过去分词的用法总结

以下是小编为大家准备的过去分词的用法总结,本文共16篇,欢迎大家前来参阅。

过去分词的用法总结

一、表语:

1. The cup is broken.

2. The door remains locked.门仍然锁着。

3. She looked disappointed. 她显得很失望。

二、定语:

1. Polluted air and water are harmful to people’s health.

2. A broken cup is lying on the ground.

3. This is one of the houses built last year. =which was built last year.

4. The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies. = that had ever been found in England.

三、宾语补足语:可以带过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有:

1) see, hear, find ,feel, think等表示感觉和心理状态的动词

He found his hometown greatly changed when he came back from abroad.

He once heard the song sung in German.

Every thought the match lost.

2) make, get, have, keep 等表示“致使”意义的动词:

He’s going to have his hair cut.

She had her foot injured in the fall.

When you talk, you have to at least make yourself understood.

Please keep us informed of the latest developments.

( 请让我们了解最新的发展情况。)

2) 等表示“希望” “要求”等意义的动词:

He won’t like such questions (to be ) discussed at the meeting .

I want this letter (to be ) typed now.

They ordered the film banned.(禁演)

四、状语:

The trainer appeared, followed by six little dogs.

Once seen, it can never be forgotten. =Once it is seen,

Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful = When it is seen from the hill,

Given more time, we could do it much better. = If we were given more time,

要采取就近一致原则,和靠近be 的'主语一致。如:

There is a pen, two rulers in the box. 盒子里有一只钢笔,两把尺子。

There are two boys and a teacher at the school gate. 门口有两个男孩,一个老师。

I've never been a great one for writing letters.

我向来不喜欢写信。

The pen writes smoothly.

这支钢笔书写流畅。

I used to write during my free periods at school

过去我经常在课余时间写作。

quit的'用法

用法1:quit的基本意思是“离开”,强调脱离或摆脱那些控制或纠缠着人们或给人造成负担的事物。可用作不及物动词或及物动词。用作及物动词时,接名词、代词作宾语。

用法2:quit还可作“停止”解,指活动的最后停止,有时指被动的停止。可用作不及物动词或及物动词,用作及物动词时,常接名词、代词或动名词作宾语。可用于被动结构。

用法3:quit的过去式和过去分词是quit/quit,也可以是quitted/quitted,前者是美国用法,后者是英国用法。

用法4:在新闻体裁中, quit是leave的替代词。。

过去分词的用法及练习

Ⅰ.概念:过去分词: 表示动作是被动的和已经完成

Ⅱ.功能

一.过去分词作表语

1. 及物动词的过去分词作表语,表示主语的状态,既表示被动,又表示完成。

The cup is broken. 茶杯破了。

2. 不及物动词的过去分词作表语,只表示动作的完成。

He is retired. 他已退休。

3. 有些过去分词作表语时,构成的谓语很接近被动结构。

The city issurrounded on three sides by mountains. 这座城市三面环山。

〖注意】过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别:过去分词作表语,主要是表示主语的状态,而被动语态则表示动作。

The cup wasbroken by my little sister yesterday.

(被动语态,表示动作)

The library is now closed. (过去分词作表语表示状态)

【注意】过去分词表示被动或完成;-ing 形式表示主动或进行。有些情绪类动词如interest, bore, worry, surprise, frighten ,shock等修饰人加-ed; 修饰物用 -ing。

Thebook is interesting and I'm interested in it.

这本书很有趣,我对它很感兴趣。

二 . 过去分词作定语:

及物动词的过去分词作定语,既表被动又表完成;不及物动词的过去分词作定语,只表完成。

1.单个的过去分词用作定语,常置于其所修饰的名词之前。

We must adaptour thinking to the changed conditions.

我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况。

fallen leaves枯叶 the risen sun升起来的太阳

written /spoken English笔头/口头英语

2. 过去分词短语用作定语时,常置于其所修饰的名词之后,其意义相当于一个定语从句,但较从句简洁

The concertgiven by their friends was a success.

他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功。

3.过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语,前后常有逗号。

The meeting,attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero. 他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会,到会的有五千多人。

三 . 过去分词作宾语补足语

(一)过去分词作宾补的动词有以下三类:

1.感官动词。如:see,watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, 等。

I heard the songsung in English. 我听到这首歌有人用英语唱过。

He felt himselffollowed. 他感觉有人跟踪他。

(过去分词changed表示动作的完成。)

2. 使役动词。如:have,make, get, keep, leave等。

I’ll have myhair cut tomorrow. 明天我要理发。

He got his tooth pulled out yesterday. 他昨天把牙拔了。

Don’tleave those things undone. 要把那些事情做完。

【注意】过去分词所表示的动作一定和宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系。

(二)使役动词have接过去分词作宾补有两种情况。

1. 过去分词所表示的动作由他人完成。

He had his watch repaired.他请人把手表修了。(被别人修)

She had the wellwater delivered to her house every day.

2. 过去分词表示主语遭受不幸。如:

He had his leg broken.他的腿断了。(自己的遭遇)

He had his wallet stolen on a bus.

3. 表示发现类的词find/spot/等

He found his hometown greatly changed.

She spotted herself followed behind.

四 . 过去分词作状语 :

(原因/条件/时间/让步等状语一般放句首;伴随状语常放句末)

(其逻辑主语与主句的主语保持一致)

1. 过去分词作原因状语

Writtenin a hurry, this article was not so good!

因为写得匆忙,这篇文章不是很好。

Lost / Absorbedin thought, he didn’t hear the sound.

因为沉溺于思考之中,所以他没听到那个声音。

2. 过去分词作条件状语

Given anotherhour, I can also work out this problem.

(如果)再给我一个小时,我也能解这道题。

Seen from the top of the hill, the city looksmore beautiful to us.

(如果)(当---时) 从山顶看城市,城市显得更漂亮

3.过去分词作时间状语

有时为了强调时间概念,可用表示时间的连词when,while+过去分词。

Whenasked about the secret of his success,he owed it to his family.

When given a medical examination,you shouldkeep calm.

当你做体格检查时要保持镇定

4. 过去分词作伴随状语

常可放在主句后面,前面有逗号与主句隔开。

He stood there silently, moved to tears.

他静静地站在那里,被感动得热泪盈眶。

He entered thelab followed by his assistant.

The professorsat there,surroundedby a lot of students.

5.过去分词作让步状语

Beaten by theopposite team,theplayers were not discouraged.

=Though they werebeaten by the opposite team,the players werenot discouraged.虽然被对方打败,但队员们没有泄气。

高考链接

1.Lindaworked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, ______ as 3M.

A. knowing B. known

C.being known D. to be known

2.The disc, digitally ________ in the studio,sounded fantastic at the party that night.

A. recorded B. recording

C. to be recorded D. having recorded

3.Don’t use words, expressions, or phrases _______ only to people with specific knowledge.

A. being known B. having been known

C. to be known D. known

4.The flowers _______ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to thebeauty of nature.

A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt

巩固练习

1.____ time ,he will make a first-class tennis player .

A Having given BTo give C Giving D Given

2___in 1636 ,Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.

A Beingfounded B It was founded

C Founded D Founding

3Unless __to speak ,you should remain silent at the conference .

A invited B inviting C being invited D having invited

4___,but he still couldn’t understand it .

A He had beentold many times B Having been toldmany times

C Told manytimes D Although he had beentold many times

5When first ___to the market , theseproducts enjoyed great success .

Aintroducing B introduced Cintroduce D being introduced

6There seemed to be nothing ___to do but ___for the doctor .

A leave /send Bleft / to send

C left /send D leaving / send

7____everywhere, the wolves had no where ___themselves .

A Hunting /hiding B To hunt / to hide

C Hunted / hiding D Hunted / to hide

8 .The ___ morning, the father came into the lonely house, ___ by his naughty boy.

A.following,following B. followed, followed

C. following,followed D. followed, following

9.Mrs. White was glad to see the nurse ___ after her son and was pleased to seethe boy well ___ care of in the nursery.

A. looked;taken B.looking; taken

C. looked;took D. looking; taking

10.The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back.

A. beingtied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied

11.___ more attention, the trees could have grown better.

A.Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given

12.____ these pictures, I couldn’t help thinking of those days when I was inBeijing and ____ from the top of a thirty-stored building, Beijing looks moremagnificent.

A.Seeing; seen B. Seen; seeing C. Seeing; seeing D. Seen; seen

13. ___ betterattention, the vegetables could have grown better with the sun shining brightlyin the sky and ___ them light. A. Giving; given B. Given; given

C. Giving;giving D. Given; giving

14. Unless __ tospeak, you should remain silent at the conference. A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited

15. When __, themuseum will be open to the public next year. A. completed B. completing

C. beingcompleted D. to becompleted

在什么情况下用过去分词?

The fallen trees. 直译为被砍倒的树

fallen 在此作为形容词修饰trees.

过去分词更详细的用法请参考下帖:

回答有点长,但是系统的讲解了过去分词的前世今生!

过去分词属于非谓语动词,只含有“状态”信息,不含有“时间”信息,内涵上表示“完成、和被动”。

非谓语动词、动词原形、谓语动词三者间的关系如下:

动词原形 + 状态信息 = 非谓语动词

非谓语动词 + 时间信息 = 谓语动词

动词原形,无“时”无“态”

非谓语动词,无“时”有“态”

谓语动词,有“时”有“态”

过去分词在英语中的作用有两点:

1. 可以作为谓语动词的主动词;

2. 可以作为谓语动词之外的成分。

1. 作为谓语动词的主动词;

过去分词可以和完成助动词组合成完成时态:

过去完成时态 had done

现在完成时态 has/have done

将来完成时态 will have done

过去将来完成时态 would have done

过去分词也可以结合被动助动词(be)组合成被动语态:

过去一般时态被动 was/were done

现在一般时态被动 am/is/are done

将来一般时态被动 will be done

过去将来一般时态被动 would be done

当然还有不定态被动、进行被动、完成被动、完成进行被动,

2. 可以作为谓语动词之外的成分。

作为谓语动词之外的主、宾、定、状、补、表在此略过。

过去分词的起源之前回答过类似的问题转帖如下:

什么是现在分词?

现在分词是一个错误的叫法,其一直在误导着中国学生。

下面将分成两节来回答这个问题:

1. 现在分词是怎么来的;

2. 现在分词为什么是错误的叫法。

1. 现在分词是怎么来的?

我们知道世界上一切事物都是有生有灭,从酝酿出生、到出生存续、到死亡消逝,一切事物都遵守着这样的自然法则,甚至连语言中的”动词“也不能例外。动词是动作的代称,无论这个动作是可以真实感知的肢体动作,还是不可感知的思维动作,也无论这个动作存续多么短暂或者持续多么长久,其都遵循着出生、存续、死亡这样的过程。

1. 不定态(to do)表达了动作即将发生的状态;

2. 进行态(doing)表达了动作的发生且可感知的延续;

3. 完成态(done)表达了动作的结束。

从这里可以看出三大非谓语动词其实就是动作的三个阶段——出生、存续、结束,这就是非谓语动词的起源。

上图自上而下依次为:

1. 瞬态隶属于一般态,表达动作的存续转瞬即逝,感觉不到动作的延续;

2. 进行态相对于常态又称为非常态,表达动作存续介于瞬态和常态之间,可以感觉到动作的延续;

3. 常态相对于进行态/非常态而言,动作呈现了一种常态特性,即长期不变的动作状态或者事实。 这里我们也可以看出动词和时间的关系,上图完整地给出了英语动词的长度体系——从无穷小过度到无穷大,时间的长短决定了动词的状态,也就决定了动词的时态。

上图并未包含时间属性,只要结合具体的时间,就完成了英语16个核心时态的构造。

现在你应该知道动词的ing形式是怎么来的了。

2. 现在分词为什么是错误的叫法?

传统英语中称动词的V—ing形式为“现在分词”,那么这个“现在”是什么意思呢?

如果理解为“现在时间”的意思,那么V—ing 这一形式哪里可以看出体现了现在时间呢?

V—ing形式只是在动词后面加上一个ing词尾,象波浪一样表达动作的“延续、进行”,哪来的时间呢?

如果你说V—ing形式就是表达了现在,那么它为什么又可以和过去、将来时间结合呢?

例句:

1. I was eating.

was 表达了过去时间,如果eating 是现在分词的话,那么一句话又有过去时间,又有现在时间。

2. I am eating.

am 表达了现在时间,如果eating 是现在分词的话,那么一句话中出现了两次现在时间。

3. I will be eating.

will 表达了将来时间,如果eating 是现在分词的话,那么一句话又有将来时间,又有现在时间。

我们在“”一个英语单句为什么只有一个时间?”一文中讲过,一个简单句只能有一个时间,那么上面三个句子明显的违反了这一规则。

我们在前面明确的告诉了大家动词的V ing形式是四态动词的一种,其本质是有态无时,就是只有状态,而不含时间,所以上面三个例句中的eating都只含有进行的状态,而没有时间内涵,我们称这种处于进行延续中且不含时间的状态为——进行态。 所以传统的语法中称动词的V—ing形式为“现在分词”本质上是一种错误的理解,而应该去掉”现在“二字改称为动词“进行态”。

同理对动词的”过去分词“V—ed形式也应该去掉”过去“二字改称为”完成态“。

英语中同时也需要规范”时态“的称呼,即”时“在前,”态“在后, 如:

现在进行时态、

现在完成时态、

现在一般时态(而不是一般现在时态)。

”过去一般时态“ 对应 ”一般过去时态“

”现在一般时态“ 对应 ”一般现在时态“

”将来一般时态“ 对应 ”一般将来时态“

”过去将来一般时态“ 对应 ”一般将来过去时态“

最后总结一下,所谓的“现在分词”应该称为动词的“进行态”,其本质是三大非谓语动词的中间态——进行态。

其在句子中的功能可以通过结合时间(时间助动词)构成句子的谓语动词时态,或者不和时间结合,作为句子谓语动词之外的主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语等句子成分。

过去完成时的主要用法

(1)过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束,即发生在“过去的过去”。如:

When I woke up,it had stopped raining.我醒来时,雨已经停了。(“雨停”发生在“我醒来”之前)

(2)过去完成时是一个相对的时态,表示的是“过去的过去”,只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。如:

He told me that he had written a new book.他告诉我他写了一本新书。(“写书”发生在“告诉我”之前)

(3)过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用,它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与already,yet,still,just,before,never等时间副词及 by,before,until等引导的短语或从句连用。如:

Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.彼得到10岁的时候已经收集了300多张中国邮票。

(4)过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时已经开始,一直延续到某一过去时间,而且动作尚未结束,仍然有继续下去的可能。如:

By the end of last year,he had worked in the factory for twenty years.到去年年底为止,他已经在这个工厂工作了。(已经工作了 20 年,还有继续进行下去的可能)

He'd eat chocolate all day long if I let him.

我要是不拦着,他会整天不停地吃巧克力。

I don't know how you can eat that stuff!

我不明白你怎么能吃那种东西!

Spare a thought for those without enough to eat this winter.

请关心一下今冬食不果腹的人。

I can't eat beans ─ they give me wind.

我不能吃豆子,吃了肚子就胀气。

I was banking on getting something to eat on the train.

我指望在火车上能找到吃的。

They walked around the town looking for a place to eat.

他们在城里到处寻找吃饭的地方。

shine例句

The windows were shining in the reflected rays of the setting sun.

窗户上闪耀着落日的余晖。

The moon shone, shedding a ghostly light on the fields.

月亮闪耀,田野上洒下幽幽的`亮光。

She has set a shining example of loyal service over four decades.

四十年间,她树立了一个忠诚服务的光辉榜样。

She is a shining example of what people with disabilities can achieve.

她为残疾人有所作为树立了光辉的榜样。

Although the sun was shining it wasn't very warm.

尽管太阳高照,却不很暖和。

用法

1:begin用作及物动词时,后接名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式或含有疑问词的.动词不定式作宾语。begin还可用作系动词,后接形容词作表语。

2:begin可用其现在时表示未来的事,也可用其进行时表示“渐渐开始”“即将开始”等。

3:begin是非持续性动词,不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。但可与表示时间点的状语连用。

4:begin的现在分词beginning还可以在句中作定语或状语。

常用的过去分词总结参考

一、在平常英语句子中,常用的过去分词有:

begin(开始) began begun

drink(喝) drank drunk

ring(铃响) rang rung

sing (唱) sang sung

swim(游泳) swam swum

blow(吹) blew blown

draw(画) drew drawn

fly(飞) flew flown

grow(生长)grew grown

know(知道) knew known

throw(投掷) threw thrown

show(出示) showed shown

break(打破) broke broken

choose(选择) chose chosen

forget(忘记) forgot forgotten (forgot)

speak(说,讲) spoke spoken

wake(醒) woke woken

drive(驾驶) drove driven

eat(吃) ate eaten

fall(落下) fell fallen

give(给) gave given

rise(升高) rose risen

take(取) took taken

ride(骑) rode ridden

write(写) wrote written

do(做) did done

go(去) went gone

lie(平躺) lay lain

see(看见) saw seen

wear (穿) wore worn

cost(花费)cost cost

cut(割) cut cut

hit(打) hit hit

hurt(伤害) hurt hurt

let(让) let let

put(放) put put

read(读) read read

二、这里需要注意的是:不规则动词的过去式是同学们学习的重点,也是一个难点。我们应通过不规则动词的动词原形和它们的'过去式找出其变化规律,比如:

1. 把动词原形中的o改为a,变成过去式。过去分词不变.如:

become—became, come—came

2.把动词原形中的i改为a,变成过去式。如:

begin—began,drink—drank,give—gave,ring—rang,sing—sang,sit—sat,swim—swam ,sink—sank,

3.把重读开音节中的i改为o,变成过去式。如:

drive—drove,ride—rode,shine—shone,win—won,write—wrote

4.动词原形中的e改为o,变成过去式。如:

get—got,forget—forgot

5.动词原形中的eep改为ept,变成过去式。如:

keep—kept,sleep—slept,sweep—swept

6. 动词原形中的an改为oo,变成过去式。如:

stand—stood,understand—understood

7.改动词原形中的aw /ow为ew,变成过去式。如:

draw—drew,grow—grew,know—knew,throw—threw(动词show除外,show—showed)

8.动词原形中的eak改为oke,变成过去式。如:

break—broke,speak—spoke

9.动词原形中的ell改为old,变成过去式。如:

sell—sold,tell—told

10.以ought和aught结尾,且读音是[ :t]的过去式。如:

bring—brought,buy—bought,think—thought,catch—caught,teach—taught

11.以ould结尾且读音为[ud]的情态动词过去式。如:

can—could,shall—should,will—would

12.在动词原形后加d或t变成过去式,并且发生音变。如:

hear[hi ]—heard[h :d], say[sei]—said[sed],

mean[mi:n]—meant[ment], dream—dreamt [dremt]

13.动词的过去式与动词原形一样。如:

cut—cut, hit—hit, hurt—hurt, let—let,must—must,

put—put,read—read[red],set—set

14. 动词的过去式有两种形式。如:

dream—dreamed/ dreamt learn—learnt/ learned shine—shone/ shined

smell—smelt/ smelled wake—woke/ waked

Buy的用法

buy在句中主要用作及物动词,偶尔用作不及物动词。用作及物动词时,后接名词或代词作宾语,有时还可接双宾语,其间接宾语可转化为介词for的宾语。可用于被动结构。

buy的主语一样是人,也可以是无生命的`事物。

表示“在某商店买”可接介词at; 表示“从某处买”可接介词from, of, off; 表示“花多少钱买”可接介词for, at;表示“给某人买”可说buysb sth,也可说buysth for sb,不能说buysth to sb。

buy是非延续性动词,不可与表示时间段的状语连用,但可与表示时间点的状语连用。

lose可以用作动词:

lose的基本意思是“丢失”“失去”,指因事故、过失、不幸、死亡等原因失去拥有的东西等,含有不能再找回来的意思,也可指人失去了品性、信念、态度等或陷入沉思或埋头于某事物之中。还可引申表示人在比赛、辩论中输掉或某人浪费有用的'、宝贵的事物诸如机会、时间、优点等。lose在作不及物动词时还可表示“(表)走慢了”。

lose用作及物动词时,后接名词或代词作宾语,有时可接双宾语,表示“使…失去”。

lose是瞬间动词,通常不与表示一段时间的状语连用。

beat用作动词的基本意思是“打”,指连续的击打,其目的一般是加害或惩罚他人,击打动作则迅速而有序,一般不指明使用的`器具。引申可表示娱乐场合或比赛中“打败”“战胜”“胜过”; 还可表示“难倒”“使无法解答”。

beat还可指心脏等有节律的舒张与收缩、跳动或使某物不停地上下动、拍动。

beat作“击打”解时主语一般为人,宾语可为人,也可为物; 作“拍打”解时,主语多为风、雨、海浪等名词。“拍打在…(地方)”则用at, on, against等引起的介词短语。当作“战胜”“胜过”解时,其主语多为team一类的名词,当作“难倒”“使无法解答”解时,其主语则为problem等。beat还可指劈荆斩棘、开辟道路或踏出一条路。

beat可用作不及物动词,也可用作及物动词。用作及物动词时,可接名词或代词作宾语,可用于被动结构。

beat可接以名词、形容词、副词或介词短语充当补足语的复合宾语,意思是“打成…”。

beat的过去分词可以是beat或beaten,但beat现在一般只用于形容词或非正式英语中,意思是“很疲乏”或指五六十年代的“奇装异服的”,其他场合一律用beaten。

beat用作名词的基本意思是“敲打”,也可指“敲打声”,即有节奏地连续击打、敲打或指敲打时发出的声音,还可作“拍子”解,指音乐节奏的拍子。引申可表示“常去之地”,指过去访问过或游览过的地方。

beat还可指“跳动”“悸动”,即心脏、脉搏等的一次跳动。

beat作“拍子”解时,一般用于单数形式,其前须加定冠词the。

用法

1、catch的基本意思是“抓住”,指通过追踪、计谋、武力或突然袭击等方式抓住运动着的或隐藏的某人或某物。引申可指“吸引”某人的'注意力。catch还可表示“理解”“患病”等。

2、catch作“理解”“懂得”“听到”解时,多用于否定句,有时也可以用于疑问句。

3、catch at的意思是“设法抓住”,并不表明抓住与否。catch on表示“变得流行,抓住,理解”等, catch out表示“发现不在”“抓住短处”, catch up with表示“赶上”“补上”“抓住”“带来不良后果”。

例句:

1、My parents never used to hit me.

我的父母以前从来不打我。

2、She hit upon the perfect title for her new novel.

她灵机一动为自己的新小说找到了一个理想的书名。

3、Everything was going well but then we hit trouble.

原本一切都进行得很顺利,但后来我们遇到了麻烦。

4、Every one of their CDs has been a hit.

他们的.每一张激光唱片都曾经非常流行。

5、The duo were a real hit in last year's show.

这一对搭档在去年的演出中大受欢迎。

buy的主语一般是人,也可以是无生命的事物。

表示“在某商店买”可接介词at; 表示“从某处买”可接介词from, of, off; 表示“花多少钱买”可接介词for, at;表示“给某人买”可说buysb sth,也可说buysth for sb,不能说buysth to sb。

buy是非延续性动词,不可与表示时间段的.状语连用,但可与表示时间点的状语连。

过去分词四点变化规则

(1)一般动词,在词尾直接加“-ed”。(然而要注意的是,过去分词并不是过去式)

work---worked---worked,visit---visited---visited

(2)以不发音的“e”结尾的'动词,只在词尾加“d”。

live---lived---lived

(3)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,将“y”变为“i”,再加“-ed”。

study—studied—studied,cry—cried—cried,try—tried—tried,fry—fried—fried.

(4)重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母(r、y、x、w除外),先双写该辅音字母,再加“-ed”。

stop—stopped—stopped,drop—dropped—dropped