接力版英语趣味教学论文

以下是小编整理的接力版英语趣味教学论文，本文共9篇，欢迎阅读分享，希望对您有所帮助。

职业学校趣味型英语教学方法初探论文

摘 要：任课教师应从激发学生学习英语兴趣入手，积极地进行教学改革。采用趣味型 英语教学方法的意义是主动引导学生进行趣味型实践活动，提高教学中的趣味。在分析趣味 型学习者一般特征的基础上，合理运用趣味型英语教学方法，实现教学质量的提高。

关键词：教学改革；趣味型教学方法；激发学习兴趣；提高教学质量

在国内，由于普通高中扩招、规模不断扩大，造成职业学校生源减少，招生困难，生源 质量下降，职业学校学生英语基础非常薄弱，学习兴趣不够浓厚等诸多问题。而随着我国对 外开放步伐的加快，对外交流、合作日益增加，作为对外交流的语言工具职业英语教育，将 面临着极大的挑战。在职业教育中存在的问题也非常突出，主要表现在以下几个方面：第一 ，学生学习英语基础差，自我约束、自我控制能力不强，心理状态不佳；第二，学生学习兴 趣低，只是应付完成作业和考试；第三，教学方法过于陈旧，传统的填鸭式教学与现有的生 源状况及社会用人发展趋势极不适应。学习需要兴趣，学习英语更需要兴趣，提高学生学习的积极性和主动性，激发学生的学习兴趣，使之成为学习英语的动力，正是趣味型教学方法 研究的出发点。

趣味型教学方法的核心就是要激发学生学习英语的兴趣，使学生感到课堂教学趣味十足 ，做到寓教于乐，从而达到提高教学质量的目的，作者根据几年教学实践及理论积累，就趣 味型英语教学的方法，提出见解，以此来深化我们的教学改革，使我们的教学更具有特色， 培养实用人才满足社会需要。

一、采用趣味型英语教学方法的意义

传统的英语课堂教学模式一般是：教读生词、带读课文、解释课文、做笔头练习。这一 过程教师讲的多，学生练的少，无形中把着眼点放到了精讲语法和死记硬背方面，很多学生 在枯燥乏味的气氛中被老师“灌”一节课后，再无奈地领受作业。学生不仅感到乏味、无趣 味，而且学习动力不足、效率下降。英语教学的重点应该是培养学生的语言交际能力，应该 通过大量实践来实现，趣味的源泉也正来源于实践。兴趣是学习英语的必要条件，是学习英 语的最重要、最积极的因素，激发与巩固学生学习英语的兴趣是提高英语教学质量的关键。 因此教师应从激发学生学习英语兴趣入手，抓住兴趣这一主线，提高教学中的趣味，积极地 进行教学改革，主动引导学生进行趣味型实践活动，运用有效手段点燃学生学习英语的'兴趣 之火，这就是采用趣味型英语教学方法的意义所在。

二、趣味型学习者的一般特征

趣味型学习者对英语文化有着强烈的兴趣，他们对考试有点不以为然，对感兴趣的题材 他们做很多额外的阅读和练习，并以此为乐，他们自认自己的语感很好，在听、说、读、写 全面发展上也很有潜力。他们的动力是“有意思”，而不是“有意义”。他们不是被功利的 目的驱使，而是沉溺在英语的世界中寻求、探索。培养学习兴趣是趣味性教学方法实施的关 键，兴趣是最好的老师，是动机产生的主观原因，是战胜困难的法宝，利用学生心理上的成 熟性、学习上的能动性、思维上的积极性，让学生处于一种积极的接受状态才能收到较好的 效果。掌握了学生英语学习的心理、学习风格、学习特征，教师在教学内容和教学方法上就 有针对性、灵活性。引导学生主动参与、亲自实践、独立思考、合作探索，充分发挥学生的 内在潜力和优势。教师还要创设宽松、和谐的教学环境和课堂气氛，让学生在这样的氛围中 心情舒畅、思维活跃，使个人倾向得以充分发展，这样学生既有了学习兴趣，又有了良好的 自主学习习惯。只有真正认识到趣味型学习者的一般特征，才能把趣味型英语教学方法运用 、贯彻到教学实践中，进而收到良好的教学效果。

三、合理运用趣味型英语教学方法，提高教学质量

合理运用趣味教学方法是培养学生学习英语兴趣的有效途径，用以达到提高教学质量的 目的。趣味教学就是以引导学生学习兴趣为主导，在教学中穿插一些生动的英语故事情节、幽默的英语笑话、国外的风土人情等内容，使枯燥的英语学习变得生动、活泼、有活力，逐 渐形成浓厚的学习氛围，培养学生学习兴趣，使学生真正掌握教学大纲所要求掌握的知识。

1、运用现代化的教学手段，实现图文并茂的效果

现代化的教学设施为英语教学提供了先进的技术支持，合理的运用多媒体声像教学设施 既可以做到有直观的感性认识，又可以加上有趣味的理性讲解，不仅做到直观、趣味，而且 使学生易于接受和掌握，进而改变了传统的课堂枯燥无味的环境，使学生对学习英语产生浓 厚的兴趣。

2、重视每一节课的开端，活跃课堂气氛

职业学校的英语教材一般都与实际生活密切结合的。利用实际生活中最时尚，学生最感 兴趣的题材进行导入，把学生的兴趣带动起来，为每一节课提供、创造良好的开端，激发出 学生听课的热情。例如，开始上课时播放适合于本节课的流行歌曲，或展示几幅明星的照片 ，或有趣的实物，从这些有趣、时尚、学生喜闻乐见、与教学有关的题材入手，使学生处于 兴奋状态，他就会有兴趣地翻开课本，在兴奋之余认真听课进而学到知识。

3、充分创设喜悦的成功机会，激发学习兴趣

所谓成功的喜悦是属于情感范畴，是指个体达到预定目标的一种愉快感情体验。情感是 人们对客观事物是否符合人的需要而产生的。能使人感到轻松愉快了，便能激发学习兴趣， 特别是在英语的教学中能够极大的增强学生的学习信心。因此，在英语教学中，要经常运用 赏识教育的思想，针对每一个不同学生的实际水平，因材施教，为每一名学生创设成功的机 会，使他们每个人都能够得到这种成功的喜悦，从而激发学习兴趣，调动其学习的积极性。

4、在培养口语交际能力中激发学习兴趣

英语是一门实践性很强的学科，不宜作为专业性很强的技术理论学科去对待，它是人们 用来表达和交流思想的工具。只有把英语当作一门实践课来上，才能真正把英语当做工具来 使用。所以在英语教学时，以提高学生的语言能力和运用英语进行实际交际能力为宗旨，采 用以学生为主题的教学方法，力求教学过程交际化，这样才能为激发学生学习兴趣创造有利 条件。众所周知，中国学生学习英语的主要困难之一，就是缺乏英语的语言环境，因此，教 师应经常运用英语组织教学加大学生英语口语的输入量，为创设语言环境、提高学生听说能 力和教学过程交际化提供保证。

5、留趣味型的英语作业

根据学生英语学习的心理和特征，采取主动引导学生主动参与、亲自实践原则，课后让 学生完成有趣味的英语作业，达到巩固所学知识的目的。例如，学唱一首英文歌曲，摘抄和 欣赏英文名言警句、诗歌、小幽默，为某个商品设计一句英文广告词，玩英语游戏，看一部 你感兴趣的英文原版片，收集几个你喜爱的明星或卡通人物的英文名字等等。

总之，提高学生学习英语的兴趣是英语教师成功教学必不可少的重要因素，而趣味英语 教学方法的具体操作方法可以有许多种，或各种方法的组合，仁者见仁，智者见智。要探索 出适合自己、适合学生的趣味英语教学方法，用以有效激发学生学习兴趣，从而提高教学水平。

四、结束语

英语教学既是一门科学，又是一门艺术，随着我国的进一步对外开放，作为对外交流的 语言工具，英语交际能力的培养是职业学校英语教育的重点，采用趣味型英语教学方法来有 效激发学生学习英语的兴趣，对提高我们的教学水平、提高教学质量、培养应用型人才都有 着重要的意义，而对趣味英语教学法的研究、对英语教学改革的深入也有着关键、积极的现 实意义。

参考文献：

［1］刘丽欣.职业英语教学中跨文化交际能力的培养［j］.职业技术教育,20__,(29).

［2］胡湘辉.英语教学中如何培养学生的跨文化交际能力［j］.河西学院学报，20__,(1).

名词

分类说明

名词是英语中的一种实词，用来表示人或事物名称。根据名词的意义和使用范围，可将名词分为普通名词和专有名词。

普通名词就是用来表示一般事物的名称的词，如：desk，dog，milk，bread。根据普通名词是否可数，又可分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词可细分为个体名词(如：man，woman)和集合名词(如：class，family，audience)；不可数名词也可细分为物质名词(如：water，air)和抽象名词(如：pronunciation，revolution)。

可数名词有单、复数的变化，可用不定冠词和数词修饰，在学习中必须掌握名词单、复数规则及不规则的变化形式；集合名词既可作为整体，用作单数，也可作为个体而用复数形式，因此在集合名词充当句子的主语时，需特别注意后面谓语动词的形式。

不可数名词没有单、复数形式的变化，一般也不能用不定冠词或数词修饰。但有些不可数名词可转化为可数名词，意义却不同，如：paper(纸)一papers(试卷、报纸、文件)，water(水)一waters(江、河、湖泊中的水或水域)，work(工作)一works(著作、工厂)，air(空气)一airs(神气、架子、姿态)，tea(茶)一teas(茶叶种类)，wind(风)一winds(一阵阵的风)；有些抽象名词也可具体化，其前面必须用不定冠词修饰．如：cold(冷)一have a cold(感冒)，look(swim，rest…)一have a look(swim，rest…)。

专有名词是指人、地点、单位、团体、书报、杂志、产品等特有的名称。它们一般没有人称和数的变化，也不用冠词修饰。但含有普通名词的专有名词、特指某个历史时期的专有名词或具有某方面特征的专有名词可用冠词修饰，如：Lei Feng-a Lei Feng in our class，America-the United States of America，China-the China you see today。

名词在句子中可作主语、宾语、表语、补足语、定语和状语。作主语、宾语、表语及补足语时，都用普通格。而当用作定语时，表示中心词的材料、性质、用途、类别等时用普通格；表示名词间的所属关系时，用所有格。

普通格作定语又分三种情况：

1．名词一般用单数形式；

2．clothes，goods，parents，sports等名词一般要用复数形式；

3．man，woman修饰单数名词时，用单数形式，修饰复数名词时要用复数形式。

所有格作定语时，也有三种情况：

1．名词+ -S，一般表示有生命的名词，但现代英语中的时间、地点名词也可有这种用法；

2．of+名词，一般表示没有生命的名词；

3．of+名词+ -’S一般表示有生命的名词。

目前高考对名词的考查，纯语法方面的问题已经减少了，而主要考查名词的意义辨析以及名词跟其它词的搭配关系。如：“I don’t think it’s my _______that the TV blew up．I just turned it off，that’s a11．”said the boy．的选项A．error B．mistake C．fault D．duty就是考查词汇辨析；如：Perhaps we need to clear away these books to make ________ for our new students．中的选项A．place B．area C．space D．room就要根据与动词的搭配关系来确定。

因此，考生在了解词汇方面知识的同时，特别要注意名词的意义辨析、名词跟其它词的搭配关系这两方面的问题。

回放真题

真题1(甘肃、青海卷28)

The face of four famous American presidents on Mout Rushmore can be seen from a ________of 60 miles．

A，length B．distance C．way D．space

【答案及解析】B 选项A意思是：长度；B是：距离；C是：道路，方法；D是：空间，太空。根据句子的意思，答案选B，指离那儿60英里远的地方。

真题2(2004湖北卷21)

Don’t leave matches or cigarettes on the table within ______of little children．

A．hand B．reach C．space D．distance

【答案及解析】B 选项A是：支配，掌管；B意思是：够得着的地方；C是：空间；D是：距离。根据句意，答案选B。

真题3(2004浙江卷28)

-Brad was Jane’s brother!

一________ he reminded me so much of Jane!

A．No doubt B．Above all C．No wonder D．Of course

【答案及解析】c选项A的意思是：毫无疑问，表示肯定；B的意思是：首先，最重要的是，表示重要性；C的意思是：难怪，表示恍然大悟；D的意思是：当然，当然可以，表示同意。根据上下旬的意思，答案选C，表示对原来某现象突然弄明白了。

真题4(2004上海卷45)

The environmentalists said wild goats’ ________on the vast grasslands was a good indication of the better environment．

A．escape B．absence C．attendance D．appearance

【答案及解析】D escape：逃跑，absence：缺席，根据句子后面的good indication of the better environment可将A、B排除；attendance：出勤，一般指接受邀请或要求而主动参加，与题意不符，故只有appearance：出现，符合题意。句子意思为：环境学家说野山羊存大草原的出现说明环境变好了。因此，答案选D。

真题5(2004上海卷52)

In dealing with public relations，we should make every effort to prevent the ________in personality．

A．contact B．contrast C．connection D．conflict

【答案及解析】 D本题考查词义的区别。contact：接触，contrast：对比，connection：联系，conflict：冲突。句子的意思为：在处理公共关系时，我们应努力防止人格冲突。

真题6(2004上海卷53)

Chinese arts have won the ________ of a lot of people outside China．

A．enjoyment B．appreciation C．entertainment D．reputation

【答案及解析】 B enjoyment：满意，快乐；appreciation：欣赏、赏识；entertainment：娱乐；reputation：名声。根据句子的意思，答案应该选B，意思为：中国艺术享誉海外。

真题7(2004天津卷26)

I keep medicines on the top shelf，out of the children’s ________．

A．reach B．hand C．hold D．place

【答案及解析】 A选项A意思是：够得着的地方；B是：指示，掌管；C是：控制，照管；D是：地方。根据句意，目的是不让孩子们拿着，所以答案选A。

真题8(2004上海春季卷27)

The village is far away from her indeed：It’s ________walk．

A．a four hour B．a four hour’s C．a four．hours D．a four hours’

【答案及解析】D冠词、数词、量词和名词连用有两种形式：一种是a+数词+量词的名词所有格+名词，如果数词大于…1’，量词要用复数形式，如：a four miles’ journey；另一种是：a+数词．量词+名词，这时量词用单数形式。如：a four-mile walk。

真题9(北京卷29)

-I’m sorry I stepped outside for a smoke．1 was very tired．

-There is no ________for this while you are on duty．

A．reason B．excuse C．cause D．explanation

【答案及解析】B考查名词意义辨析。excuse理由、借口。说话人意为：你在值班的时候是没有任何理由出去的。reason原因；cause事情起因；explanation解释，与句意不符。

真题10(2003上海卷28)

The young dancers looked so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took ________ pictures of them．

A．many of B．masses of C．the number of D．a large amount of

【答案及解析】 B many直接修饰可数名词，表很多；接介词of时，表部分，此时名词前需用定冠词the修饰。many修饰可数名词复数时不用of，故A不可选。number用来表示大量、很多时，应为a number of，故C不可选。a large amount of用来修饰不可数名词，而picture是可数名词，故D也不可选。B项masses of是非正式的表达方式，后跟可数名词。

真题1l(2003上海卷46)

“I don’t think it’s my ________that the TV blew up．I just turned it on，that’s all，”said the boy．

A．error B．mistake C．fault D．duty

【答案及解析】C error、mistake侧重于“错误”这一客观事实；而fault侧重于造成差错的主观责任；duty则是指责任、义务、该做的事。题中说电视坏了，这不是“我”的责任，也就是说“不是‘我’造成的”。

真题12(2003上海卷50)

One of the consequences of our planet’s being warming up is a(n) ________in the number of natural disasters．

A．result B．account C．reason D．increase

【答案及解析】D account作名词时意思为“原因；账户”；result意为“结果”；reason意为“理由，原因”；increase意为“增加”。原句是说地球升温造成的后果之一是“增加”了自然灾害的数量，故用increase。

真题13(2003上海卷52)

Life is tough in the city．In order to lose their _____，some people drink alcoho1．

A．temper B．mood C．consciousness D．pressures

【答案及解析】D lose one’s temper意为“发脾气”；mood意为“心境，情绪”；consciousness意为“清醒，意识”。第一句说“在城市生活很困难”，所以应是“为了缓解压力”。

真题14(2003北京春季卷28)

The manager has got a good business ________ so the company is doing well．

A．idea B．sense C．thought D．thinking

【答案及解析】 B idea指对某件具体事物的看法或想法；thought指某人处理问题的一整套思想体系；thinking指某人在某种特定情况下的思维或考虑，它们均不符题意。sense辨别力；鉴赏力。译文：这位经理有良好的商业意识，因此公司经营良好。

真题15(2003安徽春季卷25)

If you’re driving to the airport．Can you give me a ________?

A．hand B．seat C．drive D．1ift

【答案及解析】D give sb a lift是“免费搭私人车，坐他人顺路车”的意思.

真题16(2003安徽春季卷35)

Perhaps we need to clear away these books to make _______for our new students．

A．place B．area C．space D．room

【答案及解析】D place和area为可数名词，在句中不能单独使用，排除A、B；space和room可通用，指不确定的范围，可容下某物或达到某目的，但make通常跟room搭配。

真题17(上海春季卷21)

The ________ is just around the corner and you won’t miss it．

A．bicycle’s shop B．bicycle shop

C．bicycles shop D．bicycles’ shop

【答案及解析】 B名词作定语可分两种情况，其一是表所属关系，常用’s或of+名词来表示；其二是表示中心词的性质、材料、类别或性别等时，一般直接用名次的单数形式，只有clothes，parents．goods．sports, sales等少数几个名词必须用复数形式，man和woman修饰单数名词时用单数形式，修饰复数名词时要用复数形式。此处指商店的性质，用单数形式。译文：自行车商店就在拐就处，你不会错过它。

真题18(2001上海春季卷22)

His daughter is always shy in ________ and she never dares to make a speech to ________.

A. the pubic; the public B. pubic; the public

C. the pubic; public D. pubic; public

【答案及解析】B in pubic 的意思是“在公众场合”； the public 意为“公众”

真题19(上海春季卷33)

What he has done is far from _______.

A. satisfactory B. satisfied C. satisfaction D. satisfy

【答案及解析】A 一般说来，介词后要接名词或相当于名词的词或短语做宾语。然而有些介词后接being + adj, being 可省略，这就出现了介词+ adj的情况。本句结构为：far from (being) satisfactory.

责任编辑：李芳芳

1. 名词

名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词，专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类：

1）个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。

2）集体名词：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。

3）物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。

4）抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。

个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词，物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词。归纳一下，名词的分类可以下图表示：

名词 专有名词 不可数名词

普通名词 物质名词

抽象名词

集体名词

可数名词

个体名词

1.1 名词复数的规则变化

情况 构成方法 读音 例词

一般情况 加 -s 清辅音后读/s/ map-maps

浊辅音和元音后读 /z/ bag-bags /car-cars

以s, sh, ch, x等结尾 加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses/ watch-watches

以ce, se, ze,等结尾 加 -s 读 /iz/ license-licenses

以辅音字母+y结尾 变y 为i再加es 读 /z/ baby---babies

1.2 其它名词复数的规则变化

1） 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数。例如：

two Marys the Henrys

monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays

2） 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：

a. 加s，如： photo---photos piano---pianos

radio---radios zoo---zoos；

b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes

c. 上述a和b两种方法均可，如zero---zeros / zeroes。

3） 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：

a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs roof---roofs

safe---safes gulf---gulfs；

b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves

knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves

wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves；

c. 上述a和b两种方法均可，如handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves。

1.3 名词复数的不规则变化

1） child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth

mouse---mice man---men woman---women

注意：由一个词加 man 或 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women，如an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。

2） 单复同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ，li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin等。但除人民币的元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如：a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。

3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。例如：

people police cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用，如The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。

4） 以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：

a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，一般是不可数名词，为单数。

b. news 为不可数名词。

c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。

The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。

d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。例如：

“The Arabian Nights” is a very interesting story-book. 《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书。

5） 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses （眼镜） trousers, clothes等，若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair（对，双）; suit（套）; a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。

6） 另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼。

1.4 不可数名词量的表示

1）物质名词

a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时为可数。

比较：Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。 （不可数）

These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 （可数）

b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，可数。例如：

This factory produces steel. （不可数）

We need various steels. （可数）

c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。例如：

Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。

Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。

2） 抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数。例如：

four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四个现代化

物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量，如a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice 一则建议。

5. 定语名词的复数

名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。

1) 用复数作定语。例如：

sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室

talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系

2） man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。例如：

men workers women teachers gentlemen officials

3） 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。例如：

goods train （货车） arms produce 武器生产

customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush 衣刷

4） 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。例如：

two-dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路

two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan. 一个五年计划

1.6 不同国籍人的单复数

国籍 总称（谓语用复数） 单数 复数

中国人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese

瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss

澳大利亚人 the Australians an Australian two Australians

俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russians

意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians

希腊人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks

法国人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen

日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese

美国人 the Americans an American two Americans

印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians

加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians

德国人 the Germans a Germans two Germans

英国人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen

瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes

1.7 名词的格

英语中有些名词可以加“'s”来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下：

1） 单数名词词尾加“'s”，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加“'s”，如the boy's bag 男孩的书包，men's room 男厕所。

2） 若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加“ ' ”，如：the workers' struggle 工人的斗争。

3） 凡不能加“'s”的名词，都可以用“名词+of +名词”的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。

4） 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barber's 理发店。

5） 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示“分别有”；只有一个's，则表示'共有'。例如：

John's and Mary's rooms（两间） John and Mary's room（一间）

6） 复合名词或短语，'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。例如：a month or two's absence

1.8 练习

0. He was eager to make some extra money, since during these years he could hardly live on his_______.

a． little wage b. few wage c. wage d. wages

1. Most of the houses in the village were burnt to ______ during the war.

a. an ash b. the ash c. ash d. ashes

2. The students at colleges or universities are making ______ for the coming New Year.

a.many preparations b. much preparation c. preparations d. preparation

3. Painting in _____ is one of their spare-time activities.

a. oil b. an oil c. oils d. the oil

4. In the view of the foreign experts, there wasn’t ____ oil here.

a. much b. lots of c. a great deal of d. many

5. The large houses are being painted, but ______.

a. of great expense b. at a great expense c. in a lot of expenses d. by high expense

6. The room was small and contained far too ______.

a.much new furniture c. much new furnitures

b.many new furniture d. many new furnitures

7. Jim was late for two classes this morning. He said that he forgot both of the ______.

a. rooms number b. room number c. room’s numbers d. room numbers

9.Computers can do ______ work in a short time, but a man can not do ______ by himself.

a great many…many c. much…a great deal

b. a great deal of…much d. many…a great many

9. She didn’t know _____ he had been given.

a. how many information c. how many informations

b. the number of information d. how much information

10. He invited all of his ______ to join his wedding party.

a. comrade-in-arms c. comrades-in-arm

b. comrades-in-arms d. comrade-in-arm

11. All the ______ in the hospital got a rise last month.

a. women doctors c. woman doctors

b. women doctor d. woman doctor

13.After ten years, all these youngsters became_____.

a. growns-ups c. growns-up

b. grown-up d. grown-ups

14.The police investigated those _____ about the accident.

a. stander-by c. standers-by

b. stander-bys d. standers-bys

15.The Nazi kept those ______ in their concentration camp.

a.prisoner-of-wars c. prisoners-of-war

b.prisoners-of-wars d. prisoner-of-war

16.The manager was greatly appreciate that _____ made by Linda lately.

a. new reel b. news reel c. new-reels d. news reels

17.Mary’s dress is similar in appearance to her ______.

a. elder sister b. elder sister’s c. elder sisters d. elder sisters dress

18.All the people at the conference are ______.

a. mathematic teachers c. mathematics teacher

b.mathematics teachers d. mathematic’s teachers

19.Professor Mackay told us that ______ of lead are its softness and its resistance.

a. some property c. properties

b. some properties d. property

20.Physics _____ with matter and motion.

a. deal b. deals c. dealing d. are

21.He has written several books, but his last works _____ well known among his friends.

a. have b. have been c. is d. are

22.After he checked up my ______ heart, the doctor advised him to rest for a few days.

a. father-in-law’s c. father’s-in-law

b. father-in-law d. father’s-in-law’s

23.He told me _____ would come to his birthday party.

a. many Jack friends c. many Jack’s friend

b. Jack’s many friends d. many friends of Jack’s

24.I had my hair cut at the _____ around the corner.

a.barber b. barbers c. barber’s d. barbers’

25.Yesterday evening we had a lovely evening at ______.

a. Peter and Helen’s c. Peter and Helen

b. Peter and Helens d. Peter’s and Helen’s

26.______ receives only a small portion of the total amount of the sun’s energy.

a. The earth’s surface c. The surface of earth

b. The surface earth d. The earth surface

27.Numerous materials are available to ______.

a. today of designers c. today’s of designers

b. today’s designers d. today designers

28.Why did you speak to Peter that way? Don’t you know he is an old friend of ______?

a. my brother b. my brothers c. my brother’s d. my brother’s friend

29.______ is a well-informed man. He can tell you anything you want to know.

a. This John’s old friend c. That’s Jahn’s old friend

b. This old friend of John d. This old friend of John’s

30.______ is too much for a little boy to carry.

a.A bike’s weight c. The weight of a bike

b.The weights of a bike d. Bile’s weight

31.Generally there are ______ television programs for children on Saturday.

a.little b. much c. a large number of d. a large amount of

32.When they got to the lecture-room, there were ______ left.

a.only few seats b. a very few seats c. only a few seats d. so a few seats

33.______ travels faster when the zip code is indicated on the envelope.

a. A little mail b. A piece of mail c. A mail d. A small mail

34.The Department purchased ______ to improve the working conditions there.

a. a new equipment c. new equipments

b. a new piece of equipment d. new pieces of equipments

35.The boy tried hard but there has been ______ in his work.

a.little improvement c. many improvements

b. a little improvement d. few improvements

36.Today’s modern TV cameras require ______ light as compared with the earlier models.

a. only a few b. only few c. only a little d. only little

37.No country can afford to neglect ______.

a.an education b. educations c. education d. the education

38.Please write the answers to the questions at the end of ______.

a. eighth chapter b. chapter eight c. eight chapter d. chapter the eight

39.______ is only surpassed by that of monkeys’ and apes’.

a.The intelligent dog c. The intelligence of dogs

b.The dogs whose intelligence d. The dogs being intelligent

40.All ______ must take the graduate Management Admission Test.

a. business student b. business’s students c. business students d. business’s student

41.______ anywhere in the United States costs less than a dollar when you dial it yourself.

a.Three minutes call c. A three-minutes call

b.Three-minute call d. A three-minute call

42.The ______ about nuclear energy revolves around the waste problem.

a.public’s chief concern c. chief public concern

b.public chief concern d. chief concern of public’s

43.______ the first and largest ethnic group to work on the construction of the transcontinental railroad.

a. Chinese were b. The Chinese was c. Chinese was d. The Chinese were

44.______ can get a better view of the game than the participants.

a.Looker-on b. Lookers-on c. Looker-ons c. Lookers-ons

45.A group of spectators was dispersed by the police who ______ at the scene of the accidents within minutes.

a. were b. have been c. was d. has been

46.Our livestock ______ not as numerous as they used to be.

a.is b. are c. be d. been

47.One of the most surprising things is that ______ may come from petroleum.

a. much of tomorrow food c. many of tomorrow’s food

b. much of the food of tomorrow d. much of tomorrow’s food

48.Scott is an orphan but he received ______.

a.very good education c. a very good education

b.very good educations d. many good educations

49.After several day’s hardworking, we have made ______ on the design.

a. much improvement c. many improvement

b. several improvements d. some improvement

50.The boy was very happy that his mother bought him a new pair of shoes at a ______ yesterday.

a.shoes shop b. shoe shop c. shoes’s shop d. shoe’s

51.Eggs, though nourishing, have ______ of fat content.

a.large number b. a large number c. a high amount d. the high amount

52.He has done some ______ on that subject from various angles over the past ten years.

a.research b. a research c. researches d. the researches

53.Recently, he has lost all his ______.

a.wage and saving at card c. wages and saving at card

b.wages and savings at card d. wages and savings at cards

54.The country’s wealth comes chiefly from its many ______.

a.herd of cattle b. heard of cattles c. herds of cattle d. herds of cattles

55.In Britain the ______ are all painted red.

a.letter boxes b. letters box c. letters boxes d. letters’s box

56.Ten years had passed. I found she had ______.

a.a little white hair c. a few white hair

b.some white hair d. much white hair

57.All his ______ far from satisfaction

a. conduct is b. conduct are c. conducts is d. conducts will be

58.Although the town had been attacked by the storm several times, ______ was done.

a. a few damages b. few damages c. little damage d. a little damage

59.He was ______ what to do.

a. at his wit end b. at his wits end c. at his wit’s end d. at his wits’s end

60.Would you like to have a cup of tea and ______ with me?

a two toasts b. two pieces of toast c. two piece of toasts d. tow pieces of toasts

61.Accurate ______ covering the fact are not obtainable.

a. datum b. datums c. data d. datas

62.On Monday morning some teachers exchanged a few ______.

a. how-are-yous c. how-are-you’s

b. of how-are-you’s d. of how are you

63.Albert said he met the girl ______

a. at his uncle’s Smith room c. at his uncle Smith’s room

b. at Smith’s his uncle’s room d. at the room of his uncle’s Smith’s

64.It is four months since I last saw Keats ______.

a. at Mrt Smith’s ,the book seller c. at my aunt’s, a book seller

b. at my aunt’s, Mrs Palmer’s d. at Mrs Palmer’s, the book seller’s

65.This room is ______.

a. the editor’s-in-chief’s office c. the editor-in-chief’s office

b. the editor-in-chief office d. the editor’s-in-chief office

66.My old classmate, Comrade Sun ,works at ______.

a. a teacher college c. a teacher’s college

b. a teachers’s college d. a college of a teacher’s

67.The policemen put the criminal ______.

a. in a iron b. into a iron c. in irons d. into a pair of iron

68.Our teacher gave me ______.

a. an advice b. the advice c. many advice d. much advice

69.My mother cut the cloth with ______ scissors.

a. a b. two c. a couple of d. a pair of

70.My house is within ______ from the railway station.

a. a stone’s throw b. a throw of a stone c. stone’s throw d. the stone’s throw

附：介词练习

1. She is such an irritating woman, I don’t know how you can ______ her.

a. put up b. stand up to c. stand with d. put up with

2. To get my traveler’s check I had to ______ a special check to the bank for the total amount.

a. make for b. make out c. make off d. make up

3. Little boys are easily ______.

a. taken in b. taken away c. taken out d. taken over

4. The company is going to hand ______ the free samples tomorrow.

a. up b. out c. on d. down

5. It was purely ______ chance that the mistake was discovered.

a. in b. for c. by d. from

6. The magician picked several persons ______ from the audience and asked them to help him with the performance.

a. by accident b. on occasion c. on average d. at random

7. I left for the office earlier than usual this morning ______ traffic jam.

a. in case of b. in line with c. for the sake of d. at the risk of

8. Some areas, _______ their severe weather conditions, are hardly populated.

a. but for b. in spite of c. due to d. with regard to

9. Visitors are asked to comply ______ the regulations.

a. at b. in c. with d. on

10. He ______ so much work that he couldn’t really do it efficiently.

a. put on b. took on c. brought on d. turned on

11.In order to save time, I ______ my shopping to once a week.

a. cut off b. cut out c. cut up d. cut down

12.The idea has ______ that science cannot be wrong.

a. piled up b. picked up c. grown up d. put up

13.he did everything he could to prevent if from ______ into fighting.

a. breaking off b. breaking up c. breaking out d. breaking of

14.The construction of the new building will cost ______ 1,000,000 dollars, and it’s not easy to get so much money.

a. at last b. at most c. at least d. at large

15.The thief ran away as fast as he could ______ the policeman.

a. in sight b. within the sight of c. within sight d. at the sight of

16.For too long, European can makers have fought to ______ old ways and old privileges.

a. hang on to b. have access to c. refer to d. see to

17.Whoever ______ a full night’s sleep will be more than rewarded in heightened productivity, creativity and focus.

a. invests at b. invests in c. invests by d. invests with

18.Prior ______ his departure, he wrote a letter to his mother.

a. of b. from c. to d. in

19.The company is very famous ______ the high quality of its products.

a. in b. for c. by d. with

20.Once he was given a chance to improve his position in the firm, he seized it ______ both hands and is now on his way to the top.

a. on b. at c. in d. with

21.These misfortunes almost deprived him ______ his future career.

a. with b. of c. from d. beyond

22.I don’t ______ the expense; I want the party to be a real success.

a. care for b. care about c. be in care of d. take care of

23.We must get the roof mended before the wet weather sets ______.

a. about b. on c. up d. in

24.The car pulled ______ beside me and the driver asked me to way to the Great Wall.

a. down b. off c. up d. out

25.After the war, many warships were laid ______ as they were not needed any longer.

a. up b. aside c. down d. over

26.When the rebellion died ______ things quickly returned to normal.

a. out b. away c. down d. through

27.I’ll pick you ______ at your college gate and take you straight to the station.

a. on b. off c. out d. up

28.Will you please see ______ our luggage when I am away?

a. to b. in c. with d. for

29.______ they reached the small village before dusk.

a. Towards the end b. By the end c. In the end d. At the end

30.Mary has left the book on the table ______ purpose so that you can read it.

a. with b. on c. in d. out of

31.That noise is getting louder because the engineers are ______ the engine to see if the plane is ready to fly.

a. doing with b. running up c. turning in d. trying for

32.The government is looking ______ new methods of raising money without increasing taxes.

a. down on b. upon c. out for d. around

33.Man is superior to the animals ______ he sues language to convey his thoughts.

a. and that b. in that c. so that d. in order that

34.Not long ago, a person who I know every well was ______ an accident.

a. related to b. included in c. involved in d. subject to

35.I ______ to him for the error.

a. excused b. pardoned c. forgave d. apologized

36.Though we have no interests ______ common, we are good friends.

a. on b. in c. for d. at

37.The purse has returned to the original owner ______.

a. in a long time b. in a long run c. in no time d. at no time

38.We can’t hope to catch up with that car ______ us.

a. in advance of b. in the front of c. at the frontier of d. ahead of

39.Some animals will modify their behavior to ______ their environment.

a. adapt to b. adopt to c. suit to d. conform to

40.Don't ______ going abroad this summer, we may not have enough money.

a. count on b. come on c. attend upon d. frown upon

41.Don’t suspect your daughter ______ dishonesty.

a. of b. for c. with d. to

42.At the head of the valley we turned right and ______ the summit.

a. set up b. took up c. made for d. went for

43.Her type of women can ______ life much more easily.

a. cope with b. take advantage of c. take care of d. look after

44.The manager accused one of the hotel servants ______ stealing the money.

a. for b. with c. of d. about

45.It is difficult to _____ the implication between the lines.

a. get to b. get into c. get over d. get at

46.While living there, she ______ the local accent.

a. picked on b. picked at c. picked up d. picked out

47.We adopted the new method _____ raising our efficiency.

a. in the event of b. on account of c. with a view of d. with regard to

48.______ the light of what you have told me, I will say that it is he who came here yesterday.

a. By b. In c. Of d. Under

49.They will place China in the front ranks of countries of the world ______ the output of major industrial products.

a. in support of b. in connection with c. in terms of d. by means of

50.When they had finished playing, the children were made to ______ all the toys they had taken out.

a. put off b. put away c. put up d. put out

51.He failed to supply the facts relevant ______ the case in question.

a. for b. with c. of d. to

52.In Britain, and on the Continent too, the Japanese are viewed _______ a threat to domestic industries.

a. like b. as c. with d. for

53.When Jack was eighteen he ______ going around with a strange set of people and staying out very late.

a. took up b. took for c. took to d. took on

54.While in London, we paid a visit to the hospital founded ______ the nurse Florence Nightingale.

a. in line with b. in favor of c. in place d. in honor of

55.A poor man has to ______ many thing which a rich man regards as almost necessaries in life.

a. go through b. go without c. go over d. go about

56.Digital computers are practical ______ their high speed of operation.

a. instead of b. because of c. regardless of d. in spite of

57._____ the many hours of study that he devoted to the subject, he still found the subject matter difficult.

a. After b. Due to c. Despite d. As for

58.The early part of the concert ______ comparatively satisfactorily.

a. went after b. went down c. went off d. went up

59.Mary is _______ her face ready for the party.

a. clearing up b. holding up c. keeping up d. making up

60. _______ a prolonged spell of fine weather, they were able to complete the film within the month.

a. As to b. Thanks to c. In relation to d. With respect to

61.One day people will be able to go to the moon _____ holiday.

a. on b. during c. for d. in

62.How did it come _____ that you made a lot of mistakes in your homework?

a. about b. after c. with d. to

63.Whatever the rule is, you may be sure he will keep _____ it.

a. on b. in c. off d. to

64.In one firm alone over three hundred people were laid _____ during the last month.

a. in b. out c. on d. off

65.The safety of shops ______ sea depends much on the warnings given by lighthouses.

a. in b. across c. on d. at

66.The mass of an object is multiplied by the speed of light squared, _____ other words , the speed of light is multiplied by itself.

a. by b. for c. in d. with

67.The new system encourages companies to compete with each other ______ equal terms.

a. on b. in c. with d. for

68.You should stick _____ the point in debate.

a. to b. at c. in d. for

69.Tom has been sad recently, for his plan to go to college _____ at the last moment.

a. fell out b. fell behind c. fell in d. fell through

70.David likes country life and has decided to ______ farming.

a. go in for b. go into c. go through d. go after

71.The police haven’t caught the murder alive yet, but they are convinced that the really important facts of the case will soon ________ .

a. come into force b. come into contact c. come into light d. come down to earth

72.The teacher expects us to do all the exercises, to study the spelling list and to get our paper ______ time.

a. in b. on c. at d. by

73.Having been told bad weather was on the way, the climbers decided to ______ their attempt on Mount Tai until the following week.

a. give up b. deny to c. put off d. refuse to

74.Bill did not hear the telephone because he was completely ______ his reading.

a. absorbed for b. absorbed by c. absorbed on d. absorbed in

75.Unwanted tickets can be given ______ at the theatre office window up to half an hour before the performance.

a. in b. out c. off d. over

76.Science was ______ regarded as a part of philosophy.

a. at time b. at all time c. at a time d. at one time

77.The newly designed machines are high ______ quality.

a. on b. in c. for d. with

78.Some quite artistic, yet inexpensive fabrics are now being _____ from British mills.

a. turned over b. turned out c. turned up d. turned off

79.The mother scolded the boy ______ not cleaning up his room.

a. to b. with c. at d. for

80.______ my car is being made ready for a long journey.

a. In the moment b. For the moment c. At the moment d. By the moment

81.I’m bad ______ remembering faces.

a. at b. in c. with d. on

82.Oil drilling in that area has now stopped because the company has ______ money.

a. come out of b. come off c. run out of d. run down

83.The doctor was always ______ the poor and the sick, often giving them free medical services.

a. reminded of b. absorbed in c. tended by d. concerned about

84.The company will send a representative to ______ their business in that region.

a. attend to b. attempt at c. associate with d. approve of

85.Milk is ______ memories of home and mother so people away from home drink more milk.

a. bound to b. kept to c. referred to d. tied to

86.Despite the traffic lights ahead, the car continued ______ full speed.

a. with b. in on d. at

87.Something strange seems to be _____ me since I have been taking this drug.

a. running into b. coming across c. happening to d. falling on

88.The shopkeeper was ______ inside his own shop, and all the day’s money was stolen.

a. held over b. held up c. held out d. held off

89.Earth-like planets are extremely common in the Universe, ______ the latest computer simulation of the formation of the Solar System.

a. according to b. in addition to c. in regard to d. thanks to

90.In Brazil, spending on science and technology ______ just 0.6 percent of gross national product.

a. makes for b. makes up for c. accounts for d. stands for

91.______, wherever he lives, a man belongs to some society.

a. For short b. In short c. Of short d. On short

92.A man who could ______ such treatment was a man of remarkable physical courage and moral strength.

a. bear upon b. insist on c. stand up to d. persist in

93.Is his action consistent ______ his principles?

a. with b. in c. of d. by

94.He is by far the best player ______ the team.

a. for b. on c. in d. to

95.A foreign firm has bought more than half of the shares in his company and ______.

a. got over it b. overtaken it c. taken it over d. overcome it

96.After a heated bargaining they agreed ______ the price for the car.

a. to b. with c. on d. in

97._______ all the difficulties and discomforts, they went on working at the design.

a. Because of b. In proportion with c. As a result of d. In spite of

98.all questions left ______ by history must be settled one by one.

a. alone b. off c. out d. over

99.It is just three o’clock p.m. The plane just _____ five minutes ago.

a. took off b. took up c. took out d. took in

100.The government warned the people living in the forest to be ______ fire.

a. with regard to b. on guard c. on guard against d. in regard to

101.During sleep blood pressure is normally ______ its lowest.

a. in b. for c. at d. by

102.The parents and the children will have to leave the country ______ good.

a. with c. over c. on d. for

103.Neither their parents nor their friends have approved ______ their marriage yet.

a. for b. of c. to d. with

104.Classroom testing, if well done, most certainly ______ a stimulus to study and real learning.

a. acts for b. acts on c. acts as d. acts to

105.In the experiment we kept a watchful eye ______ the developments and recorded every detail.

a. in b. at c. for d. on

106.The French pianist who had been praised very highly ______ to be a great disappointment.

a. turned up b. turned in c. turned out d. turned down

107.In the advanced course students must take performance tests ______ monthly intervals.

a. in b. over c. at d. between

108.We regret to inform you that the materials you ordered are ______.

a. out of work b. out of reach c. out of practice d. out of stock

109.In the United States professors have many other duties ______ teaching, such as administrative or research work.

a. besides b. except c. but d. with

110.he attempted ______ to set up a company of his own.

a. with vain b. on vain c. in vain d. of vain

111.On hearing the news that her father died, she ______ tears.

a. burst out b. burst in c. burst into d. burst forth

112.She was annoyed at his comment, thinking that he visitor _____ her.

a. looked down b. looked highly of c. looked low at d. looked down upon

113.______ comparison to my boyhood, my undergraduate years in Oklahoma were paradise.

a. In b. With c. By d. For

114.The United States is a major consumer of coffee, yet it does not have the climate to grow any ______ its own.

a. on b. for c. of d. to

115.The accounts have always been handled ______ the banks policies.

a. in accordance with c. in connection with

c. in contrast with d. in line with

116.His inability to learn foreign languages was an obstacle ______ his career.

a. of b. to c. for d. as

117.The purpose of the official inquiry is to ______ the true facts leading to the loss of the ship at sea.

a. come at b. come for c. come into d. come over

118.Business picked up in the stores during December, but ______ again after Christmas.

a. dropped off b. dropped out c. dropped over d. dropped on

119.Many words associated with life in the West are Spanish ______ origin.

a. on b. in c. at d. from

120.The custom of visiting friends, relatives and neighbors on New Year’s Day is one the Old World traditions that has ______ a new form in the United States.

a. taken up b. taken on c. taken over d. taken off

121.Some workers fear the loss of social identity that can ______ not having a job.

a. result in b. result from c. bring up d. bring on

122.Most of the leading food shops have promised to ______ prices until after the new year.

a. keep off b. keep down c. keep out d. keep back

123.______ classical music, which follows formal European traditions, jazz is a spontaneous and free form.

a. In comparison with b. In connection with c. In contrast to d. In regard to

124.Alice ______ when a crowd from a train rushed through the gate.

a. looked after b. looked in c. looked over d. looked up

125.The news of important events is broadcast often _______ over television.

a. on the average b. on the contrary c. on the spot d. on the whole

2. 冠词和数词

2.1 不定冠词的用法

冠词本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种，一种是定冠词，另一种是不定冠词，还有一种是零冠词。

不定冠词a （an）与数词one 同源，是“一个”的意思。a用于辅音音素前，一般读作[e]，而an则用于元音音素前，一般读做[en]。

1） 表示“一个”，意为one；指某人或某物，意为a certain。例如：

A Mr. Ling is waiting for you. 有位姓凌的先生在等你。

2） 代表一类人或物。例如：

A knife is a tool for cutting with. 刀是切割的工具。

Mr. Smith is an engineer. 史密斯先生是工程师。

3） 组成词组或成语，如a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try /keep an eye on / all of a sudden等。

2.2 定冠词的用法

定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有“那（这）个”的意思，但意义较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。

1）特指双方都明白的人或物。例如：

Take the medicine. 把药吃了。

2）上文提到过的人或事。例如：

He bought a house. I've been to the house. 他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。

3）指世上独一物二的事物，如the sun， the sky， the moon， the earth等。

4）与单数名词连用表示一类事物，如the dollar 美元; the fox 狐狸；或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the rich 富人; the living 生者。

5）用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only，very，same等前面。例如：

Where do you live? I live on the second floor. 你住在哪？我住在二层。

That's the very thing I've been looking for. 那正是我要找的东西。

6）与复数名词连用，指整个群体。例如：

They are the teachers of this school.（指全体教师）

They are teachers of this school. （指部分教师）

7）表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前。例如：

She caught me by the arm.. 她抓住了我的手臂。

8）用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前。例如：

the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国

the United States 美国

9）用在表示乐器的名词之前。例如：

She plays the piano. 她会弹钢琴。

10） 用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人。例如：

the Greens 格林一家人 （或格林夫妇）

11） 用在惯用语中。例如：

in the day, in the morning （afternoon，evening）, the day after tomorrow

the day before yesterday, the next morning,

in the sky （water，field，country）

in the dark, in the rain, in the distance,

in the middle （of）, in the end,

on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre

2.3 零冠词的用法

1） 国名，人名前通常不用定冠词：England，Mary。

2）泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词。例如：

They are teachers. 他们是教师。

3）抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词。例如：

Failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母。

4）物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词。例如：

Man cannot live without water. 离开水人就无法生存。

5）在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词。例如：

We go to school from Monday to Friday. 我们从星期一到星期五都上课。

6）在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词。例如：

The guards took the American to General Lee. 士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。

7）在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词，如have breakfast，play chess。

8）当两个或两个以上名词并用时，常省去冠词。例如：

I can't write without pen or pencil. 没有钢笔和铅笔，我就写不了字。

9）当by 与火车等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时，中间无冠词，如by bus，by train。

10）有些个体名词不用冠词，如school，college，prison，market，hospital，bed，table，class，town，church，court 等个体名词，直接置于介词后，表示该名词的深层含义。例如：

go to hospital 去医院看病

go to the hospital 去医院 （并不是去看病，而是有其他目的）

11）不用冠词的序数词；

a. 序数词前有物主代词时。

b. 序数词作副词。例如：He came first in the race. 他跑步得了第一。

c. 在固定词组中，如at（the）first, first of all, from first to last等。

2.4 冠词与形容词+名词结构

1） 两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同的人或物。例如：

He raises a black and a white cat. 他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。

The black and the white cats are hers. 这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。

2） 如后一个形容词无冠词，则指一人或一物。例如：

He raises a black and white cat. 他养了一只花猫。

2.5 冠词位置

1） 不定冠词位置

不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意：

a. 位于such，what，many，half等形容词之后。例如：

I have never seen such an animal. 我从来没见过这样的动物。

Many a man is fit for the job. 许多人适合这岗位。

b. 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后。例如：

It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. 我从未这么高兴过。

So short a time 如此短的时间

Too long a distance 距离太远了

c. quite，rather与单数名词连用，冠词放在其后。但当rather，quite 前仍有形容词，不定冠词放其前后均可，如：rather a cold day/a rather cold day。

d. 在as，though 引导的让步状语从句中，当表语为形容词修饰的名词时，不定冠词放形容词后。例如：Brave a man though he is，he trembles at the sight of snakes. 他尽管勇敢，可见到蛇还是发抖。

2） 定冠词位置

定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在all， both，double，half，twice，three times等词之后，名词之前。例如：All the students in the class went out. 班里的所有学生都出去了。

2.6 数词

表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。

一、基数词

1）基数词一般可写成如345或three hundred and forty-five。

2）基数词一般是单数形式，但遇下列情况，常用复数：

a. 与of 短语连用，表示概数，不能与具体数目连用，如scores of people 指许多人；

b. 在一些表示“一排”或“一组”的词组里。例如：

They arrived in twos and threes. 他们三三两两的到了。

c. 表示“几十岁”。

d. 表示“年代”，用 in +the +数词复数。

e. 在乘法运算的一种表示法里，如Three fives is（are）fifteen。

二、序数词

序数词的缩写形式如first---1st second---2nd thirty-first---31st等。

三、数词的用法

1）倍数表示法

a. 主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+ as + adj. + as。例如

I have three times as many as you. 我有你三倍那么多。

b. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ the size （amount，length…） of…。例如：

The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球是月球的49倍。

c. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ 形容词（副词）比较级+ than…。例如：

The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year. 今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。

d. 还可以用by+倍数，表示增加多少倍。例如：

The production of grain has been increased by four times this year. 今年粮食产量增加了4倍。

2）分数表示法的构成：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于1时，分子的序数词用单数，分母序数词用复数。例如：

1/3 one-third； 3/37 three and three-sevenths.

2.7 冠词练习

1.When Linda was a child, her mother always let her have ______ bed.

a. the breakfast in b. the breakfast in the c. breakfast in d. breakfast in the

2.He has promised to give up ______ hundreds of times.

a. a tobacco b. tobacco c. the tobacco d. tobaccos

3.______ usually go to church every Sunday.

a. The Brown b. A Brown c. Browns d. The Browns

4.The train is running fifty miles ______.

a. an hour b. one hour c. the hour d. a hour

5.He can play almost every kind of music instrument but he is good ______.

a. at the flute b. at flute c. at a flute d. at that flute

6.The investigators found that more should be done for ______ in India.

a. those poor b. a poor c. poor d. the poor

7.You look in high spirit. You must have ______ during your holiday.

a. wonderful time b. a wonderful time c. the wonderful time d. some wonderful time

8.The city assigned a policeman to the school crossing because ______ traffic there was so heavy.

a a b. an c. the d. one

9.A new teacher was sent to the village in place of ______ one who had retired.

a. a b. the c. an d. its

10.Virtue and vice are before you;______ leads you to happiness,______ to misery.

a. the former…latter b. a former…a latter

c. the former…the latter d. former…latter

11.The children in the kinder-garden soon took ______ to their teachers.

a. quite fancy b. a quite fancy c. quite a fancy d. the quite fancy

12.______ tend to bemoan the lack of character in the young generation.

a. The old b. Old c. Elderly d. Older

13.A man suffering from a chock should be given ______.

a. hot sweet tea b. a hot sweet tea c. the hot sweet tea d. one hot sweet tea

14.He answered my questions with ______ not to be expected of an ordinary schoolboy.

a. his accuracy b. a accuracy c. the accuracy d. an accuracy

15.If you go by train you can have quite ______ comfortable journey.

a. the b. one c. a d. that

16.We’re going to ______ with ______ today, aren’t we?

a. the tea…the Smiths b. tea…those Smiths c. a tea…a Smith d. tea…the Smiths

17.I want an assistant with ______ knowledge of French and ______ experience of office routine.

a. the…the b. a…the c. a…an d. the…an

18.Ann’s habit of riding a motorcycle up and down the road early in the morning annoyed the neighbors and ______ they took her to the court.

a. in the end b. at the end c. in an end d. in end

19.It is reported that today ______ president will have lunch with ______ President Omon.

a. the…the b. a…a c. the…/ d. /…/

20.Tianan Men Square and ______ Great Wall are tow of the places everyone should see in ______ People’s Republic of China.

a. the…the b. /…/ c. the…/ d. /…the

21.It has long been known that there is an electric field ______.

a. inside the earth b. inside earth c. inside an earth d. on earth

22.______ much harder work, the volunteers were able to place the raging forest fire______.

a. By the means of…under the control b. By means of…under control

c.By means of…under a control d. By a means of…under control

23.No sooner had the man departed than the tree began dropping coffee beans ______.

a. by the thousand b. by a thousand c. by thousands d. by thousand

24.He expressed ______ of their having ever been married.

a. the doubt b. a doubt c. doubt d. an doubt

25.He saw through the little boy’s tricks ______.

a. at glance b. at the glance c. at some glance d. at a glance

26.Their victory is ______,for they’ve lost too many men.

a.out of question b. out of the question c. out question d. of question

27.Many a girl wants to become ______.

a. some secretary b. a secretary c. secretary d. secretaries

28.He grabbed me ______ and pulled me onto the bus.

a. a arm b. an arm c. the arm d. by the arm

29.I’ll come in ______ minute; in fact I’ll come ______ moment I’m through.

a./…the b. a…the c. the…a d. /…/

30.This is one of ______ interesting books on your subject.

a.the most b. the most of the c. most d. most of the

31.He enjoys life ______ the “Queen Anne”.

a. on a board b . on board c. in the board d. board

32.He lost his fob and ______ his wife left him.

a. on that top b. on top of that c. on a top of that d. on the top

33.Most of the representatives think that ______ the meeting was very successful.

a. on whole of b. on a whole c. on the whole d. on the whole that

34.Under no circumstances will there be wage control while I am ______ of the government.

a.the head b. a head c. head d. that head

35.Like his sister, David needed ______ from some generous person in order to get home.

a. a ride b. some ride c. ride d. the ride

36.The brain’s left hemisphere controls logic and language, while ______controls intuitive talents and musical ability.

a. the right b. a right c. that right d. right one

37.______ is setting up a research team to see how children react to video games.

a. The Japan’s Health Ministry b. Japan’s health Ministry

b. A Japan’s health Ministry d. Japan health Ministry

38.Unlike Americans, who seem to prefer coffee,______ a great deal of tea.

a. English drink b. The English drink c. English man drink d. the English drinks

39.Hundreds of people are ______ now, so there are about 50 people trying for the same position.

a.out of the work b. out work c. out of work d. out of a work

40.His mother taught ______ ,but his father was only a blue-collar worker.

a. piano b. an piano c. the piano d. a piano

41.Contrary to what I had expected, he lost for ______.

a second time b. a second time c. second times d. the second time

42.Fashions change and people change too, but the old feeling remains ______.

a. the same b. same c. that same d. as same

43.We are going to dine tomorrow with ______ to celebrate Christmas Day.

a. the Cunning b. Cunnings c. The Cunnings d. Cunning’s

44.This is ______ which is collected before the first rain in Spring.

a. one tea b. a tea c. the tea d. that tea

45.______ is known by its note,______ is known by his talk.

a. A bird/a man b. One bird/one man c. The bird/the man d. Bird/man

46.Never travel with ______ who leaves you in case of danger.

a. the friend b. that friend c. a friend d. friend

47.Do you think it possible for the North Pole to have ______ a few thousand years from now?

a. Shanghai b. a Shanghai c. the Shanghai d. one Shanghai

48.I don’t think ______ is a better car than our makes.

a. a Ford b. Ford’s c. the Ford d. Ford

49.I didn’t know why he looked angry when I patted him ______.

a. on the head b. on head c. on a head d. on his head

50.he never fails to give you ______ when you are in trouble.

a. his helping hands b. the helping hand c. helping hands d. a helping hand

51.The historical events of that period are arranged ______.

a. in alphabetical order b. in an alphabetical order

b. in the alphabetical orders d. in a alphabetical orders

52.The like to take a vacation ______.

a. one time the year b. one time in a year c. once a year d. once in a year

53.“What is Todger?” “He is ______.”

a. a poet and novelist b. a poet and a novelist

b. poet and novelist d. the poet and novelist

54.“How did you pay the workers?”

“As a rule, they are paid ______.”

a. by an your b. by the hour c. by a hour d. by hours

55.The DMZ extends about two hundred kilometers ______.

a. from east to west b. from the east to west

c. from the east to the west d. from eastern to western

56.What ______ are you planning to buy?

a. make of car b. make of the car c. make of a car d. make of cars

57.______,you can’t fool her.

a. The child though Rowena is b. Though child Rowena is

b. As child Rowena is d. Child as Rowena is

58.What’s ______ is to get information about the situation first.

a. the wisest b. a wisest c. the wiser d. wisest

59.The differences between ______ are gradually being eliminated.

a. the town and the country b. town and country

b. a town and a country d. a town and the country

60.Scientists hope to send an expedition to Mars during ______.

a. the 1990s b. the 1990 c. 1990s d. 1990’s

2.8 数词练习

1.______ martyrs have heroically laid down their lives for the people.

a. Thousand upon thousand of b. Thousand and thousands of

c. Thousands upon thousands of d. Thousand and thousand of

2.They received ______ of letters about their TV programs.

a. dozen b. dozen and dozen c score d. dozens

3.Who is that man,______ in the front row?

a. one b. the one c. first d. the first

4.We have produced ______ this year as we did in 1993.

a. as much cotton twice b. as twice much cotton

c. much as twice cotton d. twice as much cotton

5.The earth is about ______ as the moon.

a. as fifty time big b. fifty times as big c. as big fifty time d. fifty as times big

6.The population of many Alaskan cities has ______ in the past three years.

a. more than doubled b. more doubled than c. much than doubled d. much doubled than

7.The moon is about _____ in diameter as diameter as the earth.

a. one-three as large b. one three as large c. one-third as large d. one third as large

8.Five hundred yuan a month _____ enough to live on.

a. is b. are c. is being d. has been

9.______ of the buildings were ruined.

a. Three fourth b. Three four c. Three-fourths d. Three-four

10.Consult _____ for questions about earthquakes.

a. the six index b. index six c. sixth index d. index numbering six

11.She went to the countryside ______.

a. in the morning at nine/on June first,1968 b. on June first,1968/in the morning at nine

c. at nine in the morning/on June first,1968 d. on June first,1968/at nine in the morning

12.Three-fourths of the surface of the earth ______ covered with water.

a. are b. is c. were d. be

13.This month the production of stainless steel in our steelworks has increased ______ 2,000 tons.

a. with b. in c. on d. by

14.With the miniaturization of the structural components the weight of these electric devices has decreased ________ 30 percent.

a. as b. with c. in d. by

15.The Olympic Games are held ______.

a. every four years b. every four year c. every fourth years d. every four-years

16.As he is not in good health, he goes to his factory only ______ just to learn something about the progress of experiment.

a. once a week b. one week c. one time a week d. one a week

17.Three students ______ in this university come from the South.

a. of ten b. out of in ten c. out of ten d. in tens

18.Strings of the same thickness made of nylon are ______.

a. five times stronger than those b. five time stronger than those

c. five times strong than those d. five times stronger as those

19.the wheels of the old wagon are nearly ______ those of a modern car.

a. twice the size of b. twice size of c. twice sizes of d. twice the size of

20.One day on the moon is ______.

a. two Earth week long b. two Earth weeks long

b. two Earth weeks longer d. two Earth weeks length

附：限定词练习

1.My hand was hurt. Could you do ______ typing for me?

a. some b. many c. such d. any

2.There were ______ students in the reading room.

a. neither b. not c. no d. none

3.If it is of ______ use to you, please take it.

a. some b. many c. no d. any

4.I’ve invited five people to tea this afternoon. Out of them, only John and Mary can come,______ can’t.

a. other b. the other c. others d. the others

5.Most English people go to Spain for the sea, the sun and all the ______ things associated with a relaxing holiday.

a. any b. another c. some d. other

6.______ were ironed by my mother yesterday.

a. The all sheets b. all of sheets c. All the sheets d. Sheets of all

7.As usual,______ man was given his individual assignment.

a. every b. each c. all d. both

8.They saw ______ girls the day before yesterday.

a. both the other two b. the two other both c. the both other two d. the both two other

9.One uses the freezer, the computer and the business school to manufacture ______ dishes in never a tick longer than 100 seconds.

a. such others b. other such c. such other d. other such a

10.______ boxer was strong, but ______ had a good build and was light on his feet.

a.Either/every b. Neither/each c. Both/both d. All the/all

11.______ was astonished to find himself rooting and shouting in a most undignified manner.

a. Many elderly man b. A many elderly men

c. Many an elderly man d. Many elderly men

12.I know now, of course, there is ______ as love.

a. no such a thing b. not such thing c. not a thing d. no such thing

13.As there were ______ life-boats for everybody,40 lives were lost.

a. as little b. so little c. too few d. very few

14.He was brave;_____ soldiers fought so bravely in that battle.

a. no others b. no another c. no other d. not other

15.I don’t think we have met before. I’m afraid you’re confusing me with ______.

a. some other b. some other person c. other person d. one other

15. 16.Weekends last from Friday evening to Sunday night.______ days are week-days.

a. The other b. Another c. Other d. Every other

17.We had ______ good time that we hated to leave the party.

a. such a b. such c. so d. pretty

18.Paris is ______ that we can hardly visit all the beautiful parks in two or three days.

a. such large a city b. so a large city c. such a large city d. a such large city

19.Deputies to the National People’s Congress are elected_______.

a. every four year b. each four years c. every of four years d. every four years

20.There is hardly ______difference between the two libraries.

a. no b. any c. much d. some

21.For young people, Carpenter is ______ singer.

a. most their popular b. most popular of theirs

c.their most popular d. most popular of their

22.______ are about the American Independent War.

a. Both book b. Both books c. All the two book d. all of two books

23.When I am in trouble, my friends will give me their hands without ______ hesitation.

a. some b. a c. any d. the

24.You’re welcome to my house ______ time you’d like.

a. the b. any c. no d. some

25.He was very much disappointed because ______ went to his wedding party.

a. no his friends b. all no his friends c. none his friends d. none of his friends

26.You shouldn’t stop your car here since there is a sign ‘______’.

a. Not Parking b. No Park c. No Parking d. Not a Park

27.I cannot invited ______ of you, since I’ve got only one extra ticket.

a. either b. both c. some d. one

28.______ the idioms are not easy to remember and use.

a. Every b. Some c. All d. Each

29.There is a line of trees in ______ side of the river.

a. every b. each c. per d. none

30.______ our countries are developing countries.

a. Each b. Either c. Every d. Both

31.The scientist wrote a number of books, but ______ books were novels.

a. last two his b. his last two c. two his last d. last two of his

32.Have you got ______ copies to go around?

a. much c. a large amount of c. enough d. great

33.You can never use my car. ____ time should you touch it.

a. At no b. At any c. any d. No

34.My brother is going on the picnic with ______ friends.

a. his two little other b. other his two little c. his other little two d. his two other little

35.Those examples are not enough, you should give ______ examples to make your argument convincing.

a. some b. any c. some more d. any more

36.______ feels entitled to more in life than just housework.

a. Many women b. A lot of woman c. Many a woman d. A few woman

37.You will have to practice ______ times before you can do it.

a.many more b. more many c. more often d. more several

38.It is ______ work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it.

a. a so unusual b. such an unusual c. so unusual d. such unusual

39.This cake is delicious, but I can’t eat ______.

a. some b. no c. any d. much

40.Here are some books by American writers. You can read ______ you like.

a. any b. which c. what one d. whichever one

3. 代词

代词是代替名词的词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、自身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。

一、人称代词是表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“她”、“它”、“我们”、“你们”、“他们”的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化，见下表：

数 单数 复数

格 主格 宾格 主格 宾格

第一人称 I me we us

第二人称 you you you you

第三人称 he him they them

she her they them

it it they them

例如：He is my friend. 他是我的朋友。

It's me. 是我。

二、物主代词是表示所有关系的代词，也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种，其人物和数的变化见下表。

数 单数 复数

人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称

形容词性物主代词 my your his/her/its our your their

名词性物主代词 mine yours his/hers/its ours yours theirs

例如： I like his car. 我喜欢他的小汽车。

Our school is here，and theirs is there. 我们的学校在这儿，他们的在那儿。

三、指示代词表示“那个”、“这个”、“这些”、“那些”等指示概念的代词。指示代词有this，that，these，those等。

例如：That is a good idea. 那是个好主意。

四、表示“我自己”、“你自己”、“他自己”、“我们自己”、“你们自己”和“他们自己”等的代词，叫做自身代词，也称为

“反身代词”。

例如：She was talking to herself. 她自言自语。

五、表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词，有each other 和one another两组，但在运用中，这两组词没什么大的区别。

例如：They love each other. 他们彼此相爱。

六、不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有a11，both，each，every等，以及含有some-，any-，no-等的合成代词，如anybody， something，no one。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词，在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语，但none和由some，any，no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语；every和no只能作定语。

例如：--- Do you have a car? --你有一辆小汽车吗？

--- Yes，I have one. --是的，我有一辆。

--- I don't know any of them. 他们，我一个也不认识。

七、疑问代词有who，whom，whose，what和which等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词，引导名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句）

例如：Tell me who he is. 告诉我他是谁。

八、关系代词有who，whom，whose，that，which，as等，可用作引导从句的关联词。它们在定语从句中可作主语、

表语、宾语、定语等；另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词（先行词）。

例如：He is the man whom you have been looking for. 他就是你要找的那个人。

3.1 人称代词的用法

1）人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或主语补语。例如：

John waited a while but eventually he went home. 约翰等了一会儿，最后他回家了。

John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she. 约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽，还真是她。

说明：在复合句中，如果主句和从句主语相同，代词主语要用在从句中，名词主语用在主句中。例如：

When he arrived, John went straight to the bank. 约翰一到就直接去银行了。

2）人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语，但在口语中也能作主语补语，第一人称在省略句中，还可以作主语。

例如： I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her. 我看到她和他们在一起，至少我认为是她。（her做宾语，them做介词宾语，her做主语补语）

a. -- Who broke the vase? --谁打碎了花瓶？

b. -- Me. --我。（me做主语补语= It's me.）

说明：在上面两例句中，her和me分别作主语补语。现代英语中多用宾格，在正式文体中这里应为she和I。

3.2 人称代词之主、宾格的替换

1） 宾格代替主格

a.在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在not 后，多用宾语。

---- I like English. --我喜欢英语。

---- Me too. --我也喜欢。

---- Have more wine? --再来点酒喝吗?

---- Not me. --我可不要了。

b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中，常用宾格代替主格。 但如果比较状语的谓语保留，则主语只能用主格。

He is taller than I/me.

He is taller than I am.

2） 主格代替宾格

a. 在介词but，except 后，有时可用主格代替宾格。

b. 在电话用语中常用主格。

---- I wish to speak to Mary. --我想和玛丽通话。

---- This is she. --我就是玛丽。

注意：在动词be 或to be 后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。

I thought it was she. 我以为是她。（主格----主格）

I thought it to be her. （宾格----宾格）

I was taken to be she. 我被当成了她。 （主格----主格）

They took me to be her. 他们把我当成了她。 （宾格----宾格）

3.3 代词的指代问题

1）不定代词 anybody，everybody，nobody，anyone， someone， everyone，no one， 及whoever和person在正式场合使用时，可用he, his, him代替。

例如： Nobody came, did he? 谁也?

第一章 名词

表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词，叫做名词。

高考重点要求：

1、分清名词同义词、近义词在语境中语义的差别

2、物质名词和抽象名词数的转化

3、掌握名词的’s 属格，of属格,双重属格

4、名词复数的构成

第一节 知识点概述

名词分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词 (Common Nouns），专有名词是某个（些）人、地方、机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类：

1）个体名词（Individual Nouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。

2）集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。

3）物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。

4）抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。

个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable Nouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。

一、普通名词

普通名词指一类人或事物的名称。英语中普通名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。

可数名词一般有单、复数两种形式。如a/one child，ten children。而不可数名词一般只有一种形式。如cash（现金）。不可数名词之前不可直接用泛指限定词和数词。不可数名词可与some一起用。如：some money，some water。也可与the一起用：the information（这信息）。

（一）可数名词及其复数形式

（1）可数名词的复数形式一般由词尾加-s或-es构成

（2）可数名词复数形式的不规则构成法

1) 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数：

如： two Marys the Henrys

monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays

比较： 层楼：storey ---storeys story---stories

2) 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：

a. 加s，如： photo---photos piano---pianos

radio---radios zoo---zoos；

b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes

c. 均可，如：zero---zeros / zeroes

3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：

a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs roof---roofs

safe---safes gulf---gulfs；

b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves

knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves

wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves；

c. 均可,如： handkerchief:

handkerchiefs / handkerchieves

（二）可数名词和不可数名词

英语中的绝大多数名词既可以用作可数名词也可以用作不可数名词。

1．可数名词

可数名词一般可以分成以下二类：

第一类：如bike，desk， factory等，这类名词占可数名词的多数。以bike为例：

There are fifty bikes at this shop．这家商店有50辆自行车。

第二类：如clothes等，本身表示复数形式。以clothes为例：

She cares for nice clothes．她爱好穿着。

2．不可数名词

不可数名词的用法特征主要有以下几种：

（1）不带冠词的单数形式需用动词单数作谓语。例如：

Knowledge is power．知识就是力量。

（2）由much，little等词修饰。例如：

They have saved much money for future use．他们存了很多钱以备未来使用。

（3）与表示单位的量词如a piece of等连用。例如：

Go and fetch me a piece of chalk．给我去拿一支粉笔。

要十分注意的是：不可数名词不能与不定冠词或数词直接用在一起。如不能说a good news, an advice, a hard work等。

不可数名词可以与量词使用构成不同的词组：

如： a piec e of paper 一张纸 a drop of water 一滴水

a 1oaf of bread 一条面包 a bag of money 一袋钱

a bottle of milk 一瓶牛奶 a pair of shoes 一双鞋

二、专有名词

专有名词用来指具体的人、地点、日子或物体的专有名称。其特点是：第一个字母大写，通常不与冠词连用，无复数形式。

（一）人名

英美人的姓名与中国人的恰恰相反，姓在后面，名在前面，姓名前通常不用冠词。例如：

Mary Smith , George Washington。

（1）一般熟人间通常用名称呼。例如：

How’s John getting on? 约翰近来好吗？

（2）在不熟悉人之间或表示礼貌时，常把姓和称谓连用。例如：

Would you please tell Dr. Smith to come to the office? 请你告诉史密斯博士到办公室来一次好吗?

（3）姓氏复数前加定冠词可表示全家人。例如：

The Turners have gone to America．特纳一家人去美国了。

（二）地名

（1）大部分单数形式的地名不用定冠词。例如：

Asia, America , China , London , Shanghai

（2）大部分单数形式的湖、岛、山名前不加定冠词。例如：．

Silver Lake；Mount Tai

（3）山脉、群岛、海洋、河流、运河、海湾、海峡、半岛、沙漠名前一般加定冠词。例如：

the Pacific , the English Channel , the Sahara

（三）日期名

（1）节日名前通常不用冠词。例如：

Christmas , National Day

（2）星期名前通常不用冠词。例如：

Sunday , Tuesday

（3）月份名前通常不用冠词。例如：

April , December

三、名词所有格

名词所有格是指一个名词与另一个名词之间存在所有关系时所用的形式。其构成有两种：一种是由名词末尾加’s构成；另一种由介词of加名词构成。前者多用来表示有生命的东西；后者多用来表示无生命的东西。例如：

Children’s Palace 少年宫

Tom’s bike 汤姆的自行车

the title of the book 书名

the legs of the table 桌子的腿

（一）所有格形式的构成

（1）单数名词后加’s，其读音与名词复数结尾的读音相同。例如：

the girl’s father 女孩的父亲

（2）以s结尾的复数名词后加’。例如：

two hours’ walk 两个小时的步行

（3）不以s结尾的复数名词后加’s。例如：

the children’s holiday 孩子们的节日

（4）以s结尾的名词或人名，可以加’s，也可加’号。例如：

Thomas’s brother 托马斯的兄弟

the boss’s handwriting 老板的书写

（5）表示各自的所有关系，不是共有的，要分别在各个名词末尾加’s，如：

John’s and Mary’s rooms 约翰和玛丽各人的房间

若表示共有的，则在最后一个名词的末尾加’s，如：

John and Mary’s room 约翰和玛丽合住的房间

（二）“’s”所有格的用法

’s所有格常表示有生命的东西，但也可表示无生命的东西。例如：

（1）表示时间：

today’s newspaper 今天的报纸

（2）表示自然现象：

the moon’s rays 月光

（3）表示国家、城市、机构：

……..Shanghai’s industry 上海的工业

（4）表示度量衡及价值：

..twenty dollars’ value 20美元的价值

..five miles’ distance 5英里的距离

（三）“’s”和of所有格所表示的关系

1．表示所有关系

可分为可分割的所有关系和不可分割的所有关系。可分割的所有关系通常指身外之物，一般不可用of表示。例如：

John’s pen（John has a pen）约翰的钢笔

不可说：a pen of John

但不可分割的所有关系，指自身拥有的不可分割的东西可用’s也可用of表示。例如：

Mary’s hands（Mary has two hands）玛丽的手

也可以说：the hands of Mary

2．表示主谓关系

the doctor’s advice（The doctor advised）医生的建议

his mother’s request（His mother requested）他母亲的请求

3．表示动宾关系

the war prisoner’s release 释放战俘

children’s education 年轻一代的教育

4．表示同位语关系（通常用of表示）

the city of Rome罗马城

the city of Pairs巴黎城

第二节 实战演

第二章 代词

用来代替名词、名词短语或句子的词称为代词。代词可分为：人称代词、指示代词、疑问代词、反身代词和不定代词等。

高考重点要求：

1、物主代词、疑问代词、反身代词和指示代词的基本用法

2、定代词的指代含义以及数的情况

3、it的基本用法

第一节 知识点概述

一、人称代词

1． 人称代词不仅仅指人，也可以指事或物。

2． 第三人称的人称代词分阳性he（him），阴性she（her）和中性it（it），复数和宾语形式都只有一个形式they和them，不分性别。

3． 选用什么人称代词，取决于所要代替的名词。在数和性上要与所代替的名词保持一致。

二、物主代词

物主代词是用来表示所有关系的，分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。形容词性物主代词放在名词前作定语，相当于形容词；名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”，相当于名词，可以作主语、表语或宾语。

物主代词的用法：

（1）形容词性物主代词放在名词前作定语。例如：

His pencil box is on the desk.

This is our school.

（2）名词性物主代词作名词用，本身就相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”，因此，后面不可再加名词。

作主语：

Richard’s school bag is blue and mine is black. 理查德的书包是蓝色的，我的书包是黑色的。（mine=my school bag）

作表语：

It’s his. 这是他的（东西）。

作宾语：

He borrows your dictionary and you may borrow mine. 他借你的字典，你可以借我的。（作及物动词的宾语）

“of+名词性物主代词”可以放在名词后作定语，表示强调：

He is a friend of mine. 他是我的一个朋友。

注意：

试比较下面两句句子：

This is a photo of mine. 这是我的一张照片。（照片是我拥有的，但不一定照的是我本人）

This is a photo of me. 这是一张我本人的照片。（照片上是我本人）

三、反身代词

反身代词用于所强调的动作与动作执行者的关系。通常在句中作表语、宾语和同位语。

四、指示代词

（一）指示代词是具有指示概念的代词

this 这； that 那； these 这些； those 那些； such 如此的； same 同样的

（二）指示代词的用法

（1）this、that、these、those 在句子中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。

（2）such 一般在句子中作定语或主语。such “这样的”，such a 这样一个，such as 像…这样的。

（3）same 可作定语、表语、主语和宾语。

例如：

1） That is our English teacher. （主语）

2） This storybook is thicker than that one. (定语)

3） I prefer this (these) to that (those). （宾语）

4） What he likes best is this/that. (表语)

5） I have never read such an exciting book. （定语）

6） I like such sports as basketball and swimming. (定语)

7） Such is our trip plan. (主语) （指上文提到过或刚说过的内容）。

8） She wants the book and I want the same. (宾语)

9） We were born on the same day. (定语)

注意：

1） this、these 指空间上离说话人较近的人或物，可以与 here 连用；that、those 指空间上离说话人较远的人或物，可以与 there 连用。

2） 打电话或其他场合，本人这一方用 this 或 these. 反之用 that 或 those。

3） such 作定语时，如名词前有不定冠词，应把such置于不定冠词之前 。

4） 在 same 之前必须加冠词 the 。

五、疑问代词

1．Who 用于询问别人姓名，身份或关系。What 用于询问别人职业。

2．Which 指的物有范围限制，侧重于哪一个；What 指的物无范围限制，侧重于种类。

3．Whose 用于明确所有者。whom 在口语中，多为 who 代替。

六、不定代词

不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫不定代词。常见的不定代词有all, both, each, every, some, any, many, much, (a)few, (a)little, one, ones, either, neither, other, another, no, none以及含有some-, any-, no-等的合成代词（如：anybody, something, no one）。这些不定代词大多可以代替名词，在句子中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。但none和由some, any, no, every 构成的复合不定代词（如somebody等）只能作主语、宾语和表语。而every和no只能作定语。

七、it的用法

（一）作无人称代词

1. 指代天气、时间、距离、季节和自然现象等。例如：

It rains continually in the south in June.

It is a half hour’s walk to the factory.

2. 指代上文中提到的无生命的东西。例如：

Where is my notebook? It was here just now.

There is air all around us, but we cannot see it.

3. 代替有生命但不能或不必分阴阳性的东西（包括婴儿）。例如：

The baby cried because it was hungry.

Someone is knocking at the door, who can it be?

（二）用作强调句，构成强调结构

句型结构：It is(was)+强调部分+that。例如：

It was last night that they left for H.K.

It was I that(who) his sister in the park yesterday.

（三）it作形式主语和形式宾语

it作形式主语和形式宾语是为了使句子平衡，而把真正的主语或宾语置于句子后面。例如：

I found it interesting to study English.

It is of great help to master a foreign language.

第二节 实战演练

一、复习时需注意的要点

1.不定代词可作主语，当作主语时，要明确这一不定代词究竟是单数还是复数，以确定它和谓语动词在人和数的一致。

2.不定代词还可作定语。当作定语时，应该注意其所修饰的名词是可数还是不可数，以确定这个名词用单数还是复数。

例:Much has been done to fight pollution；each of them has got a present.

3.many, few和both用于可数名词，表示复数概念。

4.All, both和each和含有every的复合代词用在否定句中只表示部分否定。

例：Not all the students have been to the Austrlia.

She can’t work out both of the difficult problems.

Everybody cannot work out the problem.

5.Neither,none和含有no的复合代词表示全部否定。

例:None of us can answer the question.

Neither of the questions is right.

二、历届高考试题分析

例1、No progress was made in the trade talk as neither side would accept the conditions of ____.

A. others B. the other C. either D. another

答案：B

【解析】 根据上文neither的提示可以看出所指的应该是两者中的另外一个，所以用the other。这句的意思是：贸易谈判没有取得进展，因为双方都不愿意接受对方的条件。

例2、Shanghai is really a fascinating city and we've decided to stay for_________ two weeks.

A. another B. other C. the other D. other's

答案为A。

【解析】 another意为“又一，再一”，后面如接two, three等数词或few等时，可与复数形式连用，我们可以把two weeks看作一个整体，在原来的基础上再待两星期。而 other，the other用于两者之间的另一个，other's是other的所有格形式，故B、C、D都不可选。

例3、The Parkers bought a new house but_________ will need a lot of work before they can move in.

A. they B. it C. one D. which

答案为B。

【解析】 it指代前面提到的单数名词。指同一个事物，此句中指a new house；而one指“同名异物”；which引导定语从句，但题干中有连词but，并非主从句，which不妥；A为复数，更易排除。

例4、In fact ________ is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match.

A. this B. that C. there D. it

答案为D。

【解析】 it在句子中作形式主语。真正的主语是to keep order in an important football match。由于空格出现在fact的后面，所以一些考生把它当成了同位语从句，而选了that。而实际上，in fact是介词短语作状语，后不能接同位语从句。译文：实际上，在一次重大的足球赛中，对警察来说，维持秩序是一项很难的工作。

例5、Some of the wheat is from Canada. What about ________?

A. another B. the other C. others D. the rest

答案为D。

【解析】 wheat是不可数名词，不能用others代替。the rest既可代可数名词，也可代不可数名词，此处指the rest of the wheat。

例6、If this dictionary is not yours, _______ can it be?

A. what else B. who else C. which elses D. who else’s

答案为D。

【解析】 考查关系代词所有格的用法。who else“其他什么人”，用于主格，宾格。who else's“其他什么人”，用于所有格。

例7、One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and ________.

A. the other is white B. another white

C. the other white D. another is white

答案为C。

【解析】 木板一般只有两面，把一面染成黄色的；另一面染成白色的，考查one…the other结构，由此排除B、D；原句结构为“…the other(should be painted)white，为避免重复可省略。

例8、-He was nearly drowned once.

-When was _______ ?

- _______was in when he was in middle school.

A. that; It B. this; This C. this; It D. that; This

答案为A。

【解析】 用that指代上文提到的事，避免了重复；it指代时间。

例9、-Your coffee smells great!

-It's from Mexico. Would you like_________?

A. it B. some C. this D. little

答案为B。

【解析】 some相当于some of this coffee.

例10、Few pleasures can equal ________ of a cool drink on a hot day.

A. some B. any C. that D. those

答案为C。

【解析】 这句话的意思是“在炎热的夏天几乎没有任何乐趣能和饮一杯冷饮的乐趣相比。”that在句子中代表the pleasure。一些考生只注意到Few pleasures是复数，而没有注意到这里指的是饮一杯冷饮的乐趣，误填了those。注意：使用代词时一定要弄清楚指代关系。

第三节 巩固练习

Direction: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A、B、C and D. Choose the best answer that completes the sentence.

1. I like ___ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.

A. this B. that C. it D. one

2. I will never know what was on his mind at the time, nor will ____.

A. anyone B. anyone else C. no one D. no one else

3. Playing tricks on others is ____ we should never do.

A. anything B. something C. everything D. nothing

4. We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen. So Peter made ____ from some wood we had.

A. it B. one C. himself D. another

5. I got the story from Tom and ____ people who had worked with him.

A. every other B. many others C. some other D. other than

6. You can eat food free in my restaurant ____ you like.

A. whenever B. wherever C. whatever D. however

7. I intended to compare notes with a friend, but unfortunately ____ couldn’t spare me even one minute.

A. they B. one C. who D. it

8. -One week’s time has been wasted.

-I can’t believe we did all that work for ____.

A. something B. nothing C. everything D. anything

9. If you run after two hares, you will catch ______.

A. none B. neither C. nothing D. no one

10. She doesn’t know anyone here. She has got ___ to talk to.

A. anyone B. someone C. everyone D. on one

11. I have done much of the work . Could you please finish in two days ?

A．the rest B．the other C．another D．the others

12. -Which of the three ways shall I take to the village?

-________ way as you please.

A．Each B．Every C．Any D．Either

13. You must never think that you are good at ______while others are good at ______

A. everything …something else B. everything…nothing

C. all…none D. nothing …all

14. -Do you like _____ here?

-Oh, yes. The air, the weather, the way of life. Everything is so nice.

A. this B. these C. that D. it

15. That' s an unpleasant thing to say about your father after ______ he' s done for you.

A. something B. anything C. all D. that

16. I invited Joe and Linda to dinner, but _____ of them came.

A. neither B. either C. none D. both

17. The Foreign Minister said, “_______ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace. ”

A. This is B. There is C. That is D. It is

18. ______ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress.

A. It B. As C. That D. What

19. Some of the stamps belong to me, while the rest are ______ .

A. him and her B. his and hers C. his and her D. him and hers

20. My mother opened ______of the drawers in turn , trying to decide what he was going to put in ______of them .

A. every…each B. everyone …every

C. every one …everyone D. each …each

21. -He was nearly drowned once.

-When was _______ ?

-_______was in 1998 when he was in middle school.

A. that…It B. this…This C. this…It D. that….This

22. -You're always working. Come on. Let's go shopping.

-_______ you ever want to do is going shopping.

A. Anything B. Something C. All D. That

23. -Do you want tea or coffee?

-________. I really don't mind.

A. Both B. None C. Either D. Neither

24. Some students will remember these terms as the most successful ______in the history of our school.

A. ones B. ones’ C. one D. one’s

25. This new rule may please some, but we don’t expect it to please _____.

A. more B. other C. all D. any

26. No agreement was reached during the peace talk as neither side would give way to _____

A. another B. other C. the other D. any other

27. _____ who laughs last laughs best.

A. He B. One C. That D. Those

28. Children should be taught how to get along with _____

A. another B. other C. others D. an other

29. These plants are watered _____.

A. each other day B. every other day C. each of two days D. every of two days

30. -Would you like some wine?

-Yes, just _____.

A. little B. very little C. a little D. little bit

31. Tom’s mother kept telling him that he should work harder, but _____ didn’t help

A. he B. which C. she D. it

32. -Is your camera like Bill’s and Ann’s ?

-No, but it’s almost the same as _____.

A. her B. yours C. them D. their

33. -Have you finished your report yet?

-No, I’ll finish in _____ ten minutes.

A. another B. other C. more D. less

34. I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have _____.

A. it B. those C. them D. one

35. I agree with most of what you said, but I don’t agree with _____.

A. everything B. anything C. something D. nothing

36. Sarah has read lots of stories by American writers. Now she would like to read _____ stories by writers from _____ countries.

A. some…any B. other…some C. some…other D. other…other

37. It is generally considered unwise to give a child _____ he or she wants.

A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever

38. -Can you come on Monday or Tuesday?

-I’m afraid _____ day is possible.

A. either B. neither C. some D. any

39. If you want to change for a double room you ‘ll have to pay _____$15.

A. another B. other C. more D. each

40. I read about it in some book or other, does it matter _____ it was?

A. where B. what C. how D. which

41. My brother’s handwriting is better than ______in his class.

A. anyone else B. anyone else’s C. anyone’s else D. anyone’s else’s

42. Some people would rather ride bicycles as bicycle riding has _____ of the trouble of taking buses.

A. nothing B. none C. some D. neither

43. Both teams were in hard training, ______ was willing to lose the game.

A. either B. neither C. another D. the other

44. His camera is more expensive than _____.

A. hers B. her C. it D. its

45. _____ of my classmates could work out the maths problem because it was too difficult.

A. Each B. Any C. No one D. None

46. _____ have worked together for 10 years.

A. I, you and he B. I, he and you C. He, your and I D. You, he and I

47. The machines made in China are as good as _____ imported from abroad.

A. they B. those C. these D. ones

48. Listen to _____. There should be no error, no delay, and no waste.

A. that B. this C. those D. these

49. _____ of them promised to help me.

A. Every one B. Everyone C. Every D. Everybody

50. She thought _____ a great honour to be invited to speak to us.

A. that B. this C. it D. it is

责任编辑：李芳芳

现在完成时及其考点

考点一：考查基本概念

例 Both his parents look sad . Maybe they _________what's happened to him .（呼和浩特）

A. knew B. have known C. must know D.will know

简析：现在完成时主要强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响，或过去发生的动作还未结束，一直持续到现在或将来，重点在于对现在的影响。这种考查难度较大，往往无时间状语，需要从上下文分析、推理才行。故上两侧根据上下文分析、推理，正确答案是B。

考点二：考查时间状语

例1. He has _______ been to Shanghai , has he ?

A. already B.never C.ever D. still

例2. Have you met Mr Li ______？

A. just B. ago C.before D. a moment ago

例3. The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year .

A. is writing B.was writing C.wrote D.has written

例4.-Our country ______ a lot so far . -Yes . I hope it will be even ______ .

A. has changed ; well B. changed ; good

C. has changed ; better D. changed ; better

例5. Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years .

A. was ; studying B. will ; study C. has ; studied D. are ; studying

例6. We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl .

A. know B. had known C. have known D. knew

例7. Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_______ it twice .

A. will see B. have seen C. saw D.see

简析：现在完成时的时间状语常有如下四类：

⑴现在完成时常与already（已经），just（刚刚，正好），ever（曾经），never（从来，也不；从不），before（以前），yet（仍然）等连用。故例1应选B；例2应选C。

⑵现在完成时常与recently（近来），so far（到目前为止），in the past/“last + 一段时间”等时间状语连用。因为上述短语表示的是从现在起往前推算的一段时间，句中的动作是从过去某一时间或时刻开始持续到现在的。故例3应选D，例4应选C。

⑶现在完成时时常与“for +时间段或since +过去时间点”连用（含从句，从句过去时）。故例5应选C，例6应选C。

⑷现在完成时还与once（一次），twice（两次），three times（三次），several times（几次）等表示重复次数的词语连用。故例7应选B。

考点三：考查与一般过去时的区别

例1. -These farmers have been to the United States .

-Really ? When _____ there ?

A. will they go B. did they go

C. do they go D. have they gone

例2.-______ you ___ your homework yet ? -Yes . I _____ it a moment ago .

A. Did ; do ; finished B. Have ; done ; finished

C. Have ; done ; have finished D. will ; do ; finish

简析：现在完成时与一般过去时容易混淆，就是因为它们所表示的动作都发生在过去，但二者又有区别：一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作，说话的侧重点在于陈述一件过去的事情，与现在没有关系；现在完成时表示与现在有关系的发生在过去的动作，它不与表示过去的时间状语（如yesterday , last week , a moment ago等）连用。故例1、2的正确答案皆为B。

考点四：考查非延续性动词的用法

例1. His father ______ the Party since 1978 .

A. joined B. has joined C. was in D. has been in

例2.-Do you know him well ?

- Sure .We _________ friends since ten years ago .

A. were B. have been C. have become D. have made

例3.-How long have you ____ here ?-About two months .

A. been B. gone C. come D. arrived

例4. Hurry up! The play __________ for ten minutes .

A. has begun B. had begun

C. has been on D. began

例5. His uncle died two years ago .（改变句子，句意不变）

His uncle has _______ for two years

例6. Her mother has been a Party member for three years .（同义句）

Her mother _______ the Party three years ________ .

例7. It _____ ten years since he left the army .

A. is B. has C. will D. was

简析：现在完成时中，非延续性动词不能与for和since引导的表示一段时间的状语连用，通常是用相应的延续性动词来代替。常用的非延续性动词及替代形式如下：

close-→be closed, put on→wear , open-→be open

get up-→be up, finish/end-→be over , lose-→be lost ,

marry-→be married(to), fall asleep/ go to sleep -→be asleep ( sleep ) ,

get to know-→ know come/arrive-→be here/in ,

come/get back-→be back , go/leave-be away , become -→be ,

borrow -→keep , buy-→have , begin/start-→be on ,

die-→be dead , join-→be in/be a ember of．．． ,

catch a cold-→ have a cold等，

故例1、2、3、4的正确答案依次为：D、B、A、C。例5应填been dead 。其次，可以用相应的延续性动词的过去时表示，故例6应填joined；ago。再次，还可用“It is + 一段时间＋since从句”来表示，故例7应选A。

考点五：考查词组have/has been in / to与have/has gone to的区别

例1. Miss Green isn't in the office . she_______ to the library .

A.has gone B. went C.will go D. has been

例2. My parents ______ Shandong for ten years .

A. have been in B. have been to

C. have gone to D.have been

简析：“have/has gone to + 地点”表示“某人去了某地（还未回来）”，指主语所指的人不在这儿。“have/has been in + 地点”表示“在某地呆了多长时间”，常与表示时间的状语连用。“have/has been to +地点”表示“曾经去过某地（但现在已不在那儿）。”故例1、2的正确答案皆为A。

责任编辑：李芳芳

专项测试卷

Ⅰ 单项选择

1. the house on fire, he dialed 119.

A.To see B.Seeing

C.Having seen D.Being seen

2.I fell down and broke three of my teeth. I wonder how many times I have to come here and get my false teeth .

A.fix B.fixing C.fixe D.to fix

3.We're ___ to listen to her __ voice. It's ___ to hear her sing.

A.pleased; pleasing; pleasure

B.pleased; pleasant; a pleasure

C.pleasing; pleased; a pleasure

D.pleasing; pleasant; pleasure

4. a post office, I stopped some stamps.

A. Passed, buying

B. Passing, to buy

C. Having passed, buy

D. Pass, to buy

5. with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all.

A. Comparing B. To compare

C. Compared D. Having compared

6.Here are some new computer programs

for home buildings.

A.designing B.design

C.designed D.to design

7. a little money, Jimmy was able to buy his mother a lovely new lamp

A.To save B.Saving

C.Saved D.Having saved

8.The teacher came into the classroom by his students.

A.following B.to be following

C.followed D.having followed

9.With the money , he couldn't buy any ticket.

A.to lose B.losing

C.lost D.has lost

10.There was so much noise in the room that the speaker couldn't make himself .

A.being heard B.hearing

C.heard D.hear

11.The result of the test was rather .

A.disappointed B.disappointing C.being disappointed D.disappoint

12.I've never heard the word in spoken English.

A.use B.used C.using D.useing

13. how to do the homework, I went to ask my teacher for help.

A.Not to know B.Not knowing C.Knowing not D.Not known

14.Deeply , I thanked her again and again.

A.being moving B.moved C.moving D.to be moved

15.With winter on, it's time to buy warm clothes.

A.came B.comes C.come D.coming

16. the office, the foreign visitors were shown round the teaching uilding.

A.Having shown B.Showing C.Has shown D.Having been shown

17.He went from door to door, waste papers and magazines.

A.gathering B.gathered C.gather D.being gathered

18.The student corrected his paper carefully, the professor's uggestions.

A.follow B.following C.followed D.being followed

19.The price will save you one dollar for each dozen.

A.reduce B.reducing C.reduced D.reduces

20.People in the city do not know the pleasure of country life.

A.live B.to live C.lived D.living

21.The foreigner tried his best, but he still couldn't make his point .

A.understand B.understanding C.to understand D.understood

22.The scientists were waiting to see the problem .

A.settle B.settled C.to settle D.settling

23.The library's study room is full of students for the exam.

A.busily prepared B.busy preparing

C.busyly prepare D.are busily preparing

24.The ground is with leaves.

A.covering, falling B.covered, falling

C.covered, fallen D.covering, fallen

25.Lessons easily were soon forgotten.

A.to learn B.learn C.learnedD.learning

26.The wallet several days ago was found in the dustbin outside the building.

A.stolen, hidden B.stealing, hiding

C.stealing, hidden D.stolen, hiding

27.A person a foreign language must be able to use the foreign language all about his own.

A.to learn, to forget B.learning, to forget

C.to learn, forgetting D.learning, forgetting

28. different kinds of pianos, the workers farther improved their quality

A.To produce B.Being produced C.Produced D.Having produced

29.The students in the university are all taking courses a degree.

A.coming to B.going to C.leading to D.turning to

30.Many things impossible in the past are very common today.

A.consider B.considering C.considered D.be considered

31. many times, he still couldn't understand.

A.Having been told B.Having told C.He having been told D.telling

32.The old sick lady entered the hospital, her two sons.

A.to support B.supporting C.supported by D.having supported

33.China is one of the largest countries in the world, 9.6 million square (平方)kilometres.

A.to cover B.covered C.covers D.covering

34.“We must keep a secret of the things here”, the general said, at the man in charge of the imformation office.

A.discussed, stared seriously B.being discussed, seriously staring

C.to be discussed, seriously stared D.discussed, stared

35.The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, that he had enjoyed his stay here.

A.having added B.to add C.adding D.added

36.“Can you read?” Mary said to the notice.

A.angrily pointing B.and point angrily

C.angrily pointed D.and angrily pointing

37. the composition, John handed it to the teacher and went out of the room

A.Writing B.Having written C.Written D.Being written

38.Were you when you saw that wild animal?

A.fright B.frightening C.frightened D.frighten

39.Properly with numbers, the books can be easily found.

A.marked B.mark C.to mark D.marking

40.The child sat in the dentist's chair .

A.tremble B.trembling C.trembled D.to trembled

41.At this moment the bell rang the end of class.

A.announce B.announcing C.announced D.to announce

42.He walked down the hills, softly to himself.

A.sing B.singing C.sung D.to sing

43.I had to shout to make myself above the noise.

A.heard B.hearing C.heard D.to hear

44.The graduating students are busy material for their reports.

A.collect B.to collect C.collected D.collecting

45.The carsin Beijing are as good as those in Shanghai.

A.produce, produce B.produced, produced

C.produced, producing D.producing, producing

46.When I came in, I saw Dr. Li a patient.

A.examine B.examining C.to examine D.examined

47. a satisfactory operation, the patient recovered from illness very quickly.

A.Having been given B.Having given C.Giving D.Being given

48. a satisfactory operation, the doctor believed the patient would recover from his illness very soon.

A.Having been given B.Having given C.Giving D.Being given

49.He wrote a letter to me that his trip to Japan had been put off because of the bad weather

A.inform B.informing C.informed D.being imformed

50.He reads newspapers every day to keep himself about what's going on in the world.

A.inform B.informing C.informed D.being informed

Ⅱ.用适当的非谓语动词形式填空(25%)

1.She caught the student (cheat) in exams.

2.When I got there, I found him (repair) farm tools.

3.When I got there, I found the farm tools . (repair)

4.Just then he heard someone (call) for help.

5.He worked so hard that he got his pay . (raise)

6.The missing boys were last seen (play) near the river.

7. (compare) with the old one, the new building looks more beautiful.

8.The workers had the machines (run) all night long to finish the work on time.

9.People in the south have their houses (make of ) bamboo.

10. (lose) in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.

参考答案

1.B 2.C 3.B 4.B 5.C 6.C 7.D 8.C 9.C 10.C 11.B 12.B 13.B 14.B 15.D 16.D 17.A 18.B 19.C 20.D 21.D 22.B 23.B 24.C 25.C 26.A 27.D 28.D 29.C 30.C 31.A 32.C 33.D 34.B 35.C 36.A 37.B 38.C 39.A 40.B 41.B 42.B 43.C 44.D 45.B 46.B 47.A 48.B 49.B 50.C

Ⅱ、1. cheating 2.repairing 3.repaired 4.calling 5.raised 6.playing 7.compared 8.running 9.made of 10.lost

责任编辑：李芳芳

英语课堂的趣味教学

英语课堂需要趣味教学。如何激发并保持学生的学习兴趣，使之成为学习的动力呢？我觉得可以从以下几点入手：

一、培养正确心态，树立学习信心

首先培养学生正确的学习心态，树立正确的学习观。培养 “为自己而学”的心态；回报父母和国家的心态；“先付出后收获”的心态；激发学生“做学习的主人翁”意识，使他们产生“我能学好英语”的信心，使他们在学习过程中能够排除万难，奋勇拼搏。

二、建立情感沟通，融洽师生关系

大量事实表明：如果学生对某个老师有好感，他们便对这位老师的课感兴趣并分外重视，因而肯下功夫学好这门课，甚至“爱屋及乌”，对与之相关的东西也格外关注。因此，教师要主动建立情感沟通，与学生建立良好的师生关系。关系和谐，感情融洽，学生才会进得来，留得住，其乐融融地搞好学习。

三、营造轻松愉悦的课堂学习气氛

轻松愉快的学习环境，其乐融融的学习气氛对激发学生的学习兴趣有着极大的影响，因此，教师要以满腔的热情投入课堂教学，以洒脱的仪表、文雅大方的举止、简洁幽默的谈吐吸引学生，以饱满的精神状态、轻松愉快的表情感染学生。让学生在英语的环境中愉快自然地操练，不断提高听、说、读、写的基本能力。

四、采用灵活多变的教学方法，课内外结合，让学生学玩结合，学用结合

实践证明：单一的教学方法往往是乏味的，即便是一个好的方法，经常用也会逐渐失去它的魅力。为了激发、保持和巩固学生的兴趣，教师要根据教学内容的不同，探索与之相应的好的教学方法，采用灵活多变的教学方法，课内外结合，让学生学玩结合，学用结合。

比如教字母，教师可以把字母做成卡片，让学生做字母排队游戏，分组进行字母排队比赛，教唱字母歌。这样做学生学得快而好，其乐融融，印象自然深刻。

再比如教数字，可以让学生收集自己家里所有的数字，如电话号码、手机号码、身份证号码、摩托车号码，全家人穿的鞋子的尺码、衣服的尺码、父母的身高、体重、家里的藏书数量、自己的零用钱等等。这样一节枯燥的数字课就会上得热闹非凡，学生们也会兴趣盎然。

教单词的时候利用具体情景，培养学生灵活运用单词的能力，学会在交际中使用单词。比如教window，我们就可以使用直观教具，指着窗户问：“What’s this？”然后用英语介绍：“It’s a window.”接着再重复几次，窗户的音形意就深深印在学生脑子里，以后看到窗户他们就会脱口而出window。教师还可以用模拟、示范动作或面部表情介绍词汇。如：Look!I am closing the door. I am writing some words on the blackboard. 然后利用手势、动作指导学生模仿做，效果也比较好。总之，利用具体情景教词汇，生动活泼、快而有效，容易引起学生兴趣，给学生留下深刻的印象。

此外，教句子可进行听力比赛、单词造句比赛。教课文，可根据体裁和内容的不同，采用模拟对话、扮演角色、讲故事、述大意、改人称、变对话为叙述、变叙述为对话、即兴口头作文、看图说话、组句成文等多种形式。这样就可把“死书”教活，学生学得有趣，用得机会多，效果必然好。

总之，英语教师不能照本宣科地教英语，要深入学生生活，了解学生兴趣、爱好和他们所关注的问题，充分考虑到学生在现有基础、学习潜能、兴趣爱好、学习风格等方面存在差异的客观现实，面向全体学生，把英语真正作为工具去教，想方设法让学生把英语真正当成工具去用，在英语课程实施过程中尽可能满足不同学生的学习需要。这样英语教学才会生动活泼，富于情趣，才能更有效地把素质教育推向新的高潮。

第十五章 词汇

词汇的意义是由一个词汇所处的特定的上下文所决定的。

高考重点要求：

1、熟记《高考英语词汇手册》中列出的单词短语和习惯用法。

2、掌握相当数量的内涵不易搞清或者容易混淆的词汇。

3、注意从逻辑角度辨析词义，注意一词多义掌握常见构词法。

第一节 知识点概述

词汇辨析题可以分为几类：

一、近义词和同义词

英语中有大量的近义词和同义词，但它们与其他词的搭配关系不完全一致，有时甚至是大相径庭。在某种场合下它们有时可以换用，但在另外一些场合下它们又不能互换。掌握大量的此类近义词同义词是考试制胜的关键之一。

二、形似词和音似词

英语中有许多词汇外形相似、发音相近或相同，但意义不同，我们应该注意观察，仔细辨清其不同的拼法、读音及含义。

三、短语动词

短语动词是英语中一种使用广泛的重要语言现象，它是由动词和介词或副词连用、表示特定语意的固定结构。正确使用这类短语动词是英语学习的一大难点。

四、具有特定搭配关系的词汇

英语词语的特定搭配是英语学习中的一个重要项目，也是词汇测试的一个重点。为克服受母语影响而产生的错误，我们必须重视学习符合英美人习惯的词语搭配。

五、习语、成语及固定词组

英语中有大量约定俗成的习语、成语及固定词组，它们中有相当一部分往往从字面上猜不出其正确含义。要掌握它们，广泛运用以及记忆背诵是必不可少的。

六、固定结构中的词汇

英语中有些词汇仅用于一些固定结构中，而其他一些同义或近义的词汇则不能替换。学生应熟悉这些固定结构，以提高应试能力。

七、涉及语法现象的词汇

有许多词汇辨析题并不局限于纯粹的词汇意义及搭配的区分，而往往与英语语法有一定的联系。掌握基本的英语语法对正确解答词汇辨析题也起到了至关重要的作用。

第二节 实战演练

一、复习时需注意的要点

1、要注意近义动词在词义上的区别，例如：borrow与lend，send、bring、carry与fetch等。

2、有些近义动词虽然在汉语意思上看不出区别，但要注意它们在含义和使用场合的区别，例如：start与begin，try与manage等。

在记忆词汇时我们不应该孤立地去背单词的中文意思，而要花气力记住单词在句子中的用法，即要记住“be+动词的过去分词+不同介词”的用法

3、平时学习中要多读文章，提高在语境中领悟词语的能力。

二、历届高考试题分析

例1、There was such a long queue for coffee at the interval that we ____ gave up.

A. eventually B. unfortunately C. generously D. purposefully

答案为A.

【解析】 eventually 最终；unfortunately不幸地；generously慷慨地；purposefully故意地。

例2、The company is starting a new advertising campaign to ____ new customers to its stores.

A. join B. attract C. stick D. transfer

答案为B。

【解析】 attract sb. to…把某人吸引到………地方来。

例3、What he has done is far from ________.

A. satisfying B. satisfied C. satisfaction D. satisfy

答案为C。

【解析】句中from是介词，后接名词。译文：他所做的事离满意还差得远。satisfactory是形容词，意思是“令人满意的”；satisfied是过去分词，可作为形容词使用，意思是“感到满意的”；satisfy是动词，意思是“使……满意”。

例4、As we joined the big crowd I got_________ from my friends.

A. separated B. spared C. lost D. missed

答案为A。

【解析】get separated from sb.“与某人分开”；get lost“迷路”；get spared和get missed搭配不合理。译文：由于拥入了一大堆人群中，我和我的朋友被分开了。

例5、We didn't plan our art exhibition like that but it_________ very well.

A. worked out B. tried out C. went on D. carried on

答案为A。

【解析】先排除B和D，因为try out(实验)，carry on(实行)与exhibition之间是被动关系；而go on虽有“进行，进展”之意，但这里强调的是计划和结果的关系，work out=turn out“(最后)显得”。译文：我们没有那样计划我们的艺术展览，但结果却很好。此题应为一表结果的短语。

例6、-Do you think the Stars will beat the Bulls?

-Yes. They have better players, so I ________them to win.

A. hope B. prefer C. expect D. want

答案为C。

【解析】expect“期望”，此处意思是“我希望他们赢”。hope虽然有“希望”的意思，但后面不接动词不定式作宾补。want的意思是“想”，表示个人的欲望；prefer的意思是“宁愿；更喜欢”，常构成prefer to do sth.; prefer doing sth. to doing sth.; prefer to do sth. rather than do sth.等短语。I prefer them to win.的意思是“我宁愿他们赢。”

例7、Nick is looking for another job because he feels that nothing he does ________ his boss.

A. serves B. satisfies C. promises D. supports

答案为B。

【解析】satisfy sb.的意思是“使某人满意”。根据句意可知，Nick所做的一切都不能使他的老板满意。

例8、-When shall we start?

-Let's ________ it at 8∶30.Is that all right?

A. set B. meet C. make D. take

答案为C。

【解析】 “make it+时间”的意思是“就定为什么时间吧”。此题译为“把出发的时间定在八点半。set意为“对时间，调时间”。

例9、His mother had thought it would be good for his character to ________ from home and earn some money on his own.

A. run away B. take away C. keep away D. get away

答案为D。

【解析】on one's own“独立地”；run away from“逃跑”；take way“拿走”。get away from home的意思是“离开家”。译文：他母亲原本认为他离开家自己赚钱对锻炼他的性格有好处。

例10、-Mummy, can I put the peaches in the cupboard?

-No,dear. They don't ________ well. Put them in the fridge instead.

A. keep B. fit C. get D. last

答案为A。

【解析】根据句子中两个表示地点的名词cupboard 和fridge 可以看出，是要把peaches保存好，所以要选keep“保存”。fit的意思是“安装”；get的意思是“得到；获得”；last的意思是“持续”，后常接表示时间的词，如：last two hours持续了两小时等。

第三节 巩固练习

Direction: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer that completes the sentence.

1. I work in a business _____ almost everyone is waiting for a great chance.

A. how B. which C. where D. that

2. _____ I accept that he is not perfect, I do actually like the person.

A. While B. Since C. Before D. Unless

3. You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is _____ I disagree.

A. why B. where C. what D. how

4. Everyone was on time for the meeting _____ Chris, who’s usually ten minutes late for everything.

A. but B. only C. even D. yet

5. They’ve _____ us 150,000 dollars for the house. Shall we take it?

A. provided B. Supplied C. shown D. offered

6. To enjoy the scenery, Irene would rather spend long hours on the train _____ travel by air.

A. as B. to C. than D. while

7. When we plan our vacation, mother often offers _____ suggestions.

A. careful B. practical C. effective D. acceptable

8. I do every single bit of housework _____ my husband Bob just does the dishes now and then.

A. since B. while C. when D. as

9. Happy birthday, Alice! So you have _____ twenty-one already!

A. become B. turned C. grown D. passed

10. I keep medicines on the top shelf, out of the children’s _____.

A. reach B. hand C. hold D. place

11. -How about eight o’clock outside the cinema?

-That _____ me fine.

A. fits B. meets C. satisfies D. suits

12. I don’t mind picking up your things from the store. _____. the walk will do me good.

A. Sooner or later B. Still C. In time D. Besides

13. I will never know what was on his mind at the time, nor will _____.

A. anyone B. anyone else C. no one D. no one else

14. A man is being questioned in relation to the _____ murder last night.

A. advised B. attended C. attempted D. admitted

15. -How long are you staying?

-I don’t know. _____.

A. That’s OK B. Never mind C. It depends D. It doesn’t matter

16. It is _____ any wonder that his friend doesn’t like watching television much.

A. no B. such C. nearly D. hardly

17. We were told that we should follow the main road _____ we reached the central railway station .

A．whenever B．until C．while D．wherever

18. John was late for the business meeting because his flight had been _______by a heavy storm .

A．kept B．stopped C．slowed D．delayed

19. -Which of the three ways shall I take to the village?

-_____ way as you please.

A．Each B．Every C．Any D．Either

20. -How do you ______we go to Beijing for our holidays?

-I think we’d better fly there. It’s much more comfortable.

A．insist B．want C．suppose D．suggest

21. If you are feeling so tired, perhaps a little sleep would _____.

A. act B. help C. serve D. last

22. _____ modeling business is by no means easy to get into, the good model will always be in demand.

A. While B. Since C. As D. If

23. We had three sets of garden tools and we seemed to have no use for _____.

A. none B. either C. any D. each

24. All the employees except the manager _____ to work online at home.

A. encourages B. encourage C. is encouraged D. are encouraged

25. I feel that one of my main duties _____ a teacher is to help the students to become better learners.

A. for B. by C. as D. with

26. Mr. Smith used to smoke _____ but he has given it up.

A. seriously B. heavily C. badly D. hardly

27. It was evening_____ we reached the little town of Winchester.

A. that B. until C. since D. before

28. You can eat food free in my restaurant _____ you like.

A. whenever B. wherever C. whatever D. however

29. They see you as something of a worrier, _____ problems which don’t exist and crossing bridges long before you come to them.

A. settling B. discovering C. considering D. designing

30. Many new _____ will be opened up in the future for those with a university degree.

A. opportunities B. possibilities C. probabilities D. realities

31. The evening news comes on at Seven o' clock and _____ only thirty minutes.

A. keeps B. continues C. finishes D. lasts

32. -Do you like _____ here?

-Oh, yes. The air, the weather, the way of life. Everything is so nice.

A. this B. these C. that D. it

33. I invited Joe and Linda to dinner, but _____ of them came.

A. neither B. either C. none D. both

34. In the _____ of the program being a failure, the producer stands to lose up to one million dollars.

A. face B. course C. time D. event

35. My advisor encouraged _____ a summer course to improve my writing skills.

A. for me taking B. me taking C. for me to take D. me to take

36. The famous university is situated on the east ____ of USA.

A. seaside B. shore C. coast D. beach

37. _____ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend.

A. With B. Besides C. As for D. Because of

38. _____ is reported in the newspapers that talks between the two countries are making progress.

A. It B. As C. That D. What

39. Jasmine was holidaying with her family in a wildlife park _____ she was bitten on the leg by a lion.

A. when B. while C. since D. once

40. The environmentalists and wild goats’ _____ on the vast grasslands was a good indication of the better environment.

A. escape B. absence C. attendance D. appearance

41. Hospital staff burst into cheers after doctors completed a 20-hour operation to have _______ one-year-old twins at the head.

A. isolated B. separated C. divided D. removed

42. After the trainer was sure that the whale could look after itself, he ______it into the sea.

A. transported B. unloaded C. released D. handled

43. In _____ Chinese culture, marriage decisions were often made by parents for their children.

A. traditional B. historic C. remote D. initial

44. Some people like dirking coffee, for it has _____ effects.

A. promoting B. stimulating C. enhancing D. encouraging

45. The teacher wrote an example on the blackboard to _____ the point.

A. illustrate B. suggest C. express D. recognize

46. Most people on this island are recreational fishers, and _____, fishing forms an actual part of their leisure time.

A. accidentally B. purposefully C. obviously D. formally

47. In dealing with public relations, we should make every effort to prevent the _____ in personality.

A. contact B. contrast C. connection D. conflict

48. Chinese arts have won the _____ of a lot of people outside China.

A. enjoyment B. appreciation C. entertainment D. reputation

49 Although I can walk about, there is still a _____ pain in my leg.

A. weak B. slight C. tender D. soft

50. -How about eight o'clock outside the cinema?

-That _______ me fine.

A. fits B. meets C. satisfies D. suits

责任编辑：李芳芳

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