once lest we should be late for the train.

我们马上走吧，以免赶不上火车。

8..will和would的用法

1)表示意志，决心或愿望。例如：

Surely we will support all the people in the world in their struggle for peace.

我们一定要支持全世界人民争取和平的斗争。

He would not let me try it . 他不肯让我去试。

2)will表示经常性、习惯性、倾向性，would表示过去的习惯行为。

He will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by.

他会经常一连几个小时坐在那儿观看来往的车辆。

He would come to see me when he was in Beijing.

他在北京时，常来看望我。

3)用于第二人称作主语的疑问句中，表示对对方的请求，would的语气比will委碗

Would/will you kindly tell me the way to the station? 请问到火车站怎么走?

4)表可能性

This will be the book you are looking for.

这可能就是你要找的书。

She eould be about 60 when she died.

他死时大概60岁。

9. need和dare的用法

情态动词need 实义动词 need

现 You need (not) do You (don’t) need to do

在

时 He need (not) do He needs (doesn’t need) to do

过 You needed (didn’t need) to do

去

时 He needed (didn’t need) to do

将 You need (not) do You will (not) need to do

来

时 He need (not) do He will (not) need to do

句型 时态 动词

情态动词dare 实义动词 dare

肯定句 现在时 dare to 少用 dare/dares to do

过去时 dare to 少用 dared to do

否定句 现在时 daren’t/dare not do do/does not dare (to) do

过去时 dared not do did not dare (to) do

疑问句 现在时 Dare he do? Do you/Does he dear (to) do?

过去时 Dared he do? Did he dare (to) do

needn’t have v-ed 表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要， 意为“本没必要…”。例如：

You needn’t have waken me up; I don’t have to go to work today

10.表推测的情态动词句子的反意疑问句

He must/may be in the room, isn’t he?

He can’t be in the room, is he?

He must have finished the work, hasn’t he?

He may have done the work last night, didn’t he?

：情态动词+行为动词进行式

情态动词+行为动词进行式(即情态动词+ be + v-ing形式)，表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行。例如：

1)He must be playing basketball in the room.

2)She may be staying at home.

11.情态动词+行为动词完成进行式

情态动词+行为动词完成进行式(即情态动词+ have been + v-ing 形式)，表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。例如：

1)They should have been meeting to discuss the problem.

2)He may / might have been buying stamps in the post office when you saw him.

12.used to +v, be used to +v-ing和be used to +v

(1)used to +v意为“过去常常”，“过去一直”;be used to +v-ing / n(名词)意为“习惯于”;be used to +v意为“被用来(做某事)”。

(2)used to只表示过去，而be used to +v-ing / n可表示现在、过去或将来。例如：

1)He used to smoke. Now he doesn’t.

2)He’s quite used to hard work / working hard.

3)The knife is used to cut bread.

13.用作情态动词的其他短语

would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon, had rather, had better, had sooner, can not but, may (just) as well等可用作情态动词。例如：

1)The soldier would sooner die than surrender.

2)The brave soldier would as soon die as yield to such an enemy.

3)I’d rather walk than take a bus.

4)If you don’t like to swim, you may just as well stay at home.

注：这些短语后一般直接跟动词原形.would (had) rather, would (had) sooner, would (just) as soon后可跟that 引导的从句，that 常省去，从句要用虚拟语气。对现在和将来的假设用过去时，对过去的假设用过去完成时。例如：

1)I would rather you came on Sunday.

2)I would sooner you hadn’t asked me to speak yesterday.

一.概念:

分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种,是一种非谓语动词形式

二.相关知识点精讲:

1.现在分词的用法：

1) 做表语：

he was very amusing.

that book was rather boring.

很多动词的现在分词都可以作表语：

exciting, interesting, encouraging, disappointing, confusing, touching, puzzling.

2) 作定语：

上面所出现的现在分词都可以用作定语, 修饰一个名词：

that must have been a terrifying experience.

i found him a charming person.

现在分词短语还可以放在名词的后面修饰名词, 相当于一个定语从句：

there are a few boys swimming in the river.

there is a car waiting outside.

3) 作状语：

现在分词短语可以表示一个同时发生的次要的或伴随的动作：

following tom, we started to climb the mountain.

opening the drawer, he took out a box.

taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door.

现在分词短语还可以表示原因, 相当于一个原因状语从句：

not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her.

being unemployed, he hasn’t got much money.

现在分词短语还可以表示时间, 相当于一个时间状语从句：

hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.

returning home, he began to do his homework.

jim hurt his arm while playing tennis.

be careful when crossing the road.

having found a hotel, we looked for somewhere to have dinner.

having finished her work, she went home.

4)作宾补：

现在分词在一些动词之后可以做宾语的补语：

例如, see, hear, catch, find, keep , have 等.

i see him passing my house every day.

i caught him stealing things in that shop.

i smelt something burning.

she kept him working all day.

2.过去分词的用法：

1) 作表语：

we were so bored that we couldn’t help yawning.

she felt confused, and even frightened.

they were very pleased with the girl.

i’m satisfied with your answer.

he is not interested in research.

2) 作定语：

she has a pleased look on her face.

the teacher gave us a satisfied smile.

cooked food a written report

fried eggs boiled water

frozen food armed forces

required courses fallen leaves

finished products a forced smile

the risen sun new arrived visitors

what’s the language spoken in that country?

they’re problem left over by history.

the play put on by the teachers was a big success.

is there anybody injured?

do you know the number of books ordered?

3)作状语：

seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent.

given good health, i hope to finish the work this year.

they came in, followed by some children.

depressed, he went to see his elder sister.

when treated with kindness, he was very amiable.

4)作宾补：

过去分词也同样可以作宾语的补语， 接在某些动词后面

i will have the clothes washed tomorrow.

when they get back home, they found the room robbed.

看过高中英语语法的相关知识的人还看了：

高中英语语法总结

一、不定冠词

不定冠词a，an与one同源，表示微弱的一的概念，但并不强调数目，用来表示不确定的人或事物。

A用在辅音前，而不是辅音字母前;an用在元音前，而不是元音字母前。

a university in Asia

1.表示同类中的任何一个

A cat has nine lives.

2.表示泛指的某人、某物

I know a John Lennon，but not the famous one.

3.表示数量的

He has a daughter.

4. 表示单位数量的每一

I earn 10 dollars an hour.

5.表示相同的

The two birds are of a color.

6. 用于集体名词前

He grows up in a large family.

7. 在某种情况下可用于抽象名词和物质名词前

China has a long history.

二、定冠词的用法

1.表示特定的人或物

2.表示地球、宇宙中独一无二的事物

主要指各种天体及世界上比较有影响的物体。 The sun，the moon，the earth

3.表示地点、方向、时间、方式等 at the corner 在拐角处

1) 在表示季节的名词前常不用冠词。 In spring 在春天

2) 具体某年的某个季节，需用冠词。 In the summer of the year

3)用于序数词或形容词的最高级前 the first the second

4)用于形容词前使其名词化 the rich the poor

5)用于复数姓氏前，表示―夫妇‖或全家 The Smiths

6)用于乐器名词前 Play the piano

7)用于by+the+计量单位名词 By the pound

1. 用于复数名词前

复数名词泛指某类人或物时，其前通常用零冠词。 Students should obey the school rules. 学生应该遵守校规。 复数名词若需特指，则要加定冠词。 The students are too lazy. 这些学生太懒。

2. 用于不可数名词前

不可数名词表示泛指时，其前通常用零冠词。如： Bread is made from flour. 面包是用面粉做的。

Wood is a poor conductor of sound. 木头是声音的不良导体。 不可数名词若需特指，则要加定冠词。

He sawed the wood into three pieces. 他把木头锯成三块。

3.用于专有名词前

在通常情况下，专有名词前要用零冠词。如：

Mr Smith is our English teaches us English. 史密斯先生教我们英语。 在特殊情况下，若专有名词需要特指，也可加定冠词。如： The Smith you‘re looking for no longer lives here.

4. 用于抽象化的可数名词前

有些可数名词抽象化后表示表示的活动，其前通常零冠词。 Jim has gone to bed. 吉姆已上床睡觉了。

She goes to church every Sunday. 她每周星期天都去做礼拜。

这类主要涉及bed， church， class， college， school， university， work， hospital， prison， market， sea， town等。另外，这类名词前用不用冠词有时与英美英语的表达习惯有关。如：―住院‖在英国英语中通常说成 in hospital，而在美国英语中则通常说成in the hospital;类似的还有go to university (英)上大学 / go to the university (美)上大学;at table (英)在吃饭 / at the table (美)在吃饭。

5. 用于职务及头衔前

当表示职务及头衔的名词用作表语、补足语及同位语时，其前通常用零冠词。如： Wilson became President of the U. S. A. 威尔逊当了美国总统。 He will be made captain of the football team. 他将被选为足球队队长。

6. 在表示学科、语言、三餐、月份、季节、节假日、星期等名词前，通常用零冠词。

We are all interested in physics. 我们大家都对物理感兴趣。

7. 用于某些固定结构中

go to sea 去当水手 at home 在家 at night 在晚上 at least 至少

at most 至多 at first 首先 at last 最后 in bed 在床上

on foot 步行 face to face 面对面

第二章 代词

高考中对代词的考查主要集中在人称代词(主要是其中的it)、关系代词、指示代词和不定代词上。

一、it的用法 1.作人称代词

John likes playing Ping pong./ He always does it in the afternoon.(指代上下文提到的事物); /It's time we went home. / How far is it from here to your home ? / It is getting warmer and warmer./ It's very quiet at the moment.(可指时间、天气、环境等) 2.引导词

A.作形式主语，代替由不定式、动名词或从句表示的真正主语。

It's important for us to learn a second language./ It's no use talking to him./ It's known to all that the earth goes round the sun.

B.作形式宾语，代替由不定式、动名词或从句表示的真正宾语。

We feel it our duty to help others./ He made it clear that he would leave the city. C.强调结构：It is (was) +被强调部分+that (或who)…

注意：在强调结构中，如被强调部分为时间状语或地点状语，其后的连接词也绝不能为when 或where，而应用that 。在复习中，一定要注意句式的不同。 It was in Shanghai that I bought the guitar.(that引起强调句) It was Shanghai where I bought the guitar.(where引起定从)

It was twelve o'clock when we arrived there.(when引起时间状语从句) It was at twelve o'clock that we arrived there.(that 引起强调句)

3. it，one，that 的区别：作为代词，这三个词的对比使用是高考的热点之一。 —Why don't we take a little break? —Didn't we just have __________? A.it B.that C.one D.this

The Parkers bought a new house but _________will need a lot of work before they can move in. A.they B.it C.one D.which

one 用以指代同类事物中的任一，that 特指性强，指代可数与不可数词，而it指代上文提过的同一事物。

二、关系代词

who，whose，whom，which，that，as

1)which可以引导非限定性定语从句，代表前面整个句子的内容，并且在从句中做主语 2)that的用法 1)不用that的情况

a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。 b) 介词后不能用。

We depend on the land from which we get our food. We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.

2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 a) 在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。

b) 在不定代词，如：anything， nothing， the one， all， much， few， any， little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。

c) 先行词有the only， the very修饰时，只用that。 d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。. e) 先行词既有人，又有物时。

举例：

All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。

Finally， the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。

3) as的用法

AS作关系代词，用来引导定语从句：限制性定语从句和限非制性定语从句 一、AS引导限制性定语从句

AS引导限制性定语从句时，通常和such， the same， as(so)等连用，构成such...as/such as， the same...as/the same as， as(so)...as等结构，在从句中可作主语，宾语和表语。

1.such...as/such as意为―...的那种...，像那样的‖，such...as/such as引导限制性定语从句时，既可指人，也可指物。such用于名词之前时，具有形容词性质;such单独使用(即后面不接名词)时，具有代词性质。

Don‘t trust such men as praise you to your face.(as作主语) 不要相信那种当面吹捧你的人。

You should read only such books as you can understand without much difficulty.(as作宾语) 你应当只读那些你读起来不太难懂的书。

Associate with such as will improve your manners.(as作主语) 要和能改善你的言行的那种人结交。

2.the same...as/the same as意为―与...同样的‖，和such一样，the same既有形容词作用，又有代词性质。

We have arrived at the same conclusion as they have.(as作宾语) 我们已得出和他们同样的结论。

比较：the same...as和the same...that不同，前者是―同那一个相似‖，后者是―正是那一个‖。如：

This is the same watch as I lost. 这同我丢的那块表一样。

This is the same watch that I lost? 这正是我丢的那块表。

3.as(so)...as意为―和...一样‖，后接由many， much等修饰的名词或由形容词修饰的单数名词，注意其语序为as(so)+adj.+a+n+as，如： It‘s as pleasant a film as I have ever seen. 这是一部和我以往看的同样好的电影。

As many soldiers as marched were killed. 很多游行的战士都被杀了。

注意：such ...as与such...that ，so...as与 so...that的区别： that是连词，引出结果状语从句，在从句部分不作成分;as是关系代词，引出定语从句，在从句中可作主语，宾语和表语。比较： He is such a nice boy that everyone likes him. He is such a nice boy as everyone likes.

It is so difficult a problem that nobody can work it out. It is so difficult a problem as nobody can workout.

二、AS引导非限制性定语从句

AS引导非限制性定语从句时，通常指的不是主句中的某一个名词(先行词)，而是指整个主句表达的内容，对主句所作的陈述进行附加说明，意为―这...，如...或正如...‖。这种从句可位于主句之前，之中或之后。

As we all know， Taiwan belongs to China. Taiwan， as we all know， belongs to China. Taiwan belongs to China， as we all know. 注意下面的习惯用法：

as is well discussed 正如已讨论过的

as is often said 正如通常所说 as is often the case 通常就是这样 as has been pointed 正如所指出的那样 as has been said before 如上所述 as often happens 如同经常所发生的那样 as might be expected正如所料 as is well known to all众所周知

在多数情况下，从句中的谓语助动词可以省略 as explained before 如前面所解释的 as mentioned above 如前面所提到的 as shown in the figure 如图所示 as seen from the table 从表中可以看出 as already discussed 正如已讨论过的 三、不定代词

一) . some 与 any 的用法

1. some 用于肯定句以及表示建议或期待得到肯定回答的问句。修饰单数名词时，意为某个。如：

I have some questions about the assignment. (希望得到肯定答复)。

2. any 用于否定句和疑问句时，表示一些。用于肯定句时，只和单数名词或不可数名词连用，表示任何。如：

The medicine is on sale every where. You can get it at any chemist?s. 二) . each 与 every 的用法

1. each 强调个体，表示两个或两个以上中的每一个，在句中可充当主语、宾语、定语和同位语。如：

There are trees and flowers at each side of the road.

2. every 强调整体，表示三者或三者以上中的每一个，只能作定语，不能说 every of them ，要说 every one of them .

Every student in our class works hard. 三 . no one 与 none 的用法

1. no one 意为没有人，只能指人，不能指物，不可与介词 of 连用，谓语动词用单数形式，回答 who 引导的问句。如： Who is in the classroom? No one.

2. none 既可指人，也可指物，强调数量，意为一点也不，一个也不;谓语动词既可用单数也可用复数;常与 of 连用，通常指三者以上的人或物中没有一个，回答 how much 和 how many 引导的问句。如：

They were all tired， but none of them would stop to have a rest. 四 . other， another， others， any other， the other 的用法

1. other 表示泛指，意为另外的、其它的。常与复数名词或不可数名词连用。如果其前有 the， this， some， any， each， every， no， one 以及形容词性物主代词时，其后就可接单数名词。如： I have no other place to go.

2. another 常用于指三者或三者以上中的另外一个，泛指单数。可单独使用，也可后接名词。如果其后接复数名词，则表示又、再、还。如： This cap is too small for me. Show me another (one)。 We need another three assistants in our shop.

3. others ：它是 other 的复数形式，表示泛指，意为别的人或物，但不指全部。特指时在其前加定冠词;前面可加任何限定词以及数量词。如： He has more concern for others than for himself.

4. any other 表示一个之外的其他任何一个，而不是两个之中的另一个。如： China is larger than any other country in Asia.

5. the other ：表示两者中的另外一个。可单独使用，也可接单数名词。如： No agreement was reached in the discussion as neither side would give way to the other.

五. all 与 both 的用法 均表示都，但 all 表示三者以上的人或物， both 则表示两个人或物。二者都表示肯定意义，如果与 not 连用时，则表示部分否定。

六 . neither 与 either 的用法 都可用于表示两个人或物。 neither 表否定意义，意为(两者中的每一个)都不;而 either 表肯定意义，意为(两者中的每一个)都。都可单独使用，也可同介词 of 连用。如： Both teams were in hard training; neither willing to lose the game. Do you want tea or coffee? Either. I really don't mind.

somebody和someone的区别

这两个字都是有人、某人的意思，一般可以通用，例如：Someone/Somebody must have told him.一定有人告诉了他。Somebody比someone较常用于口语。

someone用法

音标：bai英['s?mw?n]美['s?mw?n]

释义：pron. 有人，某人

短语

tease someone开某人玩笑

Complimenting Someone称赞时；称誉时

Contradicting Someone反驳他人时；批驳别人时

someone pron某人；有人；或人；有名气的人

Someone Painting有人正在画画

例句

1、Someone ripped off my wallet.

有人偷了我的钱夹子。

2、Someone came out with a most useful suggestion.

有人提出了一个非常有益的建议。

3、Hearing someone come in, he hid himself behind the curtain.

听见有人进来了，他一闪身藏在了窗帘的后面。

4、Someone stole a painting from the museum.

有人从博物馆盗走了一幅画。

5、Do you hear someone holler?

你听到有人在喊叫吗?

2somebody用法

音标：英['s?mb?d?]美['s?mb?di]

释义：

n. 大人物；重要人物

pron. 有人；某人

短语

Grab Somebody

summon somebody召集某人

molest somebody非礼

call somebody给某人打电话

例句

1、I heard somebody skirling.

2、Somebody is knocking on the window.

wish跟从句一定要用虚拟吗

wish一般是用虚拟的。但是有时候也不用，当你觉得wish的内容不是那么遥不可及的时候就不用虚拟了。可以用一般语气，也可以用虚拟，看强调哪方面。

wish的用法

1、用于wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。

其宾语从句的动词形式为：真实状况wish后从句动作先于主句动词动作现在时过去时(be的过去式为were)从句动作与主句动作同时发生过去时过去完成时(had + 过去分词)将来不大可能实现的愿望将来时would/could+动词原形。

I wish I were as tall as you.我希望和你一样高。

2、Wish to do表达法。Wish sb / sth to doI wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager.I wish the manager to be informed at once. (= I want the manager to be informed at once.)

虚拟条件句的倒装虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略,再把were, should 或had 移到从句句首,实行倒装。

注意：

在虚拟语气的从句中，动词be的过去时态一律用“were”，不用was，即在从句中be用were代替。

If I were you, I would go to look for him.如果我是你,就会去找他。

If he were here, everything would be all right.如果他在这儿,一切都会好的。

高中英语语法总结归纳

1.as...as...引导的比较级：

(1)“as +形容词或副词原级+as+被比较对象”结构。例句： He studies as hard as you. 他像你一样学习努力。

(2)在否定句或疑问句中可用 not so…as…. 例句：He can notrun so/as fast as you. 他没你跑得快。

2.only引导的倒装句型：only +状语 (或状语从句)位于句首时，句子部分倒装。

例句： Only by diligence and honesty can one succeed inlife. 只有勤奋、正直，一个人在生活中才能成功。

注意：但 only修饰主语时，不倒装。例句： Onlythat girl knew how to work out the problem. 只有那位女生知道怎样解那道题。

3.wish引导的虚拟语气：wish 后面的从句，当表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望时，其宾语从句的动词形式为：

⑴表示对现在情况的虚拟：从句动词用过去式或过去进行式表示，be 的过去式用were.

I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道。)

⑵表示对过去情况的虚拟：从句动词用had +过去分词。

I wish (that) I hadn’t wastedso much time. 我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。( 实际上已经浪费掉了。)

⑶表示对将来的主观愿望：谓语动词形式为“would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形”。在这种情况下，主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同，因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现，取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动作名词除外) 。

I wish it would stop raining. 但愿雨能停止。

注意：若wish 后的宾语从句中用 would，可以表示请求，通常意味着说话人的不快或不满。

例句：I wish you would be quiet. 我希望你安静一些。

4.it形式宾语：和it 作形式主语一样, 我们常用it 来作形式宾语, 把真正的宾语从句放在句末, 这种情况尤其出现在带复合宾语的句子中。

例句：He has made it clear that he will not give in. 他表明他不会屈服。

5.The+比较级，the+比较级表示“越......越......”。

例句：The more scared we are, the stronger the difficultywill become.我们越害怕困难，困难就会变得越强大。

6. 宾语从句：一般疑问句做宾语，引入if或whether

例句： I want to know if he will join us in thediscussion?

7. 原因状语从句：since引导的

例句： Don’t eat too much sugarsince it is bad for your health.

8. 否定词前置倒装：scarcely...when...

例句： Scarcely had he arrived at home when it began torain.

9. If虚拟条件句

10. 宾语从句：放在介词后面，作介词的宾语。

例句：I know nothing about him except that he used towork in Shanghai.

11.状语从句省略(分词作状语)：从句的主语和状语从句的主语一致，状从省略采用分词作状语。

例句：(Because) being short of money, we can’t afford a TV set. =Because we are short of money, we can’t afford a TV set.

12.并列句：由and,or , but连接的两个句子成为并列句。

13.省略句 /倒装：so/系动词/助动词/情态动词 +sb 表示“前者情况适用于后者”。

例句：You are a student, so am I.

14.定语从句 who引导的限定性定从。

例句：Do youremember the girl who taught us English ?你还记得教我们英语的那个女孩吗?

15.宾语从句：whether的用法。

例句：I wonder if/whether it is going to rain tomorrow.

16.不定式做定语。

例句：Theonly way to solve our problems will continue to be rejected.

17.原因状从：now that的用法。now that 表示 “既然”。与 since 的不同之处在于，now that 引出的必须是一个新出现的事实或情况，如果依然如故，和过去相比并没有变化，则不用 now that 引导。

例句：Now that we have all the materials ready, we shouldbegin the new task at once.既然我们把所有材料都准备好了，我们应该立刻开始这项新的工作。

18. 原因状从：for的用法。由because 引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用并列连词 for 来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用 for。

例句：He is absent today, because/for he is ill. 他今天没来，因为他生病了。

19. 原因状从：as 的用法。

例句：The Singapore passengers begin to decrease as otherairlines spread their operating range.

20. 同位语从句：Iwant to know the answer to this question who will be our next president.原因状从： in that的用法。

例句：Privatization is thought to be beneficial in that itpromotes competition. 私营化的优点在于能促进相互竞争。

21. 不定式：不定式做目的状语。

例句：Weget up very early to catch the first bus.

22.同位语从句：同位语从句在句中作A同位语，对被修饰名词的内容予以解释说明。同位语的特点是：抽象名词在前，表达具体内容的从句在后。常见的名词包括： assumption假定/belief看法/ conclusion结论/ doubt怀疑等。

例句：The suggestion that we should develop the natural resources in theregion has been discussed. 关于我们应该开发本地区资源的建议已经讨论过了。

23.现在完成时：表示过去延续到现在的动作或状态。具体来说，这种用法是表示开始于过去的动作一直持续到现在，而且还可能继续持续下去。谓语动词一般为延续性动词。

例句：An old woman walked out into the middle of the street. The policemanyelled to her, “Don’t you knowwhat it means when I hold up my hand?” The lady said, “Sure I do. I have been a schoolteacher for 28 years now.” 一个老妇人走到了马路中央，这时，一位交警朝着她嚷道：“我都把手举起来了，你难道还不知道什么意思吗?”老太太说：“我当然知道，我都做了28 年的老师了。”

24. 时间状从：not…until… 用法。

例句：The students didn’t stop talking until the teacher came in.

25. it做形式主语，句子做逻辑主语：如果主语太长，常用代词 it 作形式主语，将真正的主语从句置于句尾，以保持句式的平衡。

例句：It makes no difference what you read or study ifyou can’t remember it. 如果你记不住，那么你读什么或者学什么都不重要了。

26. 现在分词短语作状语：

(1)现在分词作时间状语。例句：There areseveral things to consider when buying fresh foods. 当购买新鲜食品时，有几个事情要考虑。

(2)现在分词作条件状语。例句：Working hard,you will succeed. 如果努力工作，你将会成功。

(3)现在分词作伴随状语。例句：All night longhe lay awake, thinking of the problem. 他整夜躺在床上睡不着，思考着那个问题。

(4)现在分词作方式状语。例句：Please answerthe question using another way. 请用另一种方法回答问题。

(5)现在分词作原因状语。例句：Not knowingher address, I can’t write to her.由于不知道她的地址，我没法给她写信。

(6)现在分词作结果状语。例句：Possessing a car gives a much greater degree ofmobility, enabling the driver to move around freely. 拥有汽车使机动程度更高，使司机能自由自在地往来各地。

(7)现在分词作让步状语。例句：Although working from morning till night his fatherdidn’t get enough food.虽然他父亲从早到晚拼命干，但是还是挣不够吃的。

27. 情态动词表推测

(1)对现在、将来情况的推测，用情态动词+动词原形

对现在、将来情况的肯定推测：must+动词原形

对现在、将来情况的否定推测：can’t +动词原形

对现在、将来情况的可能推测：may/might +动词原形

例句：What is he doing?

He must be sleeping./He can’tbe reading./ He may/might be reading but I’m not sure.

(2)对过去情况的推测，用情态动词+have donesth.

对过去情况的肯定推测：must+have done sth.

对过去情况的否定推测：can’t +have donesth.

对过去情况的可能推测：may/might +have done sth.

例句：It must / may / might / have rained last night. Theground is wet.

The door is locked. He cannot / may ( might ) not havebeen at home.

28. 部分倒装：否定词前置

(1)hardly/scarcely…when…

例句：Hardly had she gone out when a student came tovisit her.她刚一出门，一个学生就来拜访她。

(2)no sooner…than…

例句：No sooner had the game begun than it began to rainheavily.比赛刚一开始就下起了雨。

29. 动词 ing 形式作独立主格结构：逻辑主语和主句主语不一致时采用。

例句：Time permitting, we will go for a picnic tomorrow.(=f time permits, we will go for apicnic tomorrow.) 如果时间允许，我们明天会去野餐。

30. so...as to 结构：表示“如此......以至于......”。

例句：The girl was so excited as to shout herself hoarse.那个女孩兴奋得喊哑了嗓子。

31. even if 引导的让步状语从句：“即使”。

例句： Even if we achieve great success in our work, weshould not be proud.即使我们在工作中取得了巨大成绩，也不应该自满。

32. when 引导的状语从句

(1)when可以和延续性动词连用，也可以和短暂性动词连用。

例句：Why do you want a new job when you’ve got such a good one already?(get为短暂性动词)你已经找到如此好的工作，为何还想再找新的?

when从句的谓语动词可以在主句谓语动作之前、之后或同时发生。

例句：When he had finished his homework，he took a short rest.(finished先发生)当他完成作业后，他休息了一会儿。

When I got to the airport，theguests had left.(got to后发生)当我赶到飞机场时，客人们已经离开了。

33. that 引导的宾语从句

名词从句作动词宾语时，前面的that常被省略，特别是在非正式语体中。

例句：I suggested (that) they should drive along thecoast. 我建议他们沿着海岸开车。

I hoped (that) I would / should succeed. 我曾希望我会成功。

34. which 引导的主语从句。

例句：Which book they will choose is still unknown. 他们将选择哪本书仍然不被人知。

35.过去完成时和过去将来时

(1)过去完成时(past perfect tense)：强调的是过去某一动作或状态发生在另一动作前或过去某个时间常常用到的时态，或指在过去某个时间段已经发生的事情，它就是过去的过去。

①表示发生在过去的动作对现在造成的某种影响或结果，用来指定在另一个过去行动之前就已经完成了的一个事件。

②过去某动作一直持续到现在将来可能还要延续下去。句中的动作发生在过去之前(过去的过去)，即过去完成时动作发生在过去的过去。例句： He said he had been to Beijing twice. 他说他已经去过北京两次。

(2)过去将来时表示在过去某个时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。即:过去将来时是“立足过去,着眼未来”的一种时态, 常用于宾语从句中。判断这种时态的依据是:要有表示过去的“动作”, 而不是时间。例句：I heard that they were going toreturn to Shanghai soon. 我听说他们不久要回到上海。

36. there be句型：表示的是 “某处有(存在)某人或某物”，其结构为There be (is，are，was, were )+名词+地点状语。例句：There are fifty-two students in our class. 教室里有52个学生。

如何区分join与join in

Join和join in是英语学习中非常容易混淆的点，许多人在应用过程中经常会出错。其实只要掌握其中的技巧，就非常好区分。下面小编就为大家详细解释一下join和join in如何使用。

Join和join in的基本词义

join

英 [d???n]美 [d???n]

vt.& vi.连接；联结；加入；参加

vt.结合；参与；上（火车、飞机等）；上（路）

n.连接；结合；接合处；接合点

例句

1.I know you willjoinme in wishing them Godspeed.

我知道你会同我一起祝愿他们诸事顺遂的。

2.Organisers expect up to 300,000 protesters tojointhe march.

组织者们预计会有多达30万名的抗议者参加这次游行。

3.Angela says she longs tojoinan amateur dramatics class.

安杰拉说她渴望参加业余戏剧班。

join in

英 [d??in in]美 [d???n ?n]

参加，加入；

例句

1.I hope that everyone will be able tojoin inthe fun.

我希望每个人都能够加入进来，玩得开心。

2.Now and again he'djoin inwhen we were playing video games.

我们玩电子游戏时，他偶尔会和我们一起玩。

3.I didn't want tojoin in, but Kenneth insisted.

我不想加入，但是肯尼思非要坚持。

在口语表达角度上，join的含义是成为…的一员，参加。join in的含义是加入，参加(活动)。Join多指加入某个党派或社会团体，从而成为该党派或团体的一员。join in多指参加某项运动或活动，例如参加讨论、游行、罢工等。

Neither的用法都有哪些

neither意思是“两者都不”，在句中都可以充当主语、宾语、定语和同位语。以下是关于neither的用法详解

Neither的用法

Neither：既，可作代词，副词，或连词，也可作形容词。

1、作形容词时，意为俩者都不，后跟名词单数，谓语动词应用第三人称单数。

例句：

Don ’t argue!Neither answer is right.不要争吵，俩个答案都不是对的。

2、作代词时，意为俩个都不，表示全部否定，其反意词是both(俩个都)，做主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式，此时，可与介词of 连接，构成neither of+名词/代词宾格结构。也可单独做主语。

例句：

（1）Neither of them wants to go to the Great Wall.他们俩都不想去长城。

（2） Neither is right.俩个都是错的。

3、作连词时，常用

于”Neither …nor …”结构，表示既不-----也不-----，用来连接俩个并列成分。连接俩个并列主语时，谓语动词要采用“就近原则”。

（1）Neither he nor I am learning to draw .他和我都不学画画。

（2）Neither my parents nor I like playing basketball .我父母和我都不喜欢打篮球。

4、作副词时，意为“也不“表示同一事情不适用于另一个人，引出一个主句或成分，并用倒装语序，结构为”Neither+助动词/情态动词/系动词be+主语“ ，时态要与前句一致。只用于表示否定意义的情况。其反义结构为”so+助动词/情态动词/系动词be+主语“

例句：

（1）He can’t drive a car .neither can I.他不会开车，我也不会。

（2）My sister doesn’t like singing ,neither do I.

（3）He can driver a car ,so can I.他会开车，我也会。

（4）My sister likes singing ,so do I.我姐喜欢开车，我也喜欢。

（5）She is a volunteer, so am I.她是志愿者，我也是。

(一)被动语态

动词的语态主要分为两种：主动语态与被动语态主动语态指主语是谓语功作的执行者，则为主动关系。被动语态指主语是谓语动作的承受者，则为被功关系。

I have done the job.(主动句)

The job has been done.(被动句)

1.被动语态根据时态的不同，可分为以下几种类型：

一般现在时：am/is/are+done;

一般过去时：was/were+done

现在进行时：am/is/are+being done

过去进行时：was/were+being done

将来时 ：will/would+be done,be going to be done, be to be done

现在完成时：have/has +been done

过去完成时：had+been done

将来完成时：will+have been done

2被动语态门主功语态一样具有不同时态，其时态的变化取决于时间状语，其时态的变化形式由其助动词be的事态变化形式来体现

The house is being painted now.(现在进行时被动语态)

Eru0ugh has been said to him about it.(现在完成时被动语态)

The furniture was bought last week..(过去时被动语态)

Youll be punished one day.(将来时被动语态)

3.被动语态的意义

(1)不知道或没必要指出行为、动作的执行者(无须加buy短语)

Colour TV sets are sold in that shop.

Football is plated all over the world.

(2)突出和强调行为或动作的承受着。

History is made by the people.

The wounded soldiers have been saved by those people.

(3)有时主语较长，可后置。

Its said that we have won the game.

4.在使役动词makr及感官动词see ，hear….等动词的被动语态形式后面出现的作主语补足语的不定式须加不定式符号“to“

The teacher made Tom answer it again.(主动语态，不加“to” )

Tom was made to answer it again.(被动语态，加“to“ )

5.短语动词的被动语态要注意不可丢失其附加的介词、副词或短语。

look at，laugh at，send for，call on，carry out， listen to，take care of ,make use of,depend on，pay attention to，hand in，put on，look up，give up〕等.

6. be+过去分词可以是被动语态形式，也可以是系表结构形式。区别是，系表结构表示主语状态或特征，不带by短语;而被动语态是表示主语的一个被动动作，可以带by短语。

The job was well done.(系表结构)

The job was well done by a skilled worker.(被动语态)

The composition is well written.(系表结构)

The composition is written with great care;.(被动语态)

7.原来主动语态中的宾语如果是从句，变为被动语态时，要用形式主语it.

It has been known to him that many friends will come to see him.

It is said that this book has been translated into several languages.

8.有一些动词不能用被动语态。

break out，take place，happen，belong to，cost，suit，fit，have，let, wear, weigh. suffer, pass, kill the time, enter, last, meet(遇见)，join(参加)，fail等

9.宾语为反身代词时，不用被动语态，只用主动语态形式。

The man introduced himself as Mr. Wang.

10.有些动词或情态动词常用所接的不定式来表示被动意义。

如：happen，pretend，seem，used to，ought to，appear等。

The house used to be painted white.

The job has to be done before dark.

On the way we happened to be caught in the rain.

11.有些动名词在want, need, require和介词worth后形式为主动，意义为被动。

12.有些动词用主动形式来表示被动意义。如：clean, sell,look，lock，open，write，read，wash,feel等。

This kind of cloth washes easily.

These books sell well.(好卖)

The door doesnt lock.

The door cant open.

This pen writes very well.

13.除助动词be可以构成被动语态外，get, become等词也可以+过去分词构成被动意义。

She was unhappy because she didnt get invited to the party.

(。)主谓一致。

主谓一致指的是句子的谓语动词与其主语在数上必须保持一致，句子的主语是第三人称单数，其谓语动词须用单数，主语是复数，则谓语动词用复数。

1.主谓一致的三个原则。

英语中的主谓一致主要遵循三个原则：意义一致原则、语法一致原则和就近原则。这三个原则常常发生矛盾，但当发生冲突时，意义一致原则为优先考虑的原则。

(1)语法一致原则：

主语和谓语通常是在语法形式上取得一致，即主语是单数形式，谓语动词也应采取单数形式;主语是复数形式，谓语动词也应采取复数形式。

She is a girl.她是女孩。

They are all girls.她们都是女孩。

The professor and writer is invited to many universities to deliver lectures.

这位教授兼作家被邀请到很多大学作报告。

(教授与作家是同一个人，是单数.)

The old are very well taken care of in our city.老年人在我们城市被照顾得很好。( the old指所有的老年人，指一类人，为复数概念。)

(2)就近原则：

谓语动词的人称和数由靠近它的主语决定。

There is a book，two pens and three pencils on the desk.

书桌上有一本书，两支钢笔和三支铅笔。

There are two pens，a book and three pencils on the desk.

书桌上有两支钢笔，一本书和三支铅笔。

Either my sisters or my mother is coming.

不是我的姐妹们就是我的妈妈要来。

(3)意义一致原则：

主语形式上是单数，但表达复数意义，那么谓语动词要用复数形式;或主语形式上是复数，但表达单数意义，则谓语动词也采用单数形式。

The police are still running after the murderer.

警察还在追杀人犯。

The news was very exciting.

这则新闻令人激动。

My family were watching TV at 7 oclock.

7点钟的时候，我们全家人在看电视。

My family has moved three times.我们家搬过三次。

2.主谓一致的应用。

(1)单一主语的情况。

单一主语指的是由一个中心名词或名词短语构成的主语，其主语与谓语的一致情况如下：

①不定代词作主语

a.不定代词either, neither, each, one, the other, another,someone，somebody，something，anyone，anybody，anything，everyone, everybody, everything, nobody, no one, nothing等作主语时，谓语动词常用单数、

b. none作主语时如果指人或可数的物，表数目，谓语动词单复数形式皆可;如果指不可数名词，表量，谓语动词用单数。

Jimmy has used up all the money. None is left.

吉米把所有的钱都用光了，一点没留。

c. neither/either of+复数名词或复数形式的代词，谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数。

Neither of these words is correct.

这些单词没有一个是正确的。

d. the other two(…)，the other three(…)another two( ... ) , both等作主语时谓语动词用复数、

Five people came to help，but another three were still needed.

已经有五个人来帮忙了，但我们还需要三个

e. all指人时作主语，谓语动词用复数;指全部事情时，谓语动词常用单数‘

All the work was finished.

所有的活都干完了

All is going well一切都很正常.

f.在each… . and each，every….and every，no….and no,many a. . . and many a等由and连接并列单数主语的结构中，谓语动词用单数、

Each boy and each girl has got a seat.

每个男孩和女孩都有一个座位.

Every man and everv woman is at work.

每个男人和女人都在工作.

No sound and no voice is heard for a long while.

很长时间没有听到一点声音

Every boy and every girl likes the film star.

所有的男孩和女孩都喜欢这个电影明星

g. such山作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式应根据其意义而定、

Such is Stephen Hawking，who has suffered a great deal but achieved so much.

这就是史蒂芬霍金，遭受着巨大痛苦而作出巨大成就的人。

Such as have plenty of money want more money.

那些有足够钱的人还想要更多的钱。

②集合名词作主语

a.有些集体名词，如people, cattle, police等形式上是单数，但意义上是复数，谓语动词需用复数。

People are talking about the accident happened yesterday.

人们还在谈论昨天发生的那场事故。

b.集合名词，如audience(观众)，army, class, crew船员)，company(公司)，crowd(人群)，enemy, family, group, government(政府)，public (公众)，population(人口),team(队员)等作主语时，若作为一个整体看待，谓语用单数;若着眼于组成该集体的一个个成员或个体时，谓语就该用复数。

The population in China is very large and 80% of the population live in rural areas.

中国人口很多，其中80%的人住在农村。

c. 有些以-sh, -ese , -ch结尾的表示国家、民族的形容词与the连用时表示复数含义，谓语动词用复数如the English, the Chinese，the French等

The English are a polite people.英国是一个礼仪之邦。

③以复数形式结尾的特殊名词作主语

a.以一ics结尾的表示学科名称的名词作主语时，谓语用单数.

Politics is taught in our school.

我们学校开设政治课。

b.专有名词如国名、人名、书名、组织机构等作主语，形式上即使是复数，谓语动词也要用单数，如the United Nations, the United States，the New York Times等。

Lu Xuns works sells well. 鲁迅的著作很畅销。

c.有些名词如。arnings, thanks, goods, leavings(残渣，剩余)，clothes, trousers, belongings(财产)，savings, scissor，等作主语，其谓语动词只能用复数形式

The family were saved but the belongings were lost.

这一家人获救，但损失了所有财产。

d. means , sheep , (leer, crossroad、等单复数同形的名词作主语，谓语动词根据其单复数而定

Each means has been tried to solve the problem，but none is effective.

每一种方法都试过，但没有一个是有效的。

④含有修饰语的名词作主语

a一些由两个对应部分组成一体的复数名词，如trousers , pants, glasses, scissgrs等作主语，前面若无a pair of, a suit of, a set of, a series of等这类单位词，通常作复数用，谓语动词作复数。若带有单位词，则由单位词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数形式。

My shoes are under the bed.我的鞋在床下。

His black trousers are too long.他的那条黑裤子太长了。

Your glasses are on your nose.你的眼镜在鼻子上。

但若这类名词与a pair连用时，谓语动词往往用单数。

This pair of shoes is made in Beijing.这双鞋子是北京制造的。

There is a pair of glasses on your bed.你的床上有副眼镜。

b. a number of意为“许多”，修饰可数名词复数时谓语一般也用复数：the number of意为“……的数目”，作主语时，谓语只能用单数

A number of the other plants were found in America.

在美洲还发现了许多别的植物。

The number of people who travel by plane in China is larger than ever before.

在中国乘飞机旅行的人数比以往多了。

c.只修饰可数名词的量词several, a few, few, quite a few, a great manv(of...)作主语，谓语动词应用复数形式;其修饰的名词作主语、谓语动词也应用复数形式

Usually few regard their work as a pleasure. 通常很少有人把工作当成娱乐。

d. some, plenty of, a lot ( of) , lots( of)等词既可修饰可数名词，又可修饰不可数名词，谓语的形式应根据所修饰词而定、

A lot of students are coming to the meeting.

很多学生要来参加这次会议。

A lot of work is to be done to prepare for the conference.

为了准备会议，还有很多工作要做。

〔注意」a quantity( of) , ( large )quantities( of)作主语或其修饰的名词作主语，谓语动词应根据quantity的单复数形式而定。

Quantities of money are needed to equip the school.

学校安装设备需要很多钱。

A quantity of story books has been bought for the children.

为孩子们买了大量的故事书：

e. a great/ good deal( of)，a little，quite a little，a large amount( of)等修饰不可数名词的量词作主语或修饰的名词作主语，谓语动词只能用单数形式

A great deal of time was wasted playing but ought to have been fully used.

很多时间在玩耍中浪费掉了，但本应好好利用的

f. ”more than one十单数名词”尽管意义上是复数，但因中心词是单数形式，谓语也必须用单数以符合语法一致的原则在“more+复数名词+than one”结构之后，谓语常用复数.

More than one person was injured in the accident.

不止一人在这次事故中受伤-

More members than one are against the proposal.

反对这项提议的会员不止一个

g. “one or two +复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数

One or two students were planting trees yesterday afternoon.

昨天下午有一两个学生在植树

h.表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡的复数名词与pass, go by，waste, use, spend等词连用时，谓语动词用复数

Five years have passed since I joined the Party.我入党五年了

i. one or two 后接复数名词，谓语要用复数但在“a/an十单数名词+or two”结构之后，谓语却常用单数

One or two days are enough for this work.=A day or two is enough for this work.

干这活一两天就够了

j. the rest(of…)，the remaining，part(of...)，one half( of…)等词或短语作主语和它们所修饰的名词或代词作主语，谓语动词应根据主语所表达的单复数而定

Part of his story was not true.他讲的故事有一部分不是真的。

Part of the foreign teachers in our school are from Canada.我们学校一部分外籍教师来自加拿大.

k.当“几分之几(百分之几)+ of+名词”结构作主语时，一般也应根据of后的名词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数”one and a half +复数可数名词”作主语，谓语一般用单数.

This is because two thirds of the earths surface is made up of vast oceans.

这是因为地球表面积的2/3是由广阔的海洋构成的

Two thirds of these tasks have been completed.

这些任务已经完成了三分之。

One and a half days is all I can spare.

我只能抽出一天半的时间

It is reported that in this area one in four people suffers from lung cancer.

据报道在此地区有四分之一的人患肺癌(一般情况下，one in ten作主语和其修饰的名词作主语，谓语动词用单数形式)

(2)非谓语形式、从句作主语

①单独的不定式、动词的一ing形式作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式：如果多个非谓语动词连在一起表达同一概念，谓语动词用单数形式;如果表达不同概念，谓语动词用复数

Persuading him to join us seems really hard.

劝他加入我们似乎很难。

To go to bed early and to rise early is a good habit.

早睡早起是好习惯。

To work and to live are two different things but they are always together.

虽然工作和生活是两件不同的事情，但是它们永远相伴 。

②that，what，who，which，when，where，why，whatever, whoever,whichever, whenever, whereve：等引导的从句作主语或单独引导疑问句时，应根据概念上一致的原则决定谓语动词的数

“That .lack has gone abroad makes us all surprised.

杰克出国去了使我们都很惊讶

Who is Abraham Lincoln?林肯是谁?

Who are talking with each other?谁在相互讨论?

(3)以并列结构作主语的主谓一致

① and及both... and...

a. 一般来说，两个单数主语用and连接起来，表示两个不同的人或物，谓语动词用复数;但如果两个并列的单数主语在意义上指同一个人、同一个事物或同一个概念，谓语动词必须用单数

A smile and handshake show welcome.微笑和握手表示欢迎

The poet and writer has produced many works.这个诗人兼作家写出很多作品、

b.并列主语由or, either.. . or. . . , neither... nor. . . , not only…but also…连接时，谓语动词常与邻近的主语保持人称、数的一致

Either the teacher or the students are to blame. 或者是老师，或者是学生要受到责备

Not only the students but also their teacher doesnt know about it.

不仅仅是学生，还有他们的老师都对此一无所知_

Neither you nor I am fit for the work.

你和我都不适合干这个工作-

Are neither you nor I fit for the work?

你和我都不适合干这个工作吗?

(4)假性主语的主谓一致

with,together with(连同)，along with(和一起)，as wellas(也)，like(诸如)，such as(诸如)，as much as, no less than(和一样)，rather than(而不是)，including, besides, but,except, in addition以除……之外)等短语后的主语称为假性主语，谓语动词仍然根据原主语而定，不跟假性主语一致。

The boy with his dog is here.

这个男孩在这儿，还有他的狗

No one but your parents was there then.

那时，除了你的父母没有别人在那里

Tom，together with Mary and Alice，is going to swim this afternoon.

汤姆今天下午要和玛丽及艾丽丝去游泳

The teacher，including his students，is going to see Professor Smith.

那位老师和他的学生们将去看望史密斯教授、

(5)由there , here引导的主语不止一个时，谓语通常和最邻近的主语保持一致、

There is a lake and some hills around it.

它被一个湖和几座刁、山环绕着、

(6)定语从句中的谓语动词应视先行词的单复数而定，先行词是单数，定语从句中的谓语动词也用单数，先行词是复数，定语从句中的谓语动词也用复数

Those(people)who are for this plan are to sign your nameright on this paper.

同意这个计划的在这张纸上签名

I will always treasure the moments that were full of pleasures.

我将永远珍惜充满欢乐的时光：

The news that has been published in todays newspaper isnt true.

今天报纸上发布的新闻不是真的。

(7)在倒装句中谓语应与后面的主语保持一致。

On the wall hang some pictures by Picasso.

墙上挂着一些毕加索的画。

(8)运算数词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。

Three times five is fifteen. 3乘5等于15

Five minus four is one. 5减4等于1。

Seven times four makes twenty-eight. 7乘4等于?g

(9)表示数量的“one and a half+复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词要用单数。

One and a half bananas is left on the table.

桌子上还剩有一个半香蕉。

One and a half hours is enough一个半小时足够了。

六、知识*能力聚焦

1. off prep.&adv.离开，分开

(1)prep.

The hall rolled off the table.球从桌上滚落

Keep off the grass.勿践踏草地

He entered a big house off the high street. 他进入了一所离大街不远的大房子。

The ship sank off Cape Horn. 这艘轮船在合恩角外沉没了

(2)adv.

The town is still five miles off%amaN. 那小镇尚在五英里之外-

We are still some way off.

我们仍有一段距离(如距目的地)要走

Please tell them that the meeting is olf

请告诉他们会议已经取消了。

〔常用短语〕

take sth. off sth. 扣除，减去

fall off 跌落

knock sth. off sth.把某物从另一物上.放掉

wipe sth. off sth. 把某物从另一物上擦掉

along the coast 沿着海岸

off the coast 海岸外/在海上

on the coast海岸上/在海岸

The British Isles are a group of islands that lies off the west coast of Europe.

不列颠群岛是一组位于欧洲西海岸不远处的岛屿

Wuhan lies on the Chanjiang River.

武汉位于长江边

2. face n.脸vt.转向，面向

(1)n.

Judging from his worried face，we knew that he must have had some trouble.

从他焦急的脸色判断，我们知道他肯定有麻烦了.

(2)vt.

-How does the house face?这房屋面朝哪边?

-It faces ( to the ) east.朝东。

I was faced with new problem.我面临着新的M题

〔常用短语〕

in( the) face of不顾(问题、困难等)

lose ones face失面子，丢脸

fight in the face of公然反抗

face the music 由于自己的决定或行为而接受批评或承担后果

3. range n. &vt.

(1)n.山脉，视觉(听觉)范围(区域)，射程

There is a magnificent range of mountains in the borderland. 在边境地带有连绵不断的雄伟山脉。

The tree is within range of vision.这棵树在视野之内

( 2 ) vt.(在一定范围内)变化，排列

The prices of the dolls range from$5 to$100. 这些布娃娃的价格从5美元到100美元不等

The discussion ranged over various problems. 这次讨论涉及了种种问题

4. design n.. &v.

( 1 )n. 图样，设计，图案;目的，意向

This is a design for the garden.

这是那座花园的设计图

We dont know if it was done by accident or by design.

我们不知道那是偶然的，还是故意的。

His evil designs were frustrated.

他的罪恶意图未能得逞

(2) v.设计，控制

She is designing dresses for the singer.

她在为这位歌手设计服装

He designed a plot for tits new novel.

他为他的新小说拟定情节

This weekend party iNas designed to bring the two musicians together.

这次周末聚会的用意是使两位音乐家见面

〔常用短语〕

by design故意地，蓄意地;

have designs on/against对…… 抱不良企图，图谋加害于;

design stfi. for sb. /sth.设计，制图，构思

5. influence n.&v.

( 1 )n. 影响，支配，作用

the influence of the moon on the tides 月球对潮汐的作用

These so-called friends of hers have a bad influence on her. 她那些所谓的朋友对她影响很坏

He has a strange influence over the girl. 他对这个女孩子有一种奇妙的影响

Her influence made me a better person. 受她的影响，我变好了

(2) v. 影响，感化

The rice crops will be influenced by the weather. 稻谷的收成将受到气候的影响

It is clear that her paintings have been influenced by Picasso. 她的画显然受到毕加索的影响

What influenced you to behave like that? 是什么支配你那样做的?

6. refer vi. ( referred, referred, referring)涉及，提到( to);查资料;参与;针对;提交，交付

He referred to pollution in his report last week. 上周在报告中他提到了污染问题、

The shop referred the complaint to the manufacturers. 商店把投诉转交给制造商

refer to 意思是“提到，谈到，涉及，衣考，查阅”

refer to sb. /sth. as 意为“称某人/某物为……”，to是介词，不可省略

be referred to( as) 是refer to的被动式，意思是“把......称作”

When f was saying that I wasnt referring to you. 我那样说的时候，指的并不是你、

The huge clock in London is referred to as“Big Ben”. 伦敦的大钟被称为“大本钟”

They referred to their friendly teacher as“Mother”. 他们把和善的老师称为“妈妈”

7. compare vt. &vi.比较，对照;比作

He cannot compare with Shakespeare as a writer of tragedies.

作为一个悲剧作家，他无法和莎士比亚相比

compare... with意为“把......与……进行比较/相比”

compare... to... 意为“把……比作......”，含“比喻”之意

compare with sb. /sth.意为‘和某人或某事物相比或值得相比”

Its necessary to compare English with Chinese in English study.学英语时有必要把英语和汉语进行比较

Compare this with that，and youll which is better. 把这个同那个比较，你就知道哪个更好了

He began comparing himself pith the students. 他开始把自己和学生比较起来

Young people are often compared to the rising still. 年轻人常被比作初升的大阳

The writer of the poem compares his loser to a rose. 诗的作者把他的爱人比作玫瑰。

[注意]

compare 的过去分词作状语时，compared to 和 compare with在应用上无区别，常被用于句首或句末。

This hardship is nothing，compared to/with those the Red Army faced on the Long March.

和红军长征比起来，这点苦算不上什么

Compared to/with many girls，she was indeed very lucky.

与许多女孩相比，她的确算很幸运了

8. percent n.百分之……

percent表示“百分之…”，相当于%，其前往往是一个具体的数字

percentage表示“百分比，百分率”，其前不能是一个具体的数字，只能被high , low等形容词修饰。

-What percentage of babies died of this disease last year?

去年婴儿死于这种疾病的百分比是多少?

-One percent.百分之一

9. would like to do原音做草事

would like sb. to do宁愿要某人做某事

would like to have done本打算做但没做

Id like to pay you a visit next week. 下周我打算拜访你。

Hed like me to look after his pet dog. 他愿意让我照看他的宠物狗。

Id like to have gone with you，but I was busy then. 我本打算同你一起去的，但当时我很忙。

10. check n. &vt.

(1) n. 检查，核对;发票，支票

We should have a check on the quality of all goods leaving the factory.

我们应当对全部货物在出厂前进行质量检查

We have kept the SARS in check for a year now. 到目前为止我们已控制SARS这种疾病一年了

Ive lost the check for my coat. 我把大衣的发票弄丢了

I always pay bills by check.我总是用支票付账

(2) vt. 阻止，制止，控制;核查;调查;托运或寄存

Will you please check these figures? 请检查这些数字有无错误好吗?

Check your coat at the door. 把你的外套寄存在入口处、

〔辫析〕check，examine，test

check指核对，核实，特别是对数量或质量加以验证;

examine着重指检查、研讨及审查;

test指测验、检验、测试一个人的.某种能力

Please check in at the airport an hour before your plane leaves.

你要在飞机起飞前一个小时到机场办理登机手续。

I examined students in English. 我测验学生英文。

Id better have my eyes tested. 我该去检查视力了。

11. across prep.(表示运动)横过，越过，(表示位置)在……的对面

The old man walked across the road. 那个老人小心地走过马路

He lives across the street from us. 他住在我们对面的大街上

A boy helped a blind man across the street. 一个小男孩帮助一位盲人过马路

[辫析] across，past，through

across表示“横过，横穿，越过”，它的含义与on, over有关，侧重于动作在某一物体或某一地方的表面进行。across作介词还可表示“在……讨过”;作副词表示“对过”或“横过”。

past表示从某物旁边经过

[注意] past是介词，不可与动词pass相混淆。

We walked past the hospital.=We passed by the hospital. 我们从医院旁边经过

through表示“通过，穿过”，它的含义与in有关，侧重动作在某一物体空间里进行，含有从中间通过之意。through还可表示“凭借”“(做)完”等意。

The ship sailed across the Atlantic. 这只船横渡过了大西洋

She is talking to the neighbour across the garden fence. 她正隔着篱笆与邻居说话：

He was absent-minded and walked past the station. 他走路时心不在焉而走过了车站。

The policeman forced his way through the crowd. 警察奋力穿过人群

He walked through the street and found nothing alive. 他走过街道，没有发现有生命的东西。

12. in the south of, to the south of与on the south of

in the south of 在...... 的南边(部)，通常指某一范围之内;

to the south of 在……在南边，强调越出了某一范围;

on the south of 在...... 南面，强调两者毗部，接攘。

He lives in the north of Scotland.他住在苏格兰北部

The church is to the south of London. 那座教堂在伦敦的南边。

China faces the Pacific on the east.中国东临太平洋。

〔注意〕我们只有笼统地指明方向时，可以不出现介词。

Shandong is north of Fujian. 山东位于福建北部

South of the mountain，there is a big river. 山的南部，有一条大河。

13. cover v.盖，掩盖;行过(路程);报道;读

n.盖子，封面，封底，包皮

〔常用短语〕

cover sth. 盖住……

cover... with 用……盖住……

cover 30 pages 读三十页

be covered with... 用……覆盖

cover an area of… 占地面积为，…

cover 2,000 li 走了两千里

cover a conference 报道会议

under cover 隐藏着

under the cover of 在……的掩护下，趁着

The book with a hard cover is more expensive. 精装书比较贵

Flood water covered the fields by the river. 洪水淹没了河边的田地。

Rubble covered the pavement.人行道上铺了碎石块。

The chief editor sent a reporter to cover the event. 主编派记者去报道这一事件

Her lectures covered the subject throughly. 她的演讲对这个问题阐述得很透彻

The Red Army men covered 25，000 1i during the Long March.

长征中，红军走过了两万五千里

〔辫析〕 discover，uncover, find out

discover指“发现”某种本来存在、而以前未被发现的事物或不为人所知的东西。

find out常用来指“弄明白、搞清楚、查出(某一真相)”，作“发现”讲时，是指发现一种无形而隐藏的东西。

uncover还可表示“发现、揭露、暴露”等意思，一般用于贬义，其宾语常常是：relic遗物、古迹，plot阴谋、圈套、(秘密)计划，conspiracy共谋、阴谋

Do you know who discovered America? 你知道是谁发现美洲的吗?

Think it over and youll find out the answer to the question. 仔细想想，你就会找到问题的答案

He uncovered the famous picture. 他揭开了那幅名画的覆盖物

14. work n.作品;成果;制品

v.运转;开动;工作

Almost everyones success is achieved by hard work. 几乎每个人的成功都是靠艰苦的劳动获得的。

This vase is a wonderful piece of work. 这个花瓶是一件了不起的作品

He likes 0. Henrys works. 他喜欢欧亨利的作品

[辫析]work on，work at，work out

work on和work at都可以作“致力于;从事于”解释，相当于be engaged in，常常可以互相代替。但当表示“克服(困难);解决(难题)”时，较倾向于用work at;在表示“致力于创作或制造时”，较倾向于用work on

work out“解出，找出答案”，可以看作是work on的结果，相当于find或have got,

Here he worked on a short film，which won him a job as the youngest film director in the world.

他制作了一部短片，这使他获得了一份工作，并成为世界上最年轻的电影导演。

Its said that hes working at/on a new novel. 据说他正在写一部小说

He liked to work at difficult problems in maths. 他喜欢解数学难题。

We have made up our minds to research on till we work out the facts of what has caused the pollution.

我们决心研究下去，直到弄清导致污染的根源

15. more than：表示“多于，超过，不仅仅，不止”

more... than;表示“与其说，倒不如说”

no more than表示“不过，仅仅;同一样不”

not more than表示“至多，不超过”

More than one member was against the plan. 不止一个人反对该计划

There are more than sixty students in our class. 我们班有60多个学生

He is more than our teacher and he is our friends. 他不仅仅是我们的老师，也是我们的朋友

His father is more disappointed than angry. 他父亲与其说是生气，倒不如说是失望

The little boy is not more than 5 years old. 这个小男孩不超过五岁。(最大只有五岁)

The little boy is no more than five years old. 这个小孩只有五岁。(言年龄小)

[注意]more than one和many a后均跟可数名词单数，谓语动词用单数，但是more十可数名词复数+ than

one作主语时，谓语动词用复数

Many a student likes playing football. 不止一个学生喜欢踢足球。

More workers than one were for his opinions. 不止一个工人支持/赞成他的观点。

16.“由于，因为”的几种表达方式

because+从句

because of+n .

thans to十n.

owing to十n.

due to+n.

as a (the)result of十n.

on account of十n.

(1) because为从属连词，后跟一个完整的句子构成原因状语从句而because of则是一个介词短语，后接名词或动名词

He didnt ao to school because of his illness.

= He didn’ t go to school because he was ill. 他没去上学是因为生病了。

He was punished by his teacher because of his cheating on exams.

=He was punished by his teacher because he cheated on exams. 他因考试作弊受到老师的惩罚。

( 2 )thanks to这一短语介词，含有、‘幸亏、多亏、亏得、依赖、依靠、由于、因为”等意思几它引导的短语，可以表达正面意思(近似于原意“感谢”)，也可用于讽刺口吻中(近似于讽刺口吻的“感谢”)它引导的短语在句中用作状语时，大多放在句首，也可以置于句末.

My mother is getting better and better，thanks to the doctor.

多亏了医生，我母亲才一天天康复起来(感谢的口吻)

Thanks to your help，I passed the test. 幸亏有你的帮助，我通过了刚验〕(正面意思)

(3) owing to意为“由于，因为”，在句中通常用作状语，可置于句首或句末。

Owing to my absence，they had to put off the class meeting till next week.

由于我不在，他们只好将班会推迟到下个星期.

Xiao Wang could not come to the ball(，)owing to a bad cold. 因为得了重感冒，小王没能去打(踢)球.

(4) due to意为“由于”，它引导的短语在句中一般用作表语或定语，但在很多场合也可与owing to通用，作状语. 这一用法在现今英语中也很流行，但不如owing to那么严谨.

The accident is due to your careless driving. 那件意外事故归因于你驾驶不小心.

(5) as a ( the) result of意为 “ 由于......的结果”，一般用作状语。

He was late as a result of the traffic jam. 由于交通阻塞，他迟到了。

(6) on account of意为“因......缘故，由于”它引导的短语在句中通常作状语，可置于句首或句末。

The train was delayed on account of a heavy snow. 由于一场大雪火车来迟了。

17. such pron.这样的物(事、人)

adj.(无比较级和最高级)这样的，如此的

One such dictionary is enough. 这样的词典一本就够了

We are not such fools as to believe him. 我们不是那样的愚人，竟会相信他。

〔注意〕(1 )such放在名词前时，这个名词带或不带形容词都可以。such可在句中修饰不可数名词，而so不可以这样用。

(2)such一般用来加强语气，强调名词或形容词的意思。若有比较的意思时常用like this/that的形式来表达。

[辨析]such as， such...as， such...that

such as(用于列举事物)

such...as...(用于定语从句)

such...that(引导结果状语从句)

There are many books in the library such as novels，storybooks and picture books.

这家图书馆有很多书，诸如小说、故事书、图画书之类.

I went to the shop and bought such things as bread，wine and vegetables.

我去商店买了这些东西，如面包、葡萄酒和蔬菜。

He is such a lovely student as every teacher likes. 他是如此可爱的学生，以致于每个老师都喜欢他

Such things a, you have bought are not good value for money. 你买的这些东西根本不值所花的钱。

She is such a beautiful girl as many young men love.

=She is such a beautiful girl that many young men love her. 她是如此的漂亮，以致于很多年轻男子喜欢她。18. Between France and Spain is another mountain range-the Pyrenees.

法国与西班牙之间横亘着另外一条山脉------庇里牛斯山。

当地点状语放在句首时，所引导的句子应用完全倒装，即地点状语十谓语十主语+其他

On her left sat her husband.她左边坐着她丈夫。

Beyond the river lives an old fisherman. 有个老渔夫住在河的对岸：

所谓完全倒装，就是将谓语动词置于主语前。完全倒装一般具有以下两个条件：①谓语动词是单个(即不带情态动词、助动词或be动词)的不及物动词，且只限于一般现在时或一般过去时;②主语只能是名词。完全倒装一般有以下四种情况：

(1)以here等副词开头引出的完全倒装

在描述情景时，为了使景象更生动，有时把here, there, now, then, out, in, up, down, off , away等方向性副词位于句子开头时，句子用完全倒装。此时，①句子主语必须是名词;②谓语动词通常是be,come , go, run, rush, fly, follow, fall等表示位移的不及物动词，且为一般现在时态;③其中的here ,there不是表示地点，而是用以引起对方注意。

Here comes the bus.汽车来了。

There goes the bell.铃响了。

Here are some advertisements about cars. 这儿有几则有关汽车的广告。

(2)以表语或状语开头引出的完全倒装

有时为了强调，或者为了使句子平衡，或者为了使上下文连接得更加紧密，就将表语和地点状语(多为介词短语)置于句首，谓语动词也常置于主语前，构成完全倒装。

Among the people was a man named Brown. 在这些人中有一个叫布朗的人。

On the top of the hill stands an old temple. 这个山顶上有一座庙。

(3 )there be结构及其变体的完全倒装。

There is a tall tree in front of the house. 这所房子前面有一裸大树。

〔注意〕在there be结构中，可以代替be的还有以下动词：live，lie，stand，appear，rise，remain，happen，come，go等。

Once there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea. 从前，在海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。

(4)直接引语放在句首引起的完全倒装。

若直接引语的部分或全部放在句首，并且说话人是名询时，将say或ask置于说话人前，构成完全倒装。

“Are you ready?”asked the teacher. “准备好了没有?”老师问道。

"It is unbelievable!”said Alfred Butts. 阿尔弗雷德布滋说，“这真叫人难以置信!”

19. There is a mountain range called the Alps. 有一座山脉叫做阿尔卑斯山脉。

called the Alps被叫做阿尔卑斯山脉，此处，called the Alps是过去分词短语作后置定语，相当于which is called the Alps，这是一个定语从句，过去分词作定语，表示被动和完成。

a boy named Jack一个名叫杰克的男孩。

They built a monument in memory of the people killed in the war.

他们建了一座纪念碑，用以怀念在战争中遇害的人们。

不定式、过去分词和现在分词的被动式作定语的区别： 这三种形式作定语，主要体现在动作发生的时间上。

(1)过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，或是没有一定的时间性。

Have you read the novel written by Dickens? 你读过这本狄更斯写的小说吗?

He is a man loved and respected by all. 他是个受众人爱戴的人。

(2)现在分词的被动式作定语时表示的动作正在发生或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生：

Listen!The song being sung is very popular with the students.

听!现在唱的这首歌很受学生欢迎;

(3)不定式的被动式作定语时，表示一个未来的动作。

The question to be discussed at tomorrows meeting is a very important one.

明天会上讨论的这个问题是个很重要的问题

试比较：

a house being built now一座正在被建造的房子

a house to be built next year一座要建造的房子

a house built last year一座去年建成的房子

20. Paris is the capital and largest city of France，

situated on the River Seine.巴黎是法国的首都，也是法国最大的城市，坐落在塞纳河畔。

如果两个名词指两个人或物，通常每个名词前都要加冠词;如果两个名词指同一个人或物，一般只用一个冠词。

He sent her the red and the white roses.

他送给她红玫瑰和白玫瑰(两种)

He sent her the red and white rose.

他送给她红白相间的玫瑰(一种)

The driver and the manager went to the company.

司机和经理一同来到公司。(两个人)

The driver and manager went to the company.

经理自己开着车来到公司。(一个人)

21. None of them speaks Spanish.没有一个人说西班牙语。

none pron 没有一个，无一

None of the money on the table is mine. 桌上的钱没有一分是我的。

None of us enjoy getting up early.我们中间没人喜欢早起

But none of them has been turned to stone yet! 但是他们谁也没有变成石头!

no one, none,nothing的用法

(1 ) no one单独使用，只用于指人，可以回答who提出的问题

-Who will get to station?谁要到车站去?

-No one.没有人。

(2) none一般与of短语连用，指人或物。none of the boys/the money/them中，none强调数的概念。none可以回答how mane ,how much提出的问题

He has many friends. But none of them can really help him when he is in trouble.

他有许多朋友，但当他遇到困难时却没有一个能真正帮他。

-How many Chinese stamps do you collect? 你收集了多少中国邮票?

-None一张没有。

(3) nothing表示“什么也没有，没有东西”，是全部否定，作主语、宾语或表语。

Nothing can stop us marching forward. 没有什么东西能阻止我们前进

22. The expanded European Union has a population of more than half a billion people，twice as big as the population of the United States. 扩大后的欧盟拥有五亿多人口，这个数目是美国人口的两倍。

(1)population n.

population的用法要注意以下四点：

①当问及国家、城市、地区等有多少人口时，可以用。

What is the population of China? 中国有多少人口?

②表达拥有多少人口时，我们常用have a population of.... 或some place with a population of. . . 。

China has a population of more than 1.3 billion people.

或China is a country with a population of more than 1.3 billion people. 中国有十三亿多人口

③当population置于句首充当句子的主语时，且其前有分数、百分数修饰时，谓语动词用复数。

About 80% of the Chinese population are Han people. 中国人口的80%是汉族

Two thirds of the population of this area are farmers. 这一地区三分之。的人口是农民

④修饰population这个词，常用big, large, small，而不用much, many等。

China has a large population.中国人口众多

(2) twice是名词，在这里表示倍数，倍数的表示法常有以下四种：

① A is... times + adj. /adv.的比较级+than B

This bridge is three times longer than that one. 这座桥比那座桥长三倍。

At least，the train runs five times faster than the boat. 火车的速度至少比小船快五倍

② A is... times as + adj. /adv.的原级+as B

This bridge is four times as long as that one. 这座桥是那座桥的四倍长

At least，the train runs six times as fast as the boat火车的速度至少是小船的速度的六倍

③ A is... times the size/ length/ width/ height/ depth+of +B

This bridge is four times the length of that one. 这座桥是那座桥的四倍长

After the experiment，the plant is six times the height of what it was before.

试验之后，植物的高度是原来的六倍

④ The size/length/height/depth/width+of A+is+… times of+B

The length of this bridge is four times of that bridge. 这座桥是那座桥的四倍长

Your room is three times as big as mine.

Your room is twice bigger than mine.

=The size of your room is inree times that of mine.

=your room is three times the size of mine. 你房间的面积是我房间的面积的三倍

Module 2 Develop and Develod Countries

【摘要】高中英语语法教学中存在诸多不足之处，教师应积极面对加以改进：敢于突破，积极进行教学创新；重视学法的重要性；通过英语实践掌握基本英语语法；教会学生学会总结英语特点，重视英汉用法的“异”和“同”；注意学习英语国家的文化。

【关键词】高中英语语法教学

掌握适当的英语语法知识是发展语言能力的一个不可忽略的有机组成部分。分析研究历年的高考英语试题，我们也不难发现掌握扎实的英语语法知识也是获取英语高考高分的基础。

一、语法教学中存在的不足之处

1.语法格式化，偏重讲解

语法格式化，即教师在语法教学中，常常将固定的用法、分类和规则，放在固定的范围中进行学习，教师和学生在平时的教学中也形成了一种固化的思维模式，一旦脱离这种环境，师生就会产生不适之感，或错误地认为那是不正确的。另外，有些教师片面地认为学生学会了语法就等于学好了英语，具体表现为偏重语法知识的讲解，让学生背诵一条条语法规则。学生完全处于被动状态，疲于应付晦涩难懂的语法概念，其结果是遏制了学生学习英语的兴趣，也不利于他们语言学习和语言应用能力的发展，导致了英语教学的低效。

2.过分淡化语法教学

英语教学过程中过分“淡化”语法教学。有些教师认为只要在课堂上设置各种任务和活动，给学生提供足够的语言训练机会，学生会在完成任务和参与活动的过程中自然地掌握所学的语法知识。尽管部分学生的英语口头表达能力有所提高，但由于语言基础知识掌握不牢，不能用准确、得体的标准英语进行口头表达。在书面表达中，问题尤其严重，如不加以规范，不利于学生英语学习的可持续发展。

3.语法与词法的孤立教学

目前在高中英语教学中，有些教师仍然沿袭着传统的教学模式，把语法教学与词法教学割裂开来，语法是单纯的语法，讲授规则、应用等等，而词法要在另一个时间内学习。学生不仅要花费大量的时间学习语法，还要在学习词汇上花费一定的时间和精力。其实，从某种程度上说，语法可说是躯干，词汇可说是枝叶。语法和词汇密不可分，每个词汇中都有语法问题，语法体现在整个词汇之中。孤立研究语法不可能掌握语法，语法要在活生生的语言中体现。那种人为的割裂在很大程度上提高了英语学习的难度，也同时增加了学生的学习负担。

4.语法规则与具体应用、习惯用法的割裂

大多数中学生都有一本英语语法的参考书，教师也多进行一些语法的讲解，但那基本上是一个粗线条的笼统分类结构。在近几年的全国高考英语“Grammar and vocabulary”中，更多的是检测语法的具体应用和习惯用法。而那种格式化的教学方式和学习方式在某种程度上割裂了二者的关系，使得语法学习成为学生学习的“软肋”。

二、语法教学中教师应积极改进

教师在语法教学中扮演着很重要的角色，教师教学理念的变化对学生学习语法的效率也产生着一定的影响。针对上述在语法教学中出现的一系列问题，教师应积极面对，采取有效策略。

1.敢于突破，积极进行教学创新

面对轰轰烈烈的课程改革，面对新的课程标准，面对个性迥异的学生，如何突破原有的根深蒂固的教学观念，积极进行教学创新，这是对新时期英语教师的挑战，而高中英语教师由于其高考的特殊身份更是处在万众瞩目的焦点。教学创新并非完全放弃传统的教学方法，而是要充分考虑学生的接受能力和兴趣爱好，有针对性的引导学生对语法知识感知、体验、运用和归纳，通过一些有意义的交际活动，使学生在实践中感受到语法规则的作用并逐步掌握这些规则，其主要目的是培养学生的语法意识。语法教学的最终目的是学生能用所学的语法知识在恰当的场合表达恰当的意义，换句话说就是在不同的语言环境下能表达并对不同的言语行为做出反应。从教学的角度来看， 学生语法能力的缺陷， 只有在运用中才容易观察到。可见语法教学不应只是培养学生语言能力，更重要是培养学生的交际能力及语言的实际运用能力。

2.重视学法的重要性

“学有法，而无定法”。重视学法，其基本精神就是使学生热爱学习，学会学习，养成良好的学习习惯。对于语法学习来说，掌握适合自己的学习方法至关重要。所以，在平时的教学过程中，教师要起到一个引导者和组织者的作用，及时加强学法指导，把研究性学习和发现法逐步贯彻到语法学习中去，如：可在教师的指导下，学生按自愿结组方式组成研究小组，将学习语法过程中有困难的项目整理出来，各小组选定一个项目然后采取多种生动活泼的方式进行探究性学习，将这些语法项目系统化，并在交际活动中得体地、有效地加以运用的学习过程。更要帮助学生形成一种认识：语法是对我们语言实践活动的一种帮助，要把基本的语法知识运用到使用英语的实践中，投入到听、说、读、写的能力培养中。

3.通过英语实践掌握基本英语语法

单纯的英语语法知识讲解，一来学生会感到枯燥无味，觉得晦涩难懂；二来教师在教学过程中也感到把握不准重难点。在长期的教学过程中，笔者发现在实践中通过针对性的练习，反复操练基本句型，让学生在大量的语言实践中自己去发现语法现象和规律，从而建立一种语言习惯。当然，在练习过程中要遵循从易到难的准则，首先从单项练习开始，培养学生的语感。但言语技能的提高是通过听、说、读、写等能力的培养综合而成的，这仅靠单项练习是办不到的，所以，在此基础上要逐步过渡到综合性的练习上。二者紧密结合，互相补充，交替运用。

4.教会学生学会总结英语特点，重视英汉用法的“异”和“同”

在高三复习阶段，学生每天都要接触大量的习题，各种提高题、模拟题、真题等也是不断接受着学生的“检测”。但不管题目如何变化多端，其中隐含的知识点和考点还是那么多，有的仅仅是变换了人称、数和时态。这就要求教师在平时的教学中要教会学生如何总结英语语法特点，掌握其精髓，以不变应万变。

5.学语法要注意学习英语国家的文化，二者密不可分

学习英语不仅是学习语言作为交流的工具，也要学习英语国家的文化及背景、生活习俗。这就是说学生在学习英语语法知识的同时，还需具备英语语言所包含的文化知识和使用的习惯及倾向。不懂得文化风俗、交际功能特点以及社会价值观念，就会造成学习语言的困难。因此，应始终将语言的文化融入到语法学习中，在语法学习中感受语言精华，感受异域文化，感受英语国家的真实生活。如我们在学习英语的过程中，会逐渐发现英语句子表达、结构和汉语的区别，英语句子结构倾向复合，非谓语动词、独立主格结构、定语从句及各种状语从句综合运用；而汉语句子结构更倾向简单化。所以，在语法教学过程中教师适当地有针对性地增加一些英汉文化的对比是很有必要的，这样不但明了真实语境中的语法运用，也同时养成真正的英语思维，对学生语法运用能力的提高也将起到积极的作用。

总之，针对高中英语语法教学中存在的上述问题，教师不仅需要更新教学观念，认真钻研教法、学法，更需要发挥教师自身的教育智慧，积极进行教学创新，让学生在充分理解的基础上实现英语语法学习的高效。

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