英语语言类论文提纲范文
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- 2024-06-17
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这次小编给大家整理了英语语言类论文提纲范文，本文共12篇，供大家阅读参考。
选题意义(包括科学意义和应用前景，研究概况，水平和发展趋势，列出主要参考文献目录)：
选题意义：随着我国生产力的迅猛发展，互联网已经悄无声息地步入了千家万户，新兴的网络词句也逐渐以流行语的方式融入到了普通群众的日常用语中。与此同时，近几年来网络语言的迅速发展和普及也引发了种种社会现象，并对传统语言带来了冲击。因此，正确认识网络流行语，了解其来源、特征以及未来发展趋势也就成为当下研究网络语言现象的必要课题。
主要参考文献：
[1]刘富华《语言学通论》[M].北京：北京语言大学出版社，-03-01
[2]邵敬敏《现代汉语通论》[M].上海：上海教育出版社，
[3]于根元.《网络语言概说》[M].北京:中国经济出版社,.
[4]赵亚娜《浅析当前网络语》[J].新教育，-05-15
[5]何颖利《浅论网络流行语》[J].学理论，-01-10
[6]赵媛《网络流行句研究》[D].江西：江西师范大学硕士，-05-01
[7]钟舟海《网络流行词语浅析》[J].语文学刊，2009-09-30
[8]张云辉.《网络语言的词汇语法特征》[J].中国语文,2007(6):531-535.
研究主要内容和预期结果(说明具体研究内容和拟解决的关键问题，预期结果和形式，如在理论上解决哪些问题及其价值，或应用的可能性及效果)：
主要内容提纲：
一、课题的确定：网络流行语的来源、特征与发展
二、什么是网络流行语
三、网络流行语的来源
(一)网络流行词汇的来源
(二)网络流行句子的来源
四、网络流行语的特征
(一)语言学角度
(二)传播学角度
(三)符号学角度
五、网络流行语的未来发展
(一)网络流行语的发展是网络时代的必然趋势
(二)网络流行语的发展在一定程度上符合语言的发展趋势
六、余论
关键问题：网络流行语的来源、特征与发展
预期结果：借助参考文献以及科学的研究方法概括归纳出既有网络流行语的来源和特征，并基于此预测其未来发展趋势。
拟采取的研究方法和技术路线(包括理论分析、计算，实验方法和步骤及其可行性论证，可能遇到的问题和解决方法，以及研究的进度与计划)：
研究方法：本人已具备查阅文献资料和搜集、整理、分析数据的能力，同时在四年的语言文字学习中积累了丰富的知识和研究方法，本篇文章运用语言文字学、传播学中的部分理论，采用例证法、归纳法等研究方法对网络流行语的来源、特征进行分析论述，并基于此对网络流行语的未来进行展望。
研究进度与计划：
20XX.12.1-20XX.12.31：搜集整理研究资料，了解研究现状，找出突破口，准备开题。
20XX.1.1-20XX.3.1：查阅相关资料，最终确立论文题目，同时开始摘抄、整理所收集的资料、信息，写出论文提纲并开题。
20XX.3.1-20XX.3.20：提炼写作思路，与导师协商指导后开始撰写初稿，于3月20日完成初稿
20XX.3.20-20XX.5.20：在导师帮助写对初稿进行修改，多次修改定稿。
1 论文题目：《谈秘书写作中的网络语言运用问题》
2 论题观点的来源及论文的总论点：
在互联网上有一条新闻：《人民日报》头版头条文章的标题是这样的：《江苏给力“文化强省” 》，网络热词登上《人民日报》的头版头条，可谓出人意料，并发人深思。本人想通过此新闻透露的信号进一步分析网络语言对秘书写作的影响并具体提出网络语言在秘书写作上的应用问题。
3 论文结构
3.1 为什么要在秘书写作中运用网络语言
3.1.1.1 网络语言的特点及优点
3.1.1.2 网络语言的使用人群及影响力
3.1.1.3 网络语言的新变化是顺应时代的发展的
3.1.2 秘书写作的语言方面需要创新
3.1.2.1 秘书写作语言方面的创新与网络语言的关系
3.1.2.2 秘书写作语言的来源与网络语言的关系
3.2 如何在秘书写作中规范使用网络
3.2.1 对待不同的写作文体有不同的使用方法
3.2.1.1 公务文书中网络语言运用要谨慎
3.2.1.2 新闻稿、消息等宣传性文体可多用
3.2.2 不同的阅读对象，网络语言可以与运用程度可不同
3.3 结论
网络语言它不仅丰富了我们的用语，淘汰了那些陈旧的词汇，更重要的是它更能反映我们社会的变化和发展。而秘书写作的其中一个要求就是要与时俱进。不过在秘书写作中网络语言要规范使用，目的便于读者阅读，准确有效的表达写作意图。
城市规划类研究生论文提纲
论文题目：长春市净月城市规划区土地集约利用时空变异分析
摘要
第一章 绪论
1.1研究的背景、目的及意义
1.2 研究理论基础
1.2.1 土地区位理论
1.2.2 城市土地规划理论
1.2.3 可持续发展理论
1.2.4 主成分分析法
1.2.5 熵值法
1.2.6 GIS空间分析方法
1.3相关领域国内外研究进展
1.4研究内容与论文结构
第二章 城市规划区土地利用状况
2.1 城市规划区概念及类型
2.2 城市规划区特点
2.3 城市规划区土地利用现状及存在的主要问题
第三章 城市规划区土地集约利用评价体系的构建及分析
3.1 评价体系指标的选取
3.2 数据的标准化处理及评价指标权重的确定
3.3 综合评价指标的`计算
3.4 利用GIS空间分析技术评价分述城市规划区土地集约利用
第四章 城市规划区土地集约利用综合评价及时空变异分析
4.1 城市规划区土地集约利用综合评价体系的构建
4.1.1数据的标准化处理及评价指标权重的确定
4.1.2综合评价指标的计算
4.2 利用GIS空间分析技术分析城市规划区土地集约利用时空变异特征
4.2.1时间特征分析
4.2.2空间特征分析
第五章 结论与展望
5.1 结论
5.2 展望
参考文献
附录
Abstract
While bring unparalleled development and prosperity to society on economy and culture.Internet technology has given a huge challenge to the original intellectual property protection. Intellectual property protection is a global issue, it involves the economy, the culture, the legal aspects of morality, and it requires joint efforts of the whole society. The international development of the Internet for the traditional intellectual property system brings huge impact. At present the protection of intellectual property rights were insufficient, such as legislation, patents, etc. In many countries, the intellectual property rights protection lags behind; the system is relatively backward, compared with the international average still have a large gap.
Keywords: System;The status;Protection; Changing;influence
Ⅰ. Traditional system of intellectual property protection
A. The severe situation. Traditional system of intellectual property protection is affected by many factors, subjective and objective factors leading to the crisis.
1. Traditional intellectual property protection scope expands unceasingly
Information technology makes the traditional intellectual property protection from single copyright expanded to commercial secret, science and technology, and even network domain.
2. Realistic social ethics and network ethics to understanding of the differences between knowledge propagation. These differences influence the protection of intellectual property rights from a subjective.
3. Network monopoly attenuated. Under the network environment, Intellectual property legislation differences and the rights protection period ragged, etc. All profoundly influence to the intellectual property rights of exclusiveness and weaken the intellectual property of monopoly. The intellectual property confirmation, using, monitoring and protect the realization are difficult.
4. Network unfair competition. Network unfair competition often occur in e-commerce, it has great harmfulness .Network unfair competition problems triggered network domain name and well-known trademark and other industrial property rights protection problems. Network unfair competition problems triggered network domain name and well-known trademark and other industrial property rights protection problems.
B.It needs to be changed. Traditional system of intellectual property protection of change is related to people's interests. Once lost its protection, any innovation will be taken away or suppressed. This is a matter of “To be or not to be”
Ⅱ. There are some controversies
A. network liberalization - Open/close source. It is a widely discussed topic, and still has considerable differences.
B. more strict law enforcement. If we don't sound legal system and perfect the system or, conversely, or even give up the existing protection system we will live in a quiet society, no innovation, no character, no development.
C. consciously. Some people think that legal is unnecessary and high moral man is just ok. It is just a long-term and unrealistic ideal
Ⅲ. Some thoughts.
A. More perfect legal system and the consummation system .Although the protection of intellectual property rights belongs to the category of truth ethics. For the time being, a more perfect legal system and the consummation system is a direct way of solving the problem.
B. Strengthens education. The personate is most important, so strengthen education is necessary.
C. Targeted policies .We can adopt different action in different fields, for instance the open source movement in computer technology. It could attract more volunteers; we also can take powerful legal protection for commercial secrets. Those are some fields.
Copyright
Commercial secrets
software
Digital library and database
D. Network ethics. This is a brand-new topic, we should work together to create a good social network information society.
Reference
1. Peter, D. .A Philosophy of Intellectual Property [M] .Dartmouth：Publishing Company Limited.
2. Tina, H. & Linda ,F.().Intellectual Property Law[M].London：Law Press reprinted by permission of Pal grave Publishers Ltd.
3. Brussels.(. 3).Copyright and Related Rights in the Information Society[M].German：Commission Of the European Communities.
4. Intellectual Property and National Information Infrastructure[M].London：White P aper,1995
5. l-10.
6. Lyon，L.(2002).Public relations for your library：A tool for effective communications：[J].Library talk，l 5(3)4―6. ：
7. Rosenoer.(2001).World Intellectual Property [J] .Intellectual Property.
8. 吴永臻(.6)网络信息环境的知识产权保护问题[J].河北大学学报。
9. 陈益君张军(2001.5).网络信息传播的知识产权保护制度研究[J].情报学报.
10. 张文杰姜素兰(1998.3).网络发展带来的伦理道德问题(J〕北京联合大学学报.
题目
A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms
(题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中,除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写;另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”)
(学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名(小四号宋体字，加粗)，依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中)
Abstract
This paper centers on the different expressions of …… (英文摘要：上空二行;题目采用五号“Times New
Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号内，顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号;采用五号“Times
New Roman”字体，不加粗;单倍行距。)
Key Word
idiom; comparison; English; Chinese
(英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times New
Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号内，顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号之间空一格，不用任何其他标点符号，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“;”隔开，分号之后空一格;最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号;单倍行距。)
Introduction
(顶格，除了第一个单词及专有名词外，其他单词首字母都不要大写;标题最后不用任何标点符号，上空两行)
In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to
focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms
of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression
(Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, ).
(段落第一行缩进4个英文字符;夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系;注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号，时间、页码等的标注法;另外，汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现，不能出现汉语姓氏;夹注出现在标点符号之前)
正文
. The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms
In English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples:
(1) I don’t know。我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。 (正文中的例子以(1)，(2)…为序号排列，直至最后一个例子;而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号)
3. The differences between English idioms and Chinese idioms
3.1 The characteristics of English idioms
(正文章节序号编制：章的编号：1. ，2.， 3.，…;节的编号：1.1,1.2…，2.1,2.2…;小节的编号为：1.1.1,
1.1.2…。小节以下层次，采用希腊数字加括号为序，如(i)，(ii)…;之后再采用字母加括号，如(a),
(b),…;每章题目左顶格，小四号字，加粗;每节(及小节以下)题目左顶格，小四号字，不加粗但要斜体;所有章节的题目都单独一行，最后不加任何标点符号)
In conclusion, ….
3.2 The characteristics of Chinese idioms
Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following
examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法):
(9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.
(10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose
it.
3.2.1 The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese
idioms
Conclusion
Bibliography (References) (小四号，加粗，后面不加任何标点符号) Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New
英语电影论文提纲格式
论文提纲是
作者构思谋篇的具体体现。
便于作者有条理地安排材料、展开论证。
有了一个好的提纲，就能纲举目张，提纲挚领，掌握全篇论文的基本骨架，使论文的结构完整统 一;就能分清层次，明确重点，周密地谋篇布局，使总论点和分论点有机地统一起来;也就能够按照各部分的要求安排、组织、利用资料，决定取舍，最大限度地发 挥资料的作用。
1.标题式写法
用简要的文字写成标题，把这部分的内容概括出来。
这种写法简明扼要，一目了然，但只有作者自己明白。
毕业论文提纲一般不能采用这种方法编写。
2.句子式写法
以一个能表达完整意思的句子形式把该部分内容概括出来。
这种写法具体而明确，别人看了也能明了，但费时费力。
毕业论文的提纲编写要交与指导教师阅读，所以，要求采用这种编写方法。
编写提纲的步骤
编写提纲的步骤可以是这样：
(一)确定论文提要，再加进材料，形成全文的概要
论文提要是内容提纲的雏型。
一般书、教学参考书都有反映全书内容的提要，以便读者一翻提要就知道书的大概内容。
我们写论文也需要先写出论文提要。
在执笔前把论文的题目和大标题、小标题列出来，再把选用的材料插进去，就形成了论文内容的提要。
(二)原稿纸页数的分配
写好毕业论文的提要之后，要根据论文的内容考虑篇幅的长短，文章的各个部分，大体上要写多少字。
如计划写20页原稿纸(每页300字)的论文，考虑序 论用1页，本论用17页，结论用1—2页。
本论部分再进行分配，如本论共有四项，可以第一项3—4页，第二项用4—5页，第三项3—4页，第四项6—7 页。
有这样的分配，便于资料的.配备和安排，写作能更有计划。
毕业论文的长短一般规定为5000—6000字，因为过短，问题很难讲透，而作为毕业论文也不 宜过长，这是一般大专、本科学生的理论基础、实践经验所决定的。
(三)编写提纲
论文提纲可分为简单提纲和详细提纲两种。
简单提纲是高度概括的，只提示论文的要点，如何展开则不涉及。
这种提纲虽然简单，但由于它是经过深思熟虑构成 的，写作时能顺利进行。
没有这种准备，边想边写很难顺利地写下去。
以《关于培育和完善建筑劳动力市场的思考》为例，简单提纲可以写成下面这样：
编写论文提纲的详细步骤：
一、序论
二、本论
(一)培育建筑劳动力市场的前提条件
(二)目前建筑劳动力市场的基本现状
(三)培育和完善建筑劳动力市场的对策
三、结论
详细提纲，是把论文的主要论点和展开部分较为详细地列出来。
如果在写作之前准备了详细提纲，那么，执笔时就能更顺利。
下面仍以《关于培育和完善建筑劳动力市场的思考》为例，介绍详细提纲的写法：
一、序论
1.提出中心论题;
2，说明写作意图。
二、本论
(一)培育建筑劳动力市场的前提条件
1.市场经济体制的确立，为建筑劳动力市场的产生创造了宏观环境;
2.建筑产品市场的形成，对建筑劳动力市场的培育提出了现实的要求;
3.城乡体制改革的深化，为建筑劳动力市场的形成提供了可靠的保证;
4.建筑劳动力市场的建立，是建筑行业用工特殊性的内在要求。
(二)目前建筑劳动力市场的基本现状
1.供大于求的买方市场;
2，有市无场的隐形市场;
3.易进难出的畸形市场;
4，交易无序的自发市场。
(三)培育和完善建筑劳动力市场的对策
1.统一思想认识，变自发交易为自觉调控;
2.加快建章立制，变无序交易为规范交易;
3.健全市场网络，变隐形交易为有形交易;
4.调整经营结构，变个别流动为队伍流动;
5，深化用工改革，变单向流动为双向流动。
三、结论
1，概述当前的建筑劳动力市场形势和我们的任务;
2.呼应开头的序言。
上面所说的简单提纲和详细提纲都是论文的骨架和要点，选择哪一种，要根据作者的需要。
如果考虑周到，调查详细，用简单提纲问题不是很大;但如果考虑粗 疏，调查不周，则必须用详细提纲，否则，很难写出合格的毕业论文。
总之，在动手撰写毕业’论文之前拟好提纲，写起来就会方便得多。
提纲范文格式
目 录
引言 1
一、我国外贸依存度的现状 2
二、我国名义外贸依存度提升的原因 3
三、我国外贸依存度实际水平的估算和与国际间贸易的比较 5
(一)我国外贸依存度实际水平的估算 5
1、加工贸易在对外贸易结构中的比重较大 5
2、我国GDP总值被低估 5
3、汇率的影响 5
4、外资企业的影响 6
5、产业结构的影响 6
(二)我国外贸依存度的实际水平的国际比较 6
四、外贸依存度增高对我国经济的影响 7
(一)外贸依存度增高对我国经济的不利影响 7
1、对外贸易摩擦加剧 8
2、影响国家经济安全 8
3、影响国内产业发展 8
4、恶化贸易条件 8
(二)外贸依存度增高对我国经济有利影响 9
1、促进了有序竞争 9
2、中国在世界贸易中的分额上升 9
3、通过加工贸易熟悉了国外的技术、管理、市场 9
4、中国贸易的发展创造了大量的就业机会 9
五、合理调控外贸依存度的措施 9
1、继续扩大对外开放 9
2、扩大内需 10
3、促进加工贸易的升级转型 10
4、大力发展服务贸易 10
5、重视我国进出口依存度的结构性指标，推进市场多元化和出口产品结构优化战略 10
6、完善国内经济核算制度 10
7、完善人民币汇率形成机制，保持人民币汇率基本稳定 11
结论与启示 11
参考文献 11
Idiom Translation under the Chinese and English Cultures
Class XXX Number XXX Name XXX
Abstract: Nida, a famous translator, says, “For truly successful translation, it is much more important to familiarize two cultures than master two languages,
because words are assigned meanings in its particular cultures.”(Background information) This is to say, translation is closely related with not only languages but also cultures.
Studies of the cultural distinction in idiom translation are still relatively weak in the field of translation in China. Exclusive research on the translation of Chinese and English idioms is still incomplete.
In the last twenty years, idiom translation has mostly emphasized the level of inter-lingual communication, but cultural differences were rarely involved in it.
(Identify problem) This thesis analyses the cultural differences in Chinese and English idioms,
then studies English-ChineseChinese-English idiom translation methods(Research subject) from the angle of culture(Method) and points out some warnings concerning idiom translation:
pay attention to context and choose the right version in line with the style and meaning of the original passage(Results); culture is a whole way of life, when new culture emerges, new idioms also appear, therefore idiom translation should develop with the time.(Conclusion)
Key Words: idioms; culture; translation
论英汉文化背景下的习语翻译
摘要:著名翻译学家奈达指出:“对于真正成功的翻译而言，熟悉两种文化甚至比掌握两种语言更为重要，
因为词语只有在其作用的文化背景下才有意义。”也就是说，翻译不仅与语言有关也和文化有关。习语翻译中对文化差异的研究在中国的翻译领域中仍然较弱，专门对中英习语翻译的'研究还不很完善。近来，习语翻译大多强调语际的交流，而很少涉及文化差异。本文通过分析中英习语的文化差异，
进而从文化角度研究中英习语翻译方法，并指出中英习语翻译要注意的问题:联系上下文，选择与原文风格，意思相符的翻译;文化是一种生活方式，文化在变化，出现新的习语，习语翻译要与时俱进。
关键词：习语;文化;翻译
1. Introduction
Idioms universally exist in every language. An Idiom is a word or an expression
that cannot be literally translated from the source language into the target language because its idiomatic meaning cannot be understood by literally defining its component parts.(Background) In a broad sense, idioms contain set phrases, proverbs, colloquialisms,
slangs, maxims, allusions, etc. (YinLi, :9) In Chinese, they also include enigmatic folk similes. Newmark, a British translation theorist, in his work A Textbook of Translation,
said, “I define as culture the way of life and his manifestation that are peculiar to a community that uses a peculiar language as its means of expression. ”(Previous research) English Idioms derives from English cultures and daily life. In real context,
idioms explain themselves: nine times out of ten they carry their own explanations. If we are unaware of these, we will find ourselves in a state of confusion since we will assign literal meaning to them. The Chinese Idioms, especially the four-character idioms,
have their own unique origins which are closely correlative to the Chinese history and cultures. In view of the difficulties in understanding idioms, we should pay due attention and efforts to understand their cultures and customs.
This thesis is designed to dig into the cultural differences between Chinese and English and then elaborates on the translation theories applied to idioms. (Subject + Method)
2. A Comparison Between English and Chinese Idioms
2.1 The Cultural Differences Between English and Chinese Idioms 2.1.1 Geographical Conditions
The formation of culture is closely related with natural geographical conditions. A specific geographical environment produces a specific culture, which also leads to a particular expression.
Great Britain covers islands including the Northern one-sixth of the island of
Ireland between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, northwest of France. It has a moist climate with much rainfall. Rivers and lakes are numerous. No wonder that fishery is thriving and most important in Britain. Accordingly,
idioms concerning fish and navigation constitute a great part in English idioms. (LiYuping, :20)(Theory/Results of previous research)
For example, “like a fish out of water”. If you feel like fish out of water, you feel awkward and uncomfortable because you are in an unusual and unfamiliar situation. Fish in the air 缘木求鱼 An odd fish 怪人 Miss the boat 错过机会
Trim the sails to the wind 顺势前进
A small leak will sink a great ship 小洞不补要沉大船 (Examples)
On the other hand, China is located in the Asian Continent and reputed as an agricultural country with a large population of peasants. It is not surprising to find many idioms relevant to farming, such as “骨瘦如柴，对牛弹琴,
众人拾柴火焰高,竹篮打水一场空......”. Chinese people also have a mysterious and awe feeling for sea, so they have idioms like “海角天涯，海枯石烂，海阔天空，海底捞针，海市蜃楼......”. (Analysis)
2.1.2 History
2.2 The Similarities Between English and Chinese Idioms
2.2.1 Colours
2.2.2 Numbers
3. Methods of Idiom Translation
Translation is far more than a science. It is also a skill, and at the ultimate analysis, fully satisfactory translation is always an art.
(Nida, 1982:49) Translation is considered as the cultural bridge and media between two languages. As there are wide differences in vocabulary and syntax between English and Chinese,
translation is no easy job. Therefore, in order to keep the flavor of the original as well as cater for both the Chinese and English languages, translation skills should be reasonably employed in the process of translating, such as the following translating methods:
3.1 Literal Translation
3.2 Free Translation
3.3 Translation with Notes
3.4 Replacement with Similar Idioms
3.5 The Translation of Corresponding Idioms with the Same Meaning
3.6 A Combination of Literal and Free Translation
4. Some Warnings Concerning Idiom Translation
5. Conclusion
One of the major characteristics identifying us as human is our ability to use language. Language plays a very important role in people’s daily life; it enables people communicate with each other and understand others' feelings.
Language has close relations with culture. It is impossible to separate language from culture. As the essence of language, idioms also have close relations with culture. The contents of them range from society, history, psychology to customs and other various social phenomena.
So, in the process of translation, translators should pay more attention to the cultural factors, in doing this, he can dig up the implicit meanings. (Conclusion of research) Only the cultural factors are concerned, translators can have a satisfactory translation. Besides,
people should get acquaintances with the cultural background when using idioms to avoid embarrassment in communication. (Suggestions)
References
[*] 作者. 书名(英语的斜体). (出版地：)出版社，年份：参考内容页码 [*] 作者. 文章名(英语的斜体). 刊物名称. (出版地：)出版社，年份
[1] Li Mei. Mother tongue and translation. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press,2008
[2] Li Qingming. A Comparison of the Cultures between the Chinese and English Language. Xi'an: Northwest University of technology Press, 2007
[3] Nida Eugene. The theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1982
[4] Nida Eugene. Language, Culture, and Translating. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993
[5] Susan Bassnett, Andre Lefevere. Translation, History, Culture. Shanghai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 1987
[6] Luo Shiping. A Research on English Idioms. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press,
[7] Li Yuping. English Idioms and their Cultural Origin. Tianjin: Nankai University Press, 2008
[8] Yin Li. English-Chinese Idioms and Folk Culture. Beijing: Bejing university Press, 2007
[9] Zhang Yajun. A Kaleidoscope of Chinese Culture. Beijing: Sinolingua, 2008
[10] 李云(Li Yun).《新编大学翻译教程》. 北京：世界知识出版社, 2007 [11] 马爱英(Ma Aiying).《中英文化翻译》. 北京：科学出版社, 2006
[12] 孙致礼(Sun Zhili).《新编英汉翻译教程》. 上海：上海外语教学出版社, 2008
[13] 王宗炎(Wang Zongyan).《英汉语文问题面面观》. 北京：北京高等教育出版社, 2006
一.关于本专业毕业论文的选题
英语专业本科生毕业论文选题可以在三个大的方向中进行，即英语文学，语言学和翻译学。各个大方向中又可以选择小的方向，具体解释如下：
1.英语文学：选择英语文学的毕业论文选题可以从三个方向进行：国别文学研究、文学批评理论研究和比较文学研究。
在进行国别文学研究选题时，一般选取英国文学或美国文学中的某一经典作家(如海明威)，某一经典作品(如《双城记》)，某一写作手法(如象征手法的运用)或某一文学思潮(如浪漫主义运动)作深入研究。但在选择作家或作品时最好选择在文学史上作为经典的作家或作品。有个别流行作家或作品极富盛名，容易引起学生的兴趣，如《飘》或《荆棘鸟》，学生有强烈愿望选择它们作为研究对象。在不可避免上述情况时，应该尽可能地挖掘作品内在的深刻含义，不能流于肤浅的分析。
文学批评理论的选题一般不太适合英语专业本科生，因为该理论知识的学习在英语专业研究生阶段，本科生一般不具备文学批评理论的知识结构。这个方向的选题可以有关某一文学批评理论,一文学批评术语的阐释或某两种或以上的文学批评理论的比较。
比较文学研究就是将两个以上的作家或作品进行比较。这两个作品或作家可以是同一国别的(如“雪莱与拜伦的诗歌比较”)，也可以是不同国别的(如《牡丹亭》与《罗密欧与朱丽叶》)
2.语言学：选择语言学的毕业论文选题可以在两个大的方向进行：普通语言学和应用语言学。
普通语言学的研究就是对于英语语言的`任何一个方面的研究，如对一种词性、或一种时态、或拼写、语调等等方面的研究(如“一般现在时及其交际功能”)。
应用语言学包括教学法的研究和其它一些新兴的应用语言学分支的研究。师范专业或本身从事教师职业的学生选择教学法方向的较多。在这个方向选题，也要避免过大范围的选题，而应对一个具体问题进行研究，最重要的是要结合教学实践或实验。这个方向的好的选题有：“个性与英语教学”，“方言对英语学习的影响”等。
3.翻译学：翻译学的选题一般可以在两个方向上进行：翻译理论以及翻译活动。
对翻译理论的研究就是探讨某一种翻译理论等等。相比之下，对翻译活动的研究更多一些，这些选题可以是对一种语言现象的翻译、或一种修辞格的翻译的研究(如“汉语成语的英译”)。应该注意的是，在对翻译活动作研究时，往往需要某种翻译理论支撑，总结规律，并对这一活动作出评价，要避免仅仅时例子的罗列。
二.英语专业毕业论文格式要求
学位论文包括前置、主体、附录等三个部分。
(一)前置
1.英文封面：由论文英文题目、解释、作者、指导老师姓名和职称、时间组成。
2.目录：由论文的中、英文摘要、篇、章、条、款以及参考书目、附录等序号、题名和页码组成，排在英文封面之后另页。
3.中、英文内容论文摘要：摘要是论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述，宜以最简洁的语言介绍论文的概要、作者的突出论点、新见解或创造性成果以及实验方法、数据或结论，是一篇完整的短文，可以独立使用，中文摘要一般在200字左右
4关键词：关键词是用以表示全文主题内容信息的单词或术语。为便于文献检索，学位论文应注明三至五个具有代表意义中、外文“关键词”，这些关键词就是论文的中心词，以显著的字符另起一行，分别排在中、外文摘要的左下方。各关键词之间用“分号”隔开。外文关键词应与中文关键词相对应。
(二)主体部分
主题部分包括引言(Introduction)、正文(Body)、结论(Conclusion)、参考文献(Bibliography)。主体部分必须由另页右页开始。
1.引言：主要说明研究工作的目的、涉及范围、相关领域的前人研究成果和知识空白、研究设想、研究方法等方面的概述、理论意义和实用价值等。
2.正文：论文的正文是核心部分，占主要篇幅。一般论文选题需要从几个方面来论述或论证。要求论据充分，论点明确。行文必须实事求是，客观真切，准确完备，合乎逻辑，层次分明，简练可读。正文部分要有分级标题，章、条、款、项的序号编码方法，采用阿拉伯数分级系列编号法，论文中的章、条、款、项依次排列，依次从1开始，连续编号，中间用“.”相隔，最末级编号之后不加点。示例：
1.
2.…… 2.1
2.2…… 2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3.… 2.2.3.1
3.结论：学位论文的结论是最终的、总体的结论，它是对正文部分的论述的概述，也可以在结论或讨论中提出建议、研究设想、尚待解决的问题等。
Abstract 6-8
摘要 9-17
Chapter One Introduction 17-26
1.1 Background of the study 17-22
1.2 Objectives of the study 22-24
1.3 Organization of the dissertation 24-26
Chapter Two Review of the Literature 26-80
2.1 Task and task-based language teaching 26-31
2.1.1 Introduction to TBLT 26-28
2.1.2 Defining tasks 28-31
2.2 Task complexity and task performance 31-70
2.2.1 Early constructs of task complexity 31-34
2.2.2 The current competing theories of task complexity 34-51
2.2.2.1 The Limited Attentional Capacity Model 36-41
2.2.2.2 Multiple Attentional Resource Model 41-49
2.2.2.3 Evaluation of the competing theories of task complexity 49-51
2.2.3 Cognitive factors and task performance 51-70
2.2.3.1 Reasoning demands and task performance 52-64
2.2.3.2 Contextual support as task complexity 64-70
2.3 Working memory in SLA 70-80
2.3.1 Models of working memory 72-75
2.3.2 Measurement for working memory 75-77
2.3.3 Working memory and task performance 77-80
Chapter Three Research Methodology 80-106
3.1 Research justifications, questions and hypotheses 80-85
3.2 Operationalization 85-87
3.2.1 Task complexity 85-86
3.2.2 Working memory capacity 86-87
3.3 Research Design 87-89
3.4 Participants 89-90
3.5 Instruments 90-94
3.5.1 C-Test 90-91
3.5.2 Background and bio-data questionnaire 91-92
3.5.3 Working memory test 92
3.5.4 Oral narrative test 92-94
3.5.5 Affective variable questionnaire 94
3.6 Research procedures 94-97
3.7 Production measures 97-104
3.7.1 Complexity measures 100-101
3.7.2 Accuracy measures 101-103
3.7.3 Fluency measures 103-104
3.8 Interrater reliability 104-106
Chapter Four Results 106-149
4.1 Across-task comparisons 106-133
4.1.1 Higher working memory capacity group 107-120
4.1.1.1 Results related to hypothesis 1.1 114-117
4.1.1.1.1 Reasoning demand under+contextual support condition 114-115
4.1.1.1.2 Reasoning demand under-contextual support condition 115-117
4.1.1.2 Results related to hypothesis 1.2 117-120
4.1.1.2.1 Contextual support under-reasoning demand condition 117-119
4.1.1.2.2 Contextual support under+reasoning demand condition 119-120
4.1.2 Lower working memory capacity group 120-133
4.1.2.1 Results related to hypothesis 1.3 127-130
4.1.2.1.1 Reasoning demand under+contextual support condition 127-129
4.1.2.1.2 Reasoning demand under-contextual support condition 129-130
4.1.2.2 Results related to hypothesis 1.4 130-133
4.1.2.2.1 Contextual support under-reasoning demand condition 130-132
4.1.2.2.2 Contextual support under+reasoning demand condition 132-133
4.2 Between-groups comparisons 133-145
4.2.1 Results related to hypothesis 2.1 134-136
4.2.2 Results related to hypothesis 2.2 136-142
4.2.3 Results related to hypothesis 2.3 142-145
4.3 Affective perception results 145-149
Chapter Five Discussion and Conclusion 149-171
5.1 spoken productions across tasks 149-158
5.2 Between-groups comparisons 158-160
5.3 Major findings of present study 160-165
5.4 Theoretical implications 165-167
5.5 Pedagogical implications 167-168
5.6 Limitations and suggestions for future research 168-170
5.7 Conclusion 170-171
Bibliography 171-193
Appendix A participants' profiles 193-194
Appendix B Cloze Test 194-196
Contents
I. Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
II. Several kinds of the origin of festivals in English-speaking Countries--------1
1. Religious and Customary-------------------------------------------------------------1
1.1 Christmas----------------------------------------------------------------------------2
1.2 Boxing Day--------------------------------------------------------------------------2
1.3 Easter Sunday ----------------------------------------------------------------------2
1.4 Halloween----------------------------------------------------------------------------3
1.5 New Year's Day -------------------------------------------------------------------4
1.6 All fool's day------------------------------------------------------------------------5
1.7 Thanksgiving Day------------------------------------------------------------------5
2. Memorial--------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
2.1 For great peoples-------------------------------------------------------------------8
2.2 For great events--------------------------------------------------------------------10
3. Brought in by immigrant------------------------------------------------------------11
Ⅲ.The festivals’ influence on people’s daily life in English-speaking countries.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12
1.Activities on the festivals' day. ---------------------------------------------------12
1.1 Christmas party, songs and Christmas Eve dinner --------------------------12
1.2 Boxing Day sporting events-----------------------------------------------------13
1.3 Lent during Easter Day ----------------------------------------------------------13
1.4 Parties and religious observances on New Year's Day ----------------------14
1.5 Activities associated with Halloween Day ------------------------------------14
2. Various gifts on festivals -----------------------------------------------------------15
3. Decorations on festivals ------------------------------------------------------------16
4. Family gatherings and holiday meals--------------------------------------------17
Ⅳ The western culture features from the point view of the festivals of English-speaking countries.--------------------------------------------------------------18
1.The heavy influence on people’s daily life from religion.----------------------18
2.The culture has an obvious special feature of city-originality-------------------18
Ⅴ.Conclusion--------------------------------------------------------------------------------18
Dear Peter,
I’m very glad to receive your e-mail asking related to something about the host family we’ve arranged for you to stay with. Located in a beautiful and quiet neighborhood, a large and modern-equipped apartment will meet all you needs. Besides, it is not far from the summer camp and you can reach the summer camp within walking distance. Apart from the convenient public transportation, my family’s private car can take you to some nearby places of interest. Because all the members of the family can speak fluent English and are outgoing, I’m sure you will have no difficulty communicating with them. Above all, they hosted some American students last year, through which they’ve gained lots of experience. In addition, the outstanding Chinese cooking can guarantee you a wonderful chance of tasting delicious Chinese food.
If you have some other questions, write to me.
Yours,
Li Hua
书面表达2：
假设你是李华。你澳大利亚的笔友John计划在2月18日至24日来北京旅游，希望你帮他安排旅游期间的住宿以及活动内容，请根据以下内容给他回一封100词左右的E-mail。开头及结尾已为你写好。
1.可以住你家，你哥哥恰好此期间外出。
2.主要活动内容：长城(一天)，北海公园和你的学校(一天)，故宫和天安门(一天)，购物或做其他(一天)。
3.可去机场迎接，希望告知抵达时间和航班。
注意：
词数100左右;可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯;
开头及结尾已为你写好，不计入总次数。
参考词汇：颐和园：the Summer Palace故宫：the Forbidden City
Notice
In order to improve students’ spoken English and inspire their interest in English, we are going to hold an English Speech Contest in front of our classroom building at 4:00 pm, Wednesday, on November 9th, 2011. It will last for about one and a half hours. Those who want to take part in the contest can sign up at the office of English Club before October 29. Meanwhile, our foreign teacher will be invited to act as one of the judges. All the students are welcome to attend the contest. Please try your best and get ready in time. (78 words)
English Club
October 20, 2011
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