LSAT考试全真试题五SECTION

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以下是小编整理了LSAT考试全真试题五SECTION，本文共8篇，希望你喜欢，也可以帮助到您，欢迎分享！

LSAT考试全真试题五SECTION

section 1

time—35 minutes

24 questions

directions: each group of questions in this section is based on a set of conditions. in answering some of the questions, it may be useful to draw a rough diagram. choose the response that most accurately and completely answers each question and blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.

questions 1-5

on wednesday a physician will have exactly one appointment with seven patients—p, q, r, s, t, u, w—one patient per appointment. the schedule of appointments chronologically numbered 1 through 7, must meet the following conditions:

q s appointment is at some time before p s appointment

u s appointment is at some time before p s appointment

either r or t has appointment 3

s s appointment is either the appointment immediately before or the appointment immediately after r s appointment.

1. which one of the following is an acceptable schedule of appointments in order from 1 to 7?

(a) q, s, r, p, w, u, t

(b) q, u, w, s, r, t, p

(d) t, u, r, s, w, p, q

(e) u, q, t, p, r, s, w

2. if w has appoinment 2 and p has appointment 5. then which one of the following must be true?

(a) r has appointment 6

(b) s has appointment 4

(d) u has appointment 1

(e) u has appointment 4

3. if u s appointment is immediately after t s appointment and immediately before r s appointment, then which one of the following must be true?

(a) q s appointment is at some time before p s appointment.

(b) s s appointment is at some time before p s appointment.

(d) w s appointment is immediately before p s appointment

(e) w s appointment is at some time before s s appointment

4. if p s appointment is immediately before s s appointment, then each of the following could be true except:

(a) r s appointment is immediately before w s appointment

(b) t s appointment is immediately before q s appointment

(d) u s appointment is immediately before q s appointment

(e) w s appointment is immediately before t s appointment

5. if t s appoinemtne is immediately after p s appointment and immediately before w s appointment, then which one of the following must be true?

(a) w s appointment is at some time before r s appointment.

(b) u s appointment is at some time before r s appointment.

(d) r s appointment is at some time before p s appointment.

(e) q s appointment is at some time before s s appointment.

questions 6-12

exactly six employees—officers f, g, and h, and supervisors k, l, and m—must be assigned to exactly three committees—policy, quality, and sales—with exactly three employees per committee committee assignments must conform to the following conditions:

each committee must have at least one officer assigned to it

each employee must be assigned to at least one committee

all three officers must be assigned to the policy committee.

g cannot be assigned to the same committee as l.

k must be assigned to the sales committee

6. which one of the following is a group of three employees who can be assigned together to the sales committee?

(a) f, g, and m

(b) f, g, and m

(d) h, k, and l

(e) k, l, and m

7. if h is assigned to exactly one committee, and if no committee has both f and m assigned to it, then it must be true that

(a) g and m are both assigned to the quality committee

(b) k and l are both assigned to the salescommittee

(d) l is assigned to exactly two committees

(e) m is assigned to exactly two committees

8. which one of the following cannot be true?

(a) f is assigned to exactly one committee

(b) g is assigned to exactly three committee

(d) k is assigned to exactly one committee

(e) l is assigned to exactly two committee

9. if f is assigned to exactly three committees, and g is assigned to exactly two committees, then which one of the following must be true?

(a) g is assigned to the quality committee.

(b) g is assigned to the salescommittee.

(d) l is assigned to the sales committee.

(e) m is assigned to the quality committee.

10. which one of the following is a group of three empoyees who can be assigned together to the quality committee?

(a) f, g, and h

(b) f, g, and k

(d) g, k and l

(e) h, l, and m

11. if l is assigned to exactly two committee. which one of the following must be true?

(a) f is assigned to the sales committee.

(b) g is assigned to the sales committee.

(d) k is assigned to the quality committee.

(e) m is assigned to the quality committee.

12. which one of the following cannot be true?

(a) f and g are each assigned to exactly one committee.

(b) f and h are each assigned to exactly one committee.

(d) f and m are both assigned to the sales committee

(e) g and k are both assigned to the quality committee

questions 13-17

on tuesday vladimir and wendy each eat exactly four separate meals: breakfast. luch, dinner, and a snack. the following is all that is known about what they eat during that day.

at no meal does vladimir eat the same kind of food as wendy

neither of them eats the same kind of food more than once during the day

for breakfast, each eats exactly one of the following: hot cakes poached eggs, or omelet

for lunch each eats exactly one of the following fish. hot cakes, macaroni, or omelet

for a snack each eats exactly one of the following fish or omelet.

wendy eats an omelet for lunch

13. which one of the following statements musts be true?

(a) vladimir eats fish for lunch

(b) vladimir eats fish for dinner

(d) wendy eats fish for dinner

(e) wendy eats fish for her snack

14. vladimir must eat which one of the following foods?

(a) fish

(b) hot cakes

(d) omelet

(e) poached eggs

15. if both vladimir and wendy eat macaroni on tuesday, then which one of the following statements could be true?

(a) vladimir eats fish for lunch

(b) vladimir eats hot cakes for lunch

(d) wendy eats hot cakes for breakfast

(e) wendy eats hot cakes for dinner

16. if wendy does not eat macaroni on tuesday then which one of the following statements could be true?

(a) vladimir eats poached eggs for breakfast

(b) vladimir eats fish for lunch

(d) wendy eats hot cakes for breakfast

(e) wendy eats fish for dinner

17. if wendy eats poached eggs for breakfast, then which one of the following statements cannot be true?

(a) vladimir eats fish for lunch

(b) vladimir eats hot cakes for lunch

(d) wendy eats hot cakes for dinner

(e) wendy eats macaroni for dinner

questions 18-24

eight people—jack, karen laura, mark, nick owen, peggy, and ruth— will be placed on two four-person teams—x and y—for a realy race that is run in four successive legs first, second third and fourth the teams race concurrently each team member runs exactly one of the legs, one team member per leg according to the following conditions

jack is on the same team as karen

karen is not on the same team as nick

ruth runs an earlier leg of the race than peggy runs

whether or not they on the same team as each other

mark and nick are both on team y

neither jack nor mark runs third

karen and laura both run second

owen runs fourth

18. which one of the following must be true?

(a) if jack and owen are assigned to the same team as each other jack runs first

(b) if jack and peggy are assigned to the same team as each other jack runs fourth

(d) if mark and owen are assigned to the same team as each other mark runs fourth

(e) if mark and ruth are assigned to the same team as each other. ruth runs third

19. if ruth is assigned to team x which one of the following is a complete and accurate list of the legs that she could run?

(a) first

(b) second

(d) first, third

(e) second, third

20. if owen and ruth are assigned to the same team as each other which one of the following must be true?

(a) mark runs fourth

(b) nick runs first

(d) peggy runs first

(e) peggy runs fourth

21. any of the following can be true except

(a) jack runs first

(b) mark runs fourth

(d) nick and peggy both run third

(e) owen and peggy both run fourth

22. if ruth and peggy are assigned to the same team as each other which one of the following must be true?

(a) jack runs first

(b) mark runs fourth

(d) peggy runs third

(e) ruth runs first

23. any of the following can be true except

(a) jack runs fourth

(b) nick runs fourth

(d) ruth runs first

(e) ruth runs third

24. if peggy runs third on the same team to which jack is assigned which one of the following must be true?

(a) jack runs the first leg on the team to which he is assigned

(b) ruth runs the first leg on the team to which she is assigned

(d) owen runs on the same team as mark.

(e) ruth runs on the same team as mark

section ii

time—35 minutes

25 questions

questions: the questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. for some questions more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. however, you are to choose the best answer that is the response that most accurately and completely answers the question. you should not make assumptions that are by commonsense standards implausible, superfluous, or incompatible with the passage, after you have chosen the best answer, blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.

1. the basic ingredients from which cement is made are both cheap and plentiful. materials as common as limestone and clay will do. nevertheless. the price of cement is influenced by the price of oil, because turning the basic ingredients into cement in high-temmerature kilns use large amounts of energy.

which one of the following can be logically inferred from the passage?

(a) oil is one of the basic ingredients that make up cement

(b) oil is a source of energy for some of the kilns used in the making of cement

(d) whenever oil prices rise cement prices drop

(e) a given amount of cement costs no more than the total cost of its basic ingredients

2. many people do not understand themselves, nor do they try to gain self-understanding these people might try to understand others, but these attempts are sure to fail, because without self-understanding it is impossible to understand others. it is clear from this that anyone who lacks self-understanding will be incapable of understanding others.

the reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argument

(a) mistakes something that is necessary to bring about a situation for something that in itself is enough to bring about that situation

(b) fails to take into account the possibility that not everyone wants to gain a thorough understanding of himself or herself

(d) makes use of the inherently vague term “self-understanding” without defining that term

(e) draws a conclusion that simply restates a claim given in support of that conclusion

questions 3-4

wife: the work of the artist who painted the portrait of my grandparents 50 years ago has become quite popular lately, so the portrait has recently become valuable. but since these sorts of artistic fads fade rapidly, the practical thing to do would be to sell the portrait while it is still worth something, and thereby enable our daughter to attend the college she has chosen.

husband: how could you make such a suggestion? that painting is the only thing you own that belonged to your grandparents. i don t think it s a very good painting, but it has great sentimental value. besides, you owe it to our daughter to keep it in the family as a link to her family s past

3. which one of the following principles, if established, does most to justify the husband s reply?

(a) gifts offered as sentimental tokens of affection should not be accepted if the recipient intends to sell them later for profit

(b) a beautiful work of art is more valuable than the money it could be sold for, whatever the amount

(c) it is more important for parents to provide their children with tangible links to the family s past than it is to enable them to attend the college of their choice.

(d) children and grandchildren have a duty to preserve family heirlooms only if they have promised their parents or grandparents that they would do so.

(e) providing one s children with an education is more important than providing them with material goods, even if the goods have sentimental value.

4. the husband uses which one of the following argumentative techniques in replying to the wife s suggestion?

(a) taking issue with the practicality of her suggestion

(b) questioning her aesthetie judgment

(d) asserting that the evidence she cites in support of her suggestion is false

(e) invoking a competing obligation that he judges to override her practical considerations

5. questions have arisen regarding the accuracy of the reports the university s archaeological museum issues on its sales and acquisitions for the year. to forestall controversy, this year s report is being reviewed by three archaeologists from other universities. since these archaeologists will be given full access to all documents on which the report is based, they will be able to determine whether it is indeed accurate.

the reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argument

(a) does not specify whether the reviewers will have access to data about objects that have been in the museum s collection for many years

(b) provides no information regarding the size or quality of the archaeological museum s collection

(d) omits any mention of whether the museum s collection is on display or is available only to researchers

(e) does not describe what will occur if the reviewers discover discrepancies between the report and the documents on which it was based

6. engineer: some people argue that the world s energy problems could be solved by mining the moon for helium-3, which could be used for fuel in fusion reactors. but this is nonsense. even if it were possible to mine the moon for helium-3, the technology needed to build viable fusion reactors that could use such fuel is at least 50 years away. if the world s energy problems are not solved before then, it will be too late to solve those problems.

the main point of the argument is that

(a) mining the moon for helium-3 is currently not feasible

(b) fusion reactors that are now being planned are not designed to use hilium-3 as fuel

(c) people who advocate mining the moon for helium-3 do not realize that fusion reactors could be designed to use fuels other than helium-3

(d) mining the moon for helium-3 is not a possible solution to the world s energy problems

(e) if the world s energy problems are not solved within the next 50 years, it will be too late to solve those problems.

section iii

time—35 minutes

25 questions

directions: the equestions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. for some questions more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. however, you are to choose the best answer that is the response that most accurately and completely answers the question. you should not make assumptions that are by commonsense standards implausible, superfluous, or incompatible with the passage. after you have chosen the best answer blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.

1. if a country s manufacturing capacity is fully utilized, three can be no industrial growth without new capital investment. any reduction in interest rates produces new capital investment

which one of the following can be properly concluded from the statements above?

(a) interest rates might in exceptional cases be reduced without there being any subsequent investment of new capital.

(b) a reduction in interest rates might cause a precondition for industrial growth to be met.

(d) new capital investment that takes place while interest rates are rising cannot lead to industrial growth.

(e) manufacturing capacity newly created by capital investment needs to be fully utilized if it is to lead to industrial growth.

2. a certain type of insect trap uses a scented lure to attract rose beetles into a plastic bag from which it is difficult for them to escape. if several of these traps are installed in a backyard garden, the number of rose beetles in the garden will be greatly reduced. if only one trap is installed, however, the number of rose beetles in the garden will actually increase

which one of the following, if true most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy?

(a) the scent of a single trap s lure usually cannot be detected throughout a backyard garden by rose beetles

(b) several traps are better able to catch a large number of rose beetles than is one trap alone, since any rose beetles that evade one trap are likely to encounter another trap if there are several traps in the garden.

(c) when there are several traps in a garden, they each capture fewer rose beetles than any single trap would if it were the only trap in the garden

(d) the presence of any traps in a backyard garden will attract more rose beetles than one trap can catch, but several traps will not attract significantly more rose beetles to a garden than one trap will.

(e) when there is only one trap in the garden, the plastic bag quickly becomes filled to capacity, allowing some rose beeties to escape

3. the current move to patent computer programs is a move in the wrong direction and should be stopped. the patent system was originally designed solely to protect small-time inventors from exploitation. not to give large corporations control over a methodology. any computer program is merely the implementation of a methodology.

which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

(a) computer programs should be developed not only be large corporations but by small-time inventors as well.

(b) implementing a methodology always requires less creative effort than does true invention

(c) the issue of whether or not to patent computer programs presents the patent system with problems that have never before arisen

(d) large corporations should not hold patents for implementations of methodologies

(e) small-time inventors who support the move to patent computer programs act contrary to their own best interests

questions 4-5

walter: for the economically privileged in a society to tolerate an injustice perpetrated against one of society s disadvantaged is not just morally wrong but also shortsighted: a system that inflicts an injustice on a disadvantaged person today can equally well inflict that same injustice on a well-to-do person tomorrow

larissa: in our society the wealthy as well as the well-educated can protect themselves against all sorts of injustices suffered by the less well-off allowing such injustices to persist is bad policy not because it places everyone at equal risk of injustice but because it is a potent source of social unrest.

4. larissa responds to walter by doing which one of the following?

(a) giving reason to doubt the truth of walter s conclusion

(b) drawing implausible consequences from walter s assumptions

(d) providing an alternative reason for accepting the truth of walter s conclusion

(e) charging walter with stopping short of recognizing the full implications of his position

5. walter and larissa are logically committed by what they say to disagreeing about which one of the following?

(a) whether the poor and the rich are part of the same social fabric

(b) whether the most successful members of a society are that society s least tolerant people

(d) whether those who have the most advantages in a society are morally obligated to correct that society s injustices

(e) whether the economically privileged members of a society are less exposed to certain sorts of injustices than are the economically disadvantaged

6. three major laundry detergent manufacturers have concentrated their powdered detergents by reducing the proportion of inactive ingredients in the detergent formulas. the concentrated detergents will be sold in smaller packages. in explaining the change, the manufacturers cited the desire to reduce cardboard packaging and other production costs. market analysts predict that the decision of three manufacturers, who control 80 percent of the laundry detergent market will eventually bring about the virtual disappearance of old-style bulky detergents

which one of the following, if true, most strongly supports the prediction made by the market analysts?

(a) most smaller manufacturers of laundry detergents will consider it too expensive to retool factories for the production of the smaller detergent packages.

(b) many consumers will be skeptical initially that the recommended small amount of concentrated detergent will clean laundry as effectively as the larger amount of the old-style detergent did

(c) some analysts believe that consumers will have to pay a greater cost per load of laundry to use the new concentrated detergent than they did to use the old-style detergent

(d) major supermarkets have announced that they will not charge the detergent manufacturers less to display their detergents even though the detergents will take up less shelf space

(e) comsumers are increasingly being persuaded by environmental concerns to buy concentrated detergents when available in order to reduce cardboard waste

questions 7-8

political advocate: campaigns for elective office should be subsidized with public funds. one reason is that this would allow politicians to devote less time to fund-raising thus giving campaigning incumbents more time to serve the public. asecond reason is that such subsidies would make it possible to set caps on individual campaign contributions. thereby reducing the likelihood that elected officials will be working for the benefit not of the publie but of individual large contilbutors

gitle: this argument is problematie the more the caps constrain contributions the more time candidates have to spend finding more small contributors

7. the critie objects that the advocate s argument is flawed because

(a) any resourceful large contributor can circumvent caps on individual contributions by sending in smaller amounts under various names

(b) one of the projected results cited in support of the proposal made is entailed by the other and therefore does not constitute mdependent support of the proposal

(d) it overlooks the possibility that lareg contributors will stop contributing if they cannot contribute at will

(e) it overlooks the possibility that incumbents with a few extremely generous contributors will be hit harder by caps than incumbents with many moderately genetous contributors.

8. which one of the following prickples if established provides a basis for the advocate s argument

(a) if complete reliance on private funding of some activity keeps the public from enjoying a benefit that could be provided if public funds were used such public funds should be provided

(b) if election campaigns are to be fended from public funds terms of office for elected officials should be lengthened.

(c) if in an election campaign large contributions flow primarily to one candidate public funds should be used to support the campaigns of that candiate s rivals

(d) if public funding of some activity produces a benefit to the public but also inevitably a special benefit for specific individuals, the activity should not be fully funded publicly but in part by the individuals deriving the special benefit.

(e) if a person would not have run for office in the absence of public campaign subsidies this person should not be eligible for any such subsidies.

9. novice bird-watcher 1 don t know much about animal track s but i do know that birds typically have four toes and most birds have three toes pointing forward and one toe pointing backward since this track was made by an animal with four toes of which three point forward and one points backward we can conclude it was made by some kind of bird

the argument is flawed because it

(a) relies on the vagueness of the term “track”

(b) does not define birds as animals with for toes

(d) does not establish that only a bird could have made the track

(e) depends on evidence about an individual bird rather than about birds in general

10. psychologists have claimed that many people are more susceptible to psychological problems in the winter than in the summer, the psychologists call this condition seasonal affective disorder their claim is based on the results of surveys in which people were asked to recall how they felt at various times in the past however, it is not clear that people are able to report accurately on their past psychological states therefore these survey results do not justify the psychologists claim that there is any such condition as seasonal affective disorder

the author criticizes the psychologists claim by

(a) offering an alternative explanation of the variation in the occurrence of psychological problems across seasons

(b) questioning whether any seasonal variation in the occurrence of psychological problems could properly be labeled a disorder

(d) questioning an assumption chat the author attributes to the psychologists

(e) demonstrating that fewer people actually suffer from seasonal affective disorder than psychologists had previously thought

11. unless the residents of glan hills band together, the proposal to rezone that city will be approved. if it is the city will be able to build the water and sewer systems that developers need in order to construct apartment houses there. these buildings would attract new residents. and the increased population would probably result in overerowded schools and would certainly result in roads so congested that new roads would be built. neither new roads nor additional schools could be built without substantial tax increases for the residents of glen hills, utimately this growth might even destroy the rural atmosphere that makes glen hills so attractive

which one of the following can be properly concluded from the passage?

(a) if the citizens of glen hills band together. developers will not build apartment houses

(b) if developers build apartment houses in glen hills, there will be substantial tax increases for the residents of glen hills

(d) if developers do not build apartment houses in glen hills, the taxes of the residents of glen hills will not increase substantially

(e) if developers do not build apartment houses in glen hills. the schools of glen hills will not be overerowded and roads will not be congested

12. one year ago a local government initiated an antismoking advertising campaign in local newspapers which it financed by imposing a tax on cigarettes of 20 cents per pack one year later the number of people in the locality who smoke cigarettes had declined by 3 percent clearly what was said in the advertisements had an effect although a small one on the number of people in the locality who smoke cigarettes

which one of the folloiwng, if true, most helps to strengthen argument?

(a) residents of the locality have not increased their use of other tobacco products such as snuff and chewing tobacco since the campaign went into effect

(b) a substantial number of cigarette smokers in the locality who did not quit smoking during the campaign now smoke less than they did before it began

(c) admissions to the local hospital for chronic respiratory ailments were down by 15 percent one year after the campaign began

(d) merchants in the locality responded to the local tax by reducing the price at which they sold cigarettes by 20 cents per pack

(e) smokers in the locality had incomes that on average were 25 percent lower than those of nonsmokers

13. no projects that involve historical restorations were granted building permits this month. since some of the current projects of the firm of stein and sapin are historical restorations,at least some of stein and sapin s projects were not granted building permits this month.

the pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most similar to that in which one of the following?

(a) none of the doctors working at city hospital were trained abroad so. although some hospitals require doctors trained abroad to pass an extra qualifying exam, until now, at least, this has not been an issue for city hospital

(b) none of the news reports from the economic summit meeting have been encouraging since some other recent economic reports have showed positive trends, however at least some of the economic news is encouraging at this time.

(c) none of the new members of the orchestra have completed their paperwork since only those people who have completed their paperwork can be paid this week at least some of the new members of the orchestra are likely to be paid late

(d) several films directed by hannah barker were released this season, but none of the films released this season were enthusiastically reviewed therefore at least some of hannah barker s films have on received enthusiastic reviews

(e) some of the city s most beautiful parks are not larger than few acres and some of the parks only a few acres in size are among the city s oldest therefore, some of city s most beautiful parks are also its oldest parks

14. many artists claim that art crities find it is easier to write about art that they dislike than to write about art that they like. whether or not this hypothesis is correct, most art criticism is devoted to art works that fail to satisfy the critic. hence it follows that most art criticism is devoted to works other than the greatest works of art.

the conclusion above is properly drawn if which one of the following is assumed?

(a) no art critie enjoys writing about art works that he or she dislikes intensely

(b) all art crities find it difficult to discover art works that truly satisfy them

(c) a work of art that receives extensive critical attention can thereby become more widely known than it otherwise would have been

(d) the greatest works of art are never recognized as such until long after the time of their creation

(e) the greatest works of art are works that inevitably satisfy all crities.

15. babies who can hear and have hearing parents who expose them to speech begin to babble at a certain age as a precursor to speaking. in the same way, deaf babies with deaf parents who communicate with them and with each other by signing begin to babble in signs at the same age. that is, they make repetitive hand gestures that constitute, within the language systme of signs, the analogue of repeated syllables in speech.

the information above, if accurate, can best be used as evidence against which one of the following hypotheses?

(a) names of persons or things are the simplest words in a language, since babies use them before using the names of actions or processes

(b) the development of language competency in babies depends primarily on the physical maturation of the vocal tract a process that requires speech- oriented vocal activity

(d) in babbling babies are unaware that the sound or gesture combinations they use can be employed in a purposive way.

(e) the making of hand gestures by hearing babies who have hearing parents should be interpreted as a part of their developing language.

16. each of the elements of girelli s recently completed design for a university library is copied from a different one of several historic libraries. the design includes various features from classical greek, islamic, mogul, and romanesque structures. since no one element in the design is original, it follows that the design of the library cannot be considered original.

which one of the following is a reasoning error made in the argument?

(a) assuming that because something is true of each of the parts of a whole it is true of the whole itself.

(b) generalizing illegitimately from a few instances of a certain kind to all instances of that kind.

(d) presupposing that alternatives that can be true separately cannot be true together

(e) deriving a factual conclusion from evidence derived from reports of aesthetic preferences.

questions 17-18

although tales of wonder and the fantastic are integral to all world literatures, only recently has the fantasy genre had a commercial resurgence in north america. during the last 20 years, sales of fantasy-fiction books written for adults have gone from 1 to 10 percent of total adult-fiction sales. at the same time, the number of total adult-fiction sales. at the same time, the number of favorable reviews of fantasy books has increased markedly. some booksellers say that the increased sales of fantasy books written for adults can be traced to the increased favorable attention given the genre by book reviewers

17. which one of the following, if true undermines the booksellers explanation of the growth in sales of fantasy-fiction books for adults?

(a) publishers often select a manuscript on the basis of whether they think that the published book will receive favorable reviews by book reviewers

(b) few readers of fantasy fiction read book reviews and even fewer select books to purchase on the basis of those reviews

(d) although the increase in the percentage of fantasy books sold has been substantial, publishers estimate that sales could increase even further.

(e) many of the book reviews of new fantasy-fiction novels also mention great fantasy novels of the past

18. which one of the following, if true, most strongly supports the booksellers explanation of the growth in sales of fantasy-fiction books for adults?

(a) many experts report that on average the reading level of book buyers has declined over the past 20 years

(b) because life during the past 20 years has become complex and difficult, many readers have come to prefer the happy endings that fantasy fiction often provides

(d) because few readers of mystery novels were buying fantasy fiction 10 years ago the major publishers of fantasy fiction created an advertising campaign directed specifically at those readers.

(e) after fantasy fiction began to be favorably reviewed by respected crities 20 years ago, book buyers began to regard fantasy books as suitable reading for adults.

19. of all the houses in the city s historic district, the house that once belonged to the tyler family is the most famous by far since the historic district is the most famous district in the city. the tyler house must be the city s most famous house.

the flawed reasoning in the argument above most closely parallels the flawed reasoning in which one of the following?

(a) of all the peaks in the coastal mountain range, mount williams is the tallest. since the tallest peaks in the entire region are in the coastal mountain range, mount williams must be the region s tallest peak

(b) tobacco smoking is the behavior most likely to cause lung cancer in people. since more tobacco is smoked in greene county than anywhere else in the world, there must be more lung cancer in greene county than anywhere else in the world

(c) susan coleman is the oldest of the three children in her family since the three coleman children are each older than any of the other children who live in their building. susan coleman must be the oldest child now living in the building

(d) of all the fish stores in the harbors area. miller s fish market has the most exotic selection of fish since there are many more fish stores in the harbor area than anywhere else in the city. miller s fish market must have the most exotic selection of fish in the city.

(e) of all the flowers grown in the university s botanical garden, the oakland roses are the most beautiful. since the university s botanical garden is the most beautiful garden in the regio, the oakland roses grown in the garden must be the most beautiful flowers grown in the entire region

20. morton: in order to succeed in today s society one must have a college degree. skepties have objected that there are many people who never completed any education beyond high school but who are nevertheless quite successful. this success is only apparent, however, because without a college degree a person does not have enough education to be truly successful

morten s argument is flawed because it

(a) assumes what it sets out to conclude

(b) mistakes a correlation for a cause

(d) fails to consider the status of alleged counterexamples

(e) bases its conclusion on the supposition that most people believe in that conclusion

21. even the earliest known species of land animats, known from fossils dating from the late silurian period 400 million years age show highly evolved adaptations to life on land. since neither aquatic nor amphibious animals exhibit these adaptations, early species of land animals must have evolved very rapidly after leaving an aquatic environment.

which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

(a) known fossils of early land animals include fossils of animals that lived relatively soon after the first emergence of land animals

(b) fossils from the late silurian period represent only a small number of the animal species that were alive at that time

(d) no present-day species of aquatic animal is descended from a species of animal that once lived on land

(e) all anmals alive in the late silurian period lived either exclusively on land or exclusively in the water.

22. on saturday melvin suggested that jerome take the following week off from work and accompany him on a trip to the mountains. jerome refused claiming that he could not afford the cost of the trip added to the wages he would forfeit by taking off withoud notice. it is clear, however, that cost cannot be the real reason for jerome s unwillingness to go with melvin to the mountains since he makes the same excuse every time melvin asks him to take an unscheduled vacation regardless of where melvin proposes to go

the reasoning is most vulnerable to which one of the following criticisms?

(a) it attmepts to forestall an attack on melvin s behavior by focusing attention on the behavior of jerome.

(b) it fails to establish that melvin could no more afford to take an unscheduled vacation trip to the mountains than could jerome

(d) it assumes that if jerome s professed reason is not his only reason then it cannot be a real reason for jerome at all

(e) it does not examine the possibility that jerome s behavior is adequately explained by the reason the gives for it.

23. arnold: i was recently denied a seat on an airline flight for which i had a confirmed reservation. because the airline had overbooked the flight. since i was forced to fly on the next available flight, which did not depart until two hours later, i missed an important business meeting. even though the flight on which i had a reservation was canceled at the last minute due to bad weather, the airline should still pay me compensation for denying me a seat on the flight.

jamie : the airline is not morally obligated to pay you any compensation. even if you had not been denied a seat on the earlier flight, you would have missed your business meeting anyway

a principle that, if established, justifies jamie s response to arnold is that an airline is morally obligated to compensate a passenger who has been denied a seat on a flight for which the passenger has confirmed reservations

(a) if the only reason the passenger is forced to take a later flight is that the airling overbooked the original flight

(b) only if there is a reason the passenger is forced to take a later flight other than the original flight s being canceled due to bad weather

(c) only if the passenger would not have been forced to take a later flight had the airling not overbooked the original flight.

(d) even if the only reason the passenger is forced to take a later flight were that the original flight is canceled due to bad weather

(e) even if the passenger would still have been forced to take a later flight had the airline not overbooked the original flight

24. ditrama is a federatin made up of three autonomus regions. korva. mitro, and guadar, under the federal revenue-sharing plan, each region receives a share of federa revenues equal to the share of the total population of ditrama residing in that region as shown by a yearly populatin survey last year the percentage of federal revenues korva received for its share deereased somewhat even though the population surve on which the revenue-sharing was based showed that korva s population had increased

if the statements above are true, which one of the following must also have been shown by the population survey on which last year s revenue-sharing in dirama was based?

(a) of the three regions korva had the smallest number of residents

(b) the population of korva grew by a smaller percentage than it did in previous years

(c) the populations of mitro and guadar each increased by a percentage that exceeded the percentage by which the population of korva mcreased.

(d) of the three regions. korva s numerical inerease in population was the smallest

(e) korva s population grew by a smaller percentage than did the population of at least one of the other two autonomous regions.

25. by examining fossilized beetles a research team has produced the most detailed description yet of temperatures in britain over the past 22,000 years fossils of species that still exist were selected and dated. whey individuals of several species found in the same place were found to date to the same period the known temperature tolerances of the existing beetle species were found to date to the same period the known temperature tolerances of the existing beetle species were used to determin the maximum summer temperature that could have existed at that place and period

the procedure of the researchers assumes which one of the following?

(a) beetles can tolerate warm weather better than cold weather

(b) fossils of different species found in the same place belonged to different periods

(d) the highest actuai summer temperature at a place and period equaled the average of the highest temperatures that could have been tolerated by each of the beetle species found there and dated to that period

(e) the temperature tolerances of the beetle species did not change significantly during the 22,000-year period

section iv

time—35 minutes

27 questions

directions: each passage in this section is followed by a group of questions to be answered on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage. for some of the questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question however, you are to choose the best answer that is the response that most accurately and completely answers the questions. and blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.

many literary scholars believe that zora neale hurston s their eyes were watching god (1937) has been the primary influence on some of the most accomplished black women writing in the united

(5) states today. indeed, alice walker, the author of the prize-winning novel the color purple. has said of their eyes. “there is no book more important to me than this one.” thus, it seems necessary to ask why their eyes, a work now viewed by a multitude

(10) of readers as remarkably successful in its complex depiction of a black woman s search for self and community. was ever relegated to the margins of the literary canon

the details of the novel s initial reception help

(15) answer this question. unlike the recently rediscovered and rerexamined work of harriet wilson. their eyes was not totally ignored by book reviewers upon its publication. in fact, it received a mixture of positive and negative reviews both from

(20) white book reviewers working for prominent periodicals and from important figures within black literary circles in the saturday review of literanre george stevens wrote that “the narration is exactly right, because most of it is dialogue and the

(25) dialogue gives us a constant sense of character in action the negative criticism was partially a result of hurston s ideological differences with other members of the black americans in literature. black

(30) writers of the 1940s believed that the black artist s primary responsibility was to create protest fiction that explored the negative effects of racism in the united states. for example, richard wright, the author of the much acclaimed native son (1940)

(35) wrote that their eyes had ”no theme“ and ”no message“ most crities and readers expectations of black literature rendered them unable to appreciate hurston s subtle delineation of the life of an ordinary black woman in a black community

(40) and the novel went quietly out of print

recent acclaim for their eyes results from the emergence of feminist literary criticism and the development of standards of evaluation specific to the work of black writers; these kinds of criticism

(45) changed readers expectations of art and enabled them to appreciate hurston s novel the emergence of feminist criticism was crucial because such criticism brought new attention to neglected works such as hurston s and alerted readers to hurston s

(50) exploration of women s issues in her fictionl. the afroncentric standards of evaluation were equally important to the rediscovery of their eyes, for such standards provided readers with the tools to recognize and appreciate the black folklore and

(55) oral storytelling traditions hurston incorporated within her work. in one of the most illuminating discussions of the novel to date. henry louis gates jr. states that ”hurston s strategy seems to concern itself with the possibilities of representation of the

(60) speaking black voice in writing“

1. the passage suggests which one of the following about harriet wilson s novel?

(a) it was written at the same time as their eyes were watching god, but it did not receive as much critical attention.

(b) it greatly influenced black women writing after the 1940s.

(d) it was not formally published, and the manuscript has only recently been discovered by literary crities.

(e) it did not receive critical attention when it was published, but it has recently become the subject of critical study.

2. the passage offers support for which one of the following statements about literary reviewers and their eyes were watching god?

(a) their eyes was widely acclaimed by reviewers upon its publication. even though it eventually went out of print.

(b) the eventual obscurity of their eyes was not the result of complete neglect by reviewers

(d) their eyes was more typical of the protest fiction of the 1940s than reviewers realized

(e) most early reviewers of their eyes did not respond positively to the book.

3. which one of the following best states the main idea of the passage?

(a) hurston s their eyes were watching god had little in common with novels written by blank authors during the 1940s.

(b) feminist critics and authors such as alice walker were instrumental in establishing hurston s their eyes were watching god as an important part of the american literary canon.

(c) crities and readers were unable to appreciate fully hurston s their eyes were watching god until crties applied new standards of evaluation to the novel

(d) hurston s their eyes were watching god was an important influence on the protest fiction written by black writers in the mid-twentieth century.

(e) afrocentric strategies of analysis have brought attention to the use of oral storytelling traditions in novels written by black americans such as hurston s their eyes were watching god.

4. according to the passage which one of the following is true of black folklore traditions as used in literature written in the united states?

(a) they are an aspect of black american literature first recognized and written about by henry louis gates. jr

(b) they were not widely incorporated into novels written by black americans until after the 1940s

(d) they were not incorporated into novels published by black americans in the 1940s

(e) they are an aspect of black literature that some readers did not fully appreciate until relatively recently.

5. the passage suggests that native son differes from their eyes were watching god in which one of the following ways?

(a) it received fewer positive reviews at the time of its publication than did their eyes

(b) it is less typical of literature written by black americans during the 1940s than is then eyes

(d) it deniets more aspects of black american folklore than does their eyes.

(e) it has received more attention from feinist and afrocentric literary critics than their eyes

6. which one of the following provides the clearest example of the kind of fiction that many black writers of the 1940s, as their views are described in the passage, believed should be written?

(a) a novel that focuses on the interrelationships among four generations of black women

(b) a historical novel that re-creates actual events that occurred as black people suffered from oppression and racial injustice in a small town

(c) a novel, based on biographical stories orally relayed to the author as a child, that describes the development of traditions in a black family

(d) a novel that explores the psychological aspects of a relationship between a white man and a black man as they work together to organize protests against unjust working conditions

(e) a novel that examines the different ways in which three black children experience their first day of school in a rural community

7. the author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements about the relationship between art and literary criticism?

(a) the long-term reputation of a work of art is less dependent on the response of literary critics than on the response of readers and authors

(b) experimental works of fiction are usually poorly received and misunderstood by lterary crities when they are first published

(c) the response of literary critics to a work of art can be determined by certain ideological perspectives and assumptions about the purpose of art

(d) literary critics do not significantly affect the way most people interpret and appreciate literature.

(e) the ideological bases of a work of art are the first consideration of most literary critics.

8. the primary purpose of the passage is to

(a) correct a misconception

(b) explain a reassessment

(d) criticize a conventional approach

(e) announce a new discovery

legal cases can be termed ”hard“ cases if they raise issues that are highly controversial, issues about which people with legal training disagree. the ongoing debate over the completeness of the

(5) law usually concerns the extent to which such haard cases are legally determinate, or decidable according to existing law.

h l a hart s the concept of law is still the clearest and most persuasive statement of both the

(10) standard theory of hard cases and the standard theory of law on which it rests. for hart the law consists of legal rules formulated in general terms; these terms he calls ”open textured“ which means that they contain a ”core“ of settled meaning and a

(15) ”penumbra“ or ”periphery“ where their meaning is not determinate. for example, suppose an ordinance prohibits the use of vehicles in a park. ”vehicle“ has a core of meaning which includes cars and motoreycles but. hart claims, other

(20) vehicles, such as bicycles, fall within the peripheral meaning of ”vehicle“ so that the law does not establish whether they are prohibited. there will always be cases not covered by the core meaning of legal terms within existing laws. hart considers

(25) these cases to be legally indeterminate. since courts cannot decide such cases on legal grounds they must consider nonlegal (for example, moral and political) grounds, and thereby exercise judicial discretion to make, rather than apply law

(30) in ronald dworkin s view the law is richer than hart would grant: he denies that the law consists solely of explicit rules. the law also includes principles that do not depend for their legal status on any prior official recognition or enactment

(35) dworkin claims that many cases illustrate the existence of legal principles that are different from legal rules and that hart s model of rules cannot accommodate. for dworkin, legal rules apply in an all-or-nothing fashion whereas legal principles do

(40) not they provide the rationale for applying legal rules. thus, because dworkin thinks there is law in addition to legal rules, he thinks that legal indeterminacy and the need for judicial discretion do not follow from the existence of open texture in

(45) legal rules

it would be a mistakethough to dispute hart s theory of hard cases on this basis alone if hart s claim about the ”open texture“ of general terms is true, then we should expect to find legal

(50) indeterminacies even if the law consists of principles in addition to rules legal principles as well as legal rules contain general terms that have open texture. and it would be absurd to suppose that wherever the meaning of a legal rule is unclear

(55) there is a legal principle with a clear meaning most interesting and controversial cases will occur in the penumbra of both rules and principles.

9. which one of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?

(a) the law will never be complete because new situations will always arise which will require new laws to resolve them.

(b) the most difficult legal cases are those concerning controversial issues about which trained legal minds have differing opinions.

(c) the concept of legal principles does not diminish the usefulness of the concept of the open texture of general terms in deciding whether hard cases are legally determinate.

(d) the concept of legal principles is a deleterious addition to the theory of law since any flaws exhibited by legal rules could also be shared by legal principles.

(e) the inherent inconsistency of terms used in laws provides a continuing opportunity for judges to exercise their discretion to correct defect and gaps in the law.

10. according to the passage the term ”legal principles“ as used by dworkin refers to

(a) a comprehensive code of ethics that governs the behavior of professionals in the legal system

(b) explicit analyses of the terms used in legal rules indicating what meanings the terms do and do not cover

(d) legal rules that have not yet passed through the entire legislative procedure necessary for them to become law

(e) the body of legal decisions regarding cases that required judicial discretion for their resolution

11. which one of the following expresses a view that the author of the passage would most proably hold concerning legal principles and legal rules?

(a) legal rules are applied more often than legal principles when a case involves issues about which legal professionals disagree.

(b) both legal rules and legal principles are officially recognized as valid parts of the law.

(d) legal principles are just as likely as legal rules to have terms that have both core and peripheral meanings

(e) legal principles eliminate the need for judicial discretion in resolving the problems generated by the open texture of legal rules.

12. in the passage, the author uses the example of the word ”vehicle“ to

(a) illustrate a legal rule that necessarily has exceptions

(b) show how legal principles are applied in the construction of legal rules

(d) serve as an example of a legal term with both a core and a periphery of meaning

(e) provide a counterexample to hart s concept of the open texture of legal terms

13. it can be inferred that the author of the passage regards hart s theory of hard cases and the theory of standard law as

(a) exhaustive

(b) worthy of respect

(d) plausible but unwieldy

(e) hopelessly outmoded

14. which one of the following is true of the term ”legally determinate“ (line 6) as it is used in the passage?

(a) it represents the idea that every crime should have a fixed penalty rather than a range of penalties within which a judge can make an arbitrary choice

(b) it refers to a legal case that can be definitively resolved in favor of one side or the other according to the law in effect at the time

(c) it describes a legal rule that requires judges to limit their actions to applying written law when deciding cases over which people with legal training disagree

(d) it refers to any legal case that involves terms with imprecise meanings and thus relies for its resolution only on the determination of judges.

(e) it refers to procedures for determining the legal outcome of complex issues in difficult cases.

15. in the passage, the author is primarily concerned with

(a) outlining the problems that might be faced by a legislature attempting to create a complete body of law that would prevent judges from making rather than applying the law

(b) justifying the idea that ”hard“ cases will always exist in the practice of law, no matter what laws are written or how they are applied

(c) presenting evidence to support dworkin s idea that legal rules apply in an all-or-nothing fashion whereas legal principles apply in more sophisticated ways

(d) critiquing the concept of the open texture of legal terms as a conceptual flaw in hart s otherwise well-regarded book.

(e) demonstrating that dworkin s concept of legal principles does not form the basis for a successful attack on hart s theory of legally indeterminate cases

one way governments can decrease air pollution is to impose a tax on industrial carbon dixide emissions. but why should governments consider a carbon tax when they could control emissions by

(5) establishing energy efficiency and conservation standards, by legislating against coal use or by increasing inverstment in nuclear? the great virtue of such a tax is that it would provide incentives for industry to achieve emission

(10) reductions. because oil emits more carbon dioxide per unit of energy generated than does natural gas, and coal more than oil,a carbon tax would vary with the type of fuel.such a tax would induce industry to substitute less- polluting fuels for those carrying a

(15) higher tax and also to reduce the total use of energy

however it is not clear how high such a tax should be or what its economic and environmental implications would be. at first glance, it is not

(20) difficult to estimate roughly the size of the tax needed to effect a given level of emission reduction. one writer estimates for example that a tax of 41 percent on the price of coal 33 percent on oil and 25 percent on gas would reduce the united

(25) kingdom s emissions by 20 percent (using 1988 as the base year) by the year the target recommended by the 1988 toronto conference. it should be noted however that these numbers ignore the effect of the tax on economic growth, and

(30) hence on emissions, and assume that past responses to a price rise will be replicated in the future these numbers are also based on the assumption that all countries will behave cooperatively in imposing a carbon tax.

(35) there are very strong reasons to believe that cooperation would be difficult to win. if most countries cooperated. then any country that chose not to cooperate would be advantaged it would have no abatement costs, and the effect on the

(40) environment of its defection would be relatively small. because of this ”free rider“ effect cooperation on a scale needed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions might prove elusive

should countries act unilaterally to durb

(45) emissions? if a country were to act unilaterally the benefits would be spread across the globe, whereas the costs would fall solely on the country taking the action. the action would reduce emissions globally and the effect of this would be to reduce the benefit

(50) other countries would receive if they reduced emissions. as a consequence other countries would have less incentive to reduce emissions and would probably emit more carbon dioxide than they would have if the unilateral action had not been taken

(55) the entire effect of the emission reduction may not be lost, but it would surely be dimminished by this free-riding behavior

16. according to the passage, the size of the carbon tax levied on a given fuel would vary with the

(a) amount of that fuel used by a particular industry

(b) amount of pollution caused by the fuel being taxed

(d) effect that the tax would have on a country s economy

(e) number of usuers of a particular fuel at a particular time

17. the author mentions the estimates of ”one writer“ (line 22) primarily in order to

(a) indicate in a general way the size that a carbon tax must be for it to be effective.

(b) provide the most accurate information available about the most practical size for a carbon tax

(d) undermine the argument that a carbon tax would provide incentives for user s to achieve emissions reductions

(e) show how the size of an effective carbon tax can be calculated

18. which one of the following circumstances would most seriously undermine the conclusion ”such a tax would induce induce industry to substitute less-polluting fuels for those carrying a higher tax“ (lines 13-15)

(a) the fuel taxed a the highest rate costs considerably less to buy than fuels taxed at lower rates

(b) the goal set by the toronto conference cannot be reached unless each fuel it taxed at a much higher rate

(d) it is discovered that gas produces even less carbon dioxide per unit of energy generated than was previously thought.

(e) it is discovered that coal produces even more carbon dioxide per unit of energy generated than are previously thought.

19. the passage is primarily intended to answer which one of the following questions?

(a) how high a tax should a country s government impose on carbon dioxide emissions?

(b) what issues should a country s government consider before deciding whether to impose a tax on carbon dioxide emissions?

(d) how can the effects of industrial pollution on the earth s atmosphere be decreased?

(e) what can be done to increase the effectiveness of any tax that a country imposes on carbon dioxide emissions?

20. in response to the question. ”should countries act unilaterally to curb emissions?“ (line 44-45) the author would be most likely to contend that a country should

(a) not act unilaterally because although that country would receive some benefits from such action other countries would most likely be harmed by it

(b) not act unilaterally because unilateral action would have no benefits for other countries

(c) not act unilaterally because the cost to that country would not be justified by the limited effect that such action would have on industrial pollution worldwide

(d) act unilaterally because that country s economy would benefit from the resulting reduction in industrial emissions worldwide

(e) act unilaterally because other countries might well be inspired to follow that country s example

21. which one of the following is most parallel to the ”free rider" effect mentioned in line 41?

(a) an industry agrees to base itself in a city where there has been little industrial development only if the city will rezone the specific property the industry desires.

(b) because fares for public transportation are rising a commuter decides to bicycle to work rather than to use public transportation i a city where auto emissions are a problem

(c) an apartment dweller begins to recycle newspapeers even though no one else in the building does so and recycling is not required by law

(d) in an area where groundwater has become polluted a homeowner continues to buy bottled water rather than contribute to a neighborhood fund to combat pollution

(e) in an area where overgrazing is a severe problem a shepherd allows his sheep to continue grazing common field even though his neighbors have agreed to buy feed for their animals until regrowth occurs

some meteorologists have insisted that the severity of the drought in sub-saharan west africa and its long duration (nearly 40 years to date) must be a sign of a long term alteration in climate

(5) among the theories proposed to explain this change one hypothesis that has gained widespread attention attributes the drought to a cooling of the northern hemisphere. this hypothesis is based on the fact that between 1945 and the early 1970s the

(10) average annual air temperatures over the landmasses of the northern hemisphere decreased by about half a degree fahrenheit (approximately one quarter of a degree celsius—a samll but significant amount). several meterologists have

(15) suggested that this cooling was caused by an increase in atmospheric dust emanating from volcanic eruptions and from urban and industrial pollution the dust reflected incoming sunlight. causing the ground to receive less solar radiation

(20) and to transfer less heart to the atmosphere. the cooling seemed to be more pronounced in the middle and high latitudes than in the tropies an observation that is consistent with the fact that the sun s rays enter the atmosphere at a greater angle

(25) farther north and so have to pass through more dust-laden atmosphere on the way to the earth.

since winds are set in motion by differences in air pressure caused by unequal heating of the atmosphere supporters of the cooling hypothesis

(30) have argued that a growing temperature differential between the unusually cool middle and high latitudes and the warm tropical latitudes is causing a southward expansion of the circumpolar vortex—the high-altitude westerly winds that circle

(35) the northern hemisphere at middle latitudes according to this hypothesis as the circumpolar vortex expands, it forces south other components of large- scale atmospheric circulation and in effect displaces the northward-moving monsoon that

(40) ordinarily bring sub-saharan rain proponents have further argued that this change in atmospheric circulation might be long-term since cooling in the northern hemisphere could be perpetuated by increases in ice and snow coverage there which

(45) would lead to reflection of more sunlight away from the earth to further cooling and indirectly to further drought in sub-saharan west africa

despite these are ptedtctions and even though the current african drought has lasted longer than

(50) any other in this century the notion that the drough is caused by cooling of the northern hemisphere is. fact not well supported contrary to the predictions of the cooling hypothesis, during one period of rapid northern hemisphere cooling

(55) in the early 1950s, the sub-sahara was unusually rain moreover in the early 1980s, when the drought was particularly severe northern hemisphere lands actually warmed slightly. and furhter doubt has been cast on the hypothesis by

(60) recent analyses suggesting that when surface temperatures of water as well as land are taken into account the northern hemisphere may not have cooled at all

22. which one of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?

(a) there is strong evidence to support the theory that an increase in atmospheric dust has contributed to the severity of the drought in sub- saharan west africa

(b) the suggestion that northern hemisphere cooling is contributing to a decline of rainfall in sub-saharan west africa is open to question

(c) the expansion of the circumpolar vortex has caused a dramatic shift in the atmospheric circulation patterns above sub-saharan west africa

(d) the drought in sub-saharan west africa represents a long-term permanent alteration in global climake patterns

(e) meteorologists cannot determine when the droutht in sub-saharan west africa is likely to end

23. the author s attitude toward the cooling hypothesis is best described as one of

(a) vehement opposition

(b) cautious skepticism

(d) guarded enthusiasm

(e) strong support

24. according to the passage proponents of the cooling hypothesis suggested that the circumpolar vortex is likely to expand when which one of the following occurs?

(a) the average annual atmoshperic temperature of the tropics is significantly higher than normal for an extended period of time.

(b) the average annual snowfall in the northern hemisphere is lower than normal for an extended period of time.

(c) the average annual surface temperature of northern hemisphere waters is higher than the average annual surface temperature of northern hemisphere landmasses

(d) there is a significant increase in the difference between the average annual atmospheric temperature of the tropies and that of the more northern latitudes

(e) there is a significant increase in the difference between the average annual atmospheric temperatures of the middle and the high latitudes in the northern hemisphere.

25. which one of the following can be inferred from the passage about the average annual temperature of the air over northern hemisphere landmasses before 1945?

(a) it was higher than it was between 1945 and the early 1970s.

(b) it was lower than it was during the early 1980s.

(d) it was the same as the annual average surface temperature of northern hemisphere landmasses and bodies of water between 1945 and the early 1970s.

(e) it was higher than the annual average surface temperature of northern hemisphere landmasses and bodies of water between 1945 and the early 1970s.

26. which one of the following best deseribes the organization of the passage?

(a) opposing points of view are presented evidence supporting each point of view is discussed and then one point of view is developed into a formal hypothesis

(b) a theory is discussed and different points of view about the theory are discussed supported and then reconciled

(d) a theory explaining a phenomenon is proposed supporting evidence is considered and then the theory is disputed

(e) a point of view is presented a theory supporting the view is proposed contradictory evidence is presented and then a different theory is proposed.

27. a proponent of the cooling hypothesis would most likely argue that the return of the monsoon rains to sub-saharan west africa would indicate that which one of the following has also occurred?

(a) the amount of ice and snow coverage over the landmasses of the northern hemisphere has increased

(b) the average annual temperature of the atmosphere over the middle and high latitudes of the northern hemisphere has decreased

(d) other components of large-scale atmospheric circulation besides the circumpolar vortex have expanded and moved southward

(e) the atmospheric circulation pattern of the high-altitude westerly winds has resumed its normal pattern

二、以下提供若干个案例，每个案例下设若干个考题。请根据答案所提供的信息，在每道下面的a、b、c、d、e五个备选答案中选择一个最佳答案。

※ 81--82题共用题干

王小丫，女，1岁，因支气管肺炎入院，t39．7℃，p122次／min，呼吸25次／min，医嘱霉素40万uim qid，vitc0.2g、止咳糖浆5ml口服tid。

81. 你用什么方法为患儿降温? :

a．头部放冰袋

b．腋下、腹股沟放冰袋

c．温水擦浴

d．乙醇拭浴

e．注射解热药液

82. 青霉素皮试阴性后，肌内注射应选择在 :

a．臀大肌

b．臀中、小肌

c．三角肌

d．股外侧肌

e．三角肌下缘

※ 83--83题共用题干

王小丫，女，1岁，因支气管肺炎入院，t39．7℃，p122次／min，呼吸25次／min，医嘱霉素40万uim qid，vitc 0.2g、止咳糖浆5ml口服tid。

83. 帮助患儿服药的正确方法是 :

a．先喂止咳糖浆，后喂维生素

b．喂止咳糖浆后多喂水

c．最后喂止咳糖浆不能喂水

d．在患儿咳嗽时喂药

e．吃奶后喂药并多喂水

※ 84--85题共用题干

李岩，女，20岁，因化脓性扁桃体炎、高热来院就诊。医嘱青霉素80万uim bid84. 用药前的准备描述的错误是 :

a．首次使用青霉素要做过敏试验

b．做试验前应询问有无用药史、过敏史、家族史

c．准确配置试验溶液

d．正确掌握操作方法

e．试验前先注射肾上腺素以防过敏反应发生

85. 做过敏试验部位是 :

a．前臂掌侧下段

b．上臂外侧

c．前臂掌侧中段

d．股外侧

e．上臂外侧三角肌下缘

※ 86--87题共用题干

患者赵某，急诊在硬膜外麻醉下行阑尾切除术，术后用平车护送病人入病室。86. 病室内适宜的温湿度应是 :

a．14℃～15℃、15～25％

b．15℃～16℃、60～70％

c．10℃～17℃、30～40％

d．20℃～22℃、40～50％

e．18℃～22℃、50～60％

87. 热疗法局部生理效应与哪项不符 :

a．血管扩张

b．血流加快

c．需氧量增加

d．肌紧张增强

e．新陈代谢加快

※ 88--92题共用题干

患者因感冒使原有支气管哮喘发作，呼吸困难，有轻微紫绀，神志清醒。88. 该患者属于哪种呼吸困难 :

a．喘息性

b．吸气性

c．浮浅性

d．呼气性

e．混合性

89. 应采用的卧位是 :

a．仰卧外

b．侧卧位

c．坐位

d．半坐卧位

e．随意卧位

90. 为了减轻呼吸困难，给予氧气吸入，其吸氧的方式为 :

a．加压给氧

b．乙醇湿化

c．高浓度间断吸氧

d．低浓度持续吸氧

e．低浓度间断吸氧

91. 合适的吸氧浓度为 :

a．25—29％

b．29—37％

c．37—41％

d．37—45％

e．45—49％

92. 病室内的环境要求为 :

a．增加绿色植物

b．提高室内温度

c．降低室内湿声

d．阳光充足

e．住单间病室

三、以下提供若干组考题，每组考题共同使用在考题前列出的a、b、c、d、e五个备选答案。请从中选择一个与问题关系密切的答案。每个备选答案可能被选择一次、多次或不被选择。

※ 93--97题共用答案

a．1-3%过氧化氢溶液

b．复方硼酸溶液

c．1-4%碳酸氢钠溶液

d．0.02％呋喃西林溶液

e．0.1％醋酸溶液

93. 口腔绿脓杆菌感染 a b c d e

94. 口腔霉菌感染 a b c d e

95. 口腔内有脓血 a b c d e

96. 咽部发炎 a b c d e

97. 清洁口腔，预防感染 a b c d e

四、以下每一道考题下面有a、b、c、d、e五个备选答案。请从中选择备选答案中所有正确答案。

98. 需要鼻饲法的病员是 :

a．脑溢血

b．食道胃底静脉曲张

c．破伤风

d．上颌修补术

e．食管癌晚期

99. 护理长期鼻饲患者应注意 :

a．每日进行口腔护理

b．药物研碎溶解后灌入

c．鼻饲管应每天更换

d．拔管宜在早晨

e．拔管宜在晚上

100. 下列哪些属于试验饮食 :

a．无盐饮食

b．高脂肪饮食

c．忌碘饮食

d．隐血饮食

e．要素饮食

案例分析题五 (本题10分)

某行政部门及其所属单位尚未实行国库集中支付和政府采购制度。4月，审计机关对该部门及其所属单位预算执行情况进行审计，在审计过程中，发现下列情况或事项：

(1)该部门基于所属单位较多，为方便年终结算工作，在制定的内部财务管理制度中，对所属单位预算拨款的截止日和年终决算的结账日规定为每年12月25日。

(2)财政拨付该部门某所属单位专项科研经费500万元，该部门在转拨时调剂200万元用于弥补本级专项经费不足。

(3)该部门在行政执法过程中没收一批物资，已委托某拍卖行拍卖，取得拍卖收入200万元。该部门将其确认为预算外资金收入。

(4)该部门当年将其所属非独立核算的培训中心，设立登记为独立核算的国有事业法人单位。鉴于培训中心改制后，财政不再安排日常经费，该部门为了扶持培训中心的起步发展，报经财政部门批准，向培训中心无偿划拨一座办公楼，办公楼账面原价为600万元，该部门按此金额转销了固定资产和固定基金；向培训中心有偿转让三部小汽车，作价80万元，账面原价为100万元，该部门将其差额20万元确认为支出。

(5)年终结账时，为了全面反映当年预算收支情况，该部门将当年收到财政预拨的下年度经费800万元转入结余。

要求：

1．分析、判断事项(1)中，该部门对所属单位预算拨款的截止日和年终决算的结账日的规定是否正确?并简要说明理由。

2．析、判断事项(2)至(5)中，该部门对各事项的做法或会计处理是否正确?如不正确，请简述正确的会计处理。

[分析提示]

1．事项(1)中：

2． ①该部门对所属单位预算拨款的截止日的规定正确。

理由：根据《行政单位会计制度》规定，主管会计单位对所属各单位的预算拨款和预算外资金拨款，截至12月25日，逾期一般不再下拨。

②该部门对所属单位年终决算的结账日的规定不正确。

理由：根据《会计法》规定，会计年度为每年的1月1日至12月31日。

81.架空隔热屋面的架空隔热层的高度，根据屋面宽度的坡度大小变化确定，当屋面宽度b大于多少时，应设置通风脊？

a.b>6m

b.b>10m

c.b>20m

d.b>25m

82.一般水落管内径应为100mm，一根水落管的屋面最大汇水面积，宜小于下列哪项面积？

a.200m2

b.250m2

c.300m2

d.400m2

83.关于瓦屋面设计要求，下列表述中，哪条是错误的？

a.平瓦、油毡瓦屋面仅适用坡度不小于20%的屋面，严禁钉帽外露油毡瓦面

b.抗震设防区使用平瓦屋面，应采取固定加强措施

c.平瓦屋面坡度大于45%时，应采取固定加强措施

d.固定金属压型板的螺栓（螺钉），应设在波峰上

84.根据有关规定，钢筋网架水泥聚苯乙烯夹心板墙的耐火等级的适用范围，下列表述中，哪项是错误的？

a.可以用作非承重防火墙，楼梯间墙

b.可以用作高层二类建筑中，面积不超过100m2的房间隔墙

c.在高层一类建筑中要慎用

d.不可以用作建筑高度超过100m建筑的疏散走道两侧隔墙和房间隔墙

85.某高层民用建筑采用加气混凝土的砌块墙（双面抹灰粉刷）作非承重的防火墙，试问下列哪组厚度均能满足防火墙的耐火极限要求？

ⅰ.75mm

ⅱ.100mm

ⅲ.150mm

ⅳ.200mm

a.ⅰ、ⅱ、ⅲ、ⅳ

b.ⅱ、ⅲ、ⅳ

c.ⅲ、ⅳ

d.ⅳ

86.第三气候区，某二层幼儿园工程设计，耐火等级为二级，设计采用下列技术措施，其中哪条是错误的？

a.采用现浇钢筋混凝土屋顶、梁和柱

b.采用120mm厚预应力钢筋混凝土圆孔空心板楼板

c.外墙采用240mm厚蒸压加气混凝土砌块填充墙

d.走道两侧隔墙采用轻钢龙骨双面各12mm厚纸面石膏板隔墙

87.隔墙的隔声性能，与墙体材料的密实性，构造连接的严密性及墙体的吸声性能有关，将下列墙体的隔声性能优劣按其计权隔声量排序，试问哪组是错误的？

ⅰ.125mm加气混凝土砌块墙，双面抹灰各20mm厚

ⅱ.120mm承重实心粘土砖，双面抹灰各20mm厚

ⅲ.轻钢龙骨，75mm厚空气层，双面各12厚纸面石膏板

ⅳ.轻钢龙骨，75mm厚空气层，双面各双层12厚纸面石膏板

a.ⅰ＞ⅲ

b.ⅱ＞ⅳ

c.ⅱ＞ⅰ

d.ⅳ＞ⅲ

88.某住宅采用砖缝贯通的空心玻璃砖隔断，隔断高为2m，宽为4m，试问该空心玻璃砖隔断与相连砖墙的连接方式，下列哪一种正确？

a.木楔固定，m5水泥砂浆嵌固

b.与砖墙接缝宽为20mm，垂直布1根φ8mm钢筋，m5水泥砂浆嵌牢

c.属u型材卡牢，型材卡用膨胀螺栓与砖墙连接

d.每2层砖布2根φ8mm钢筋，伸入砖墙内240mm，伸入空心玻璃砖墙内500mm

89.下列玻璃品种中，哪一种可以用作玻璃板隔墙使用？

a.夹层玻璃

b.吸热玻璃

c.浮法玻璃

d.中空玻璃

90.下列普通纸面石膏板隔墙上乳胶漆墙面的工程做法，从外向内表述，其中哪条做法是错误的？

a.喷合成树脂乳液涂料饰面

b.封底漆一道

c.满刮2mm厚耐水腻子分遍找平

d.刷界面剂一道

91.下列顶棚中，哪一组的两种顶棚均可作为配电室、人防地下室顶棚？

ⅰ.板底抹灰喷乳漆顶棚

ⅱ.板底抹灰顶棚

ⅲ.板底喷涂顶棚

ⅳ.轻钢龙骨水泥加压板

a.ⅰ、ⅱ

b.ⅱ、ⅲ

c.ⅲ、ⅳ

d.ⅰ、ⅳ

92.关于轻钢龙骨纸面石膏板吊顶的设计，下列哪一条是错误的？

a.u型轻钢主龙骨中距≤1200mm

b.u型轻钢龙骨横撑中距1200mm

c.纸面石膏板的长边垂直于纵向横撑龙骨铺设

d.大面积吊顶每隔12m在主龙骨上部焊接横卧龙骨一道

93.关于吊顶工程，下列哪条表述不完全符合规范规定？

a.重型灯具，重型设备严禁安装在吊顶工程的龙骨上

b.电扇、轻型灯具应吊在主龙骨或附加龙骨上

c.安装双层石膏板时，面层板与基层板的接缝应错开，并不得在同一龙骨上接缝

d.当顶棚的饰面板为玻璃时，应使用安全玻璃，或采取可靠的安全措施

94.对一类建筑吊顶用的吊杆、龙骨的要求，下列哪条表述得不完全正确？

a.木龙骨应进行防腐处理

b.金属预埋件、吊杆、龙骨应进行表面防锈、防腐处理

c.吊杆距龙骨端部距离不得大于300mm

d.吊顶长度大于1.5m时，应设置反支撑

95.潮湿房间现浇钢筋混凝土板底水泥砂浆顶棚的工程做法，从外向里依次表述，其中哪条是错误的？

a.喷涂料面层

b.3厚1:0.5:2.5水泥石灰膏砂浆找平

c.5厚1:3水泥砂浆打底扫毛或划出纹道

d.板底用水加1%火碱清洗油渍，并用素水泥一道甩毛（内掺建筑胶）

96.下列现浇钢筋混凝土板底乳胶漆顶棚的工程做法，从外向里依次表述，其中哪一做法是错误的？

a.喷合成树脂乳液涂料面层二道，封底漆一道

b.3厚1:2.5水泥砂浆找平

c.5厚1:0.2:3水泥石膏打底扫毛或划出纹道

d.板底用水加1%火碱清洗油渍，并用素水泥一道甩毛（内掺建筑胶）

97.下面是钢筋混凝土楼板上，一般防水要求的卫生间楼面的工程做法，由上向下表述，分列如下，其中错误的工程做法是（）。

ⅰ.20mm厚1.25水泥砂浆压实赶光，素水泥浆一道（内掺建筑胶）

ⅱ.最薄处30mm厚c15细石混凝土，从入口处以1%坡度向地漏

ⅲ.3mm厚高聚物改性沥青涂膜防水层

ⅳ.素水泥浆一道，20mm厚1:3水泥砂浆找平层

a.ⅰ、ⅲ

b.ⅰ、ⅳ

c.ⅱ、ⅲ

d.ⅱ、ⅳ

98.关于地面垫层的适用范围和构造要求，下列哪一项表述是错误的？

a.1:6水泥炉渣不能用作现浇整体面层的楼地面垫层

b.以粘结剂水泥砂将结合的块材面层宜采用混凝土垫层

c.地面混凝土垫层的最小厚度不得低于50mm

d.混凝土垫层强度等级不应低于c10

99.某小型汽车库地面采用120mm厚混凝土垫层兼面层，其最小强度等级，下列哪项是正确的？

a.不低于c10

b.不低于c15

c.不低于c20

d.不低于c25

100.多层建筑室外疏散楼梯的构造做法，下列组合中，哪组是完全正确的？

ⅰ.每层出口处平台应采用钢筋混凝土构件，耐火极限不低于1小时

ⅱ.每层出口处平台和楼梯段均可采用钢构件，耐火极限不低于0.25小时

ⅲ.楼梯段的耐火极限应不低于0.25小时

ⅳ.楼梯段应采用钢筋混凝土构件，耐火极限不低于0.5小时

a.ⅳ、ⅰ

b.ⅰ、ⅲ

c.ⅲ、ⅱ

d.ⅳ、ⅲ

110．间日疟的典型发作中，不存在 2001

a．前驱期

b．寒战期

c．高热期

d．大汗期

e．间歇期

本题正确答案：a

111．除哪项外均是霍乱患者泻吐期的临床特点 2001

a．多数以剧烈腹泻开始，继以呕吐

b．多数腹泻伴有里急后重

c．大便每日数次至10数次或无法计数

d．粪便以黄水便或清水便为多

e．粪便有鱼腥味，镜检无脓细胞

本题正确答案：b

112．25岁男性患者，于8月份突然发病，表现为发冷、寒战、高热、大汗而后缓解，隔日发作一次已两周，血涂片查到疟原虫。经氯喹抗疟治疗后症状迅速缓解，为防止复发，应采用的药物是

2002

a．奎宁

b．乙胺嘧啶

c．甲氟喹

d．青蒿素

e．伯氨喹啉

本题正确答案：e

113．临床上最简便的用于确诊疟疾的实验室检查方法是 2000

a．血或骨髓涂片检查疟原虫

b．间接荧光抗体测定

c．聚合酶链反应测定血中疟原虫dna

d．间接红细胞凝集试验

e．外周血液检查发现贫血和嗜酸性粒细胞增多

本题正确答案：a

114．男，34岁，发热1周伴胸痛，用硝酸甘油无效，体检：心音低沉，有舒张期附加音，血压110／80mmhg(14.7／10.7kpa)，肘部静脉压180mmh2o，心电图：st段抬高，弓背向下，未见病理性q波，诊断可能为

2002

a．急性心肌梗死

b．缩窄性心包炎

c．变异性心绞痛

d．稳定型心绞痛

e．急性渗出性心包炎

本题正确答案：e

115．女，28岁，发热半月，弛张热型，伴恶寒、关节痛。体检：皮肤瘀点、osler结节，心脏有杂音，考虑为感染性心内膜炎。确诊的直接证据来自

2000

a．血液学检查

b．x线和心电图检查

c．超声心动图

d．免疫学检查

e．组织学和细菌学检查

本题正确答案：e

116．对未经治疗的患者，以下检查项目，哪项结果正常时最有助于排除心力衰竭 2002

a．心电图

b．胸部x线检查

c．冠状动脉造影

d．血浆利钠肽水平

e．血浆肌钙蛋白水平

本题正确答案：b

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