英语论文开题报告

下面小编为大家整理了英语论文开题报告，本文共12篇，欢迎阅读与借鉴!

课题研究现状：

English idioms are an important part of the English vocabulary. The general tendencies of present-day English are towards more idiomatic usages. Halliday and Hason (1976) pointed out that there are three functions of English idioms (ideational function, interpersonal function and textual function). Another scholar, Fernando C. , also made valuable contributions to the understanding of idiomatic expression_r of coherent text, and in the creation of stylistic effects.

Chinese linguists like Hu Zhuanglin (1994, 1996), Zhu Yongsheng (1995, 1996, ) and Zhang Delu (1994) mainly made contributions to the study of textual cohesion.

课题研究目的：

This paper is firstly intended to define English idioms and analyze the features of them. It then explores the cohesive function after careful analysis and discussion, attempting to arouse the concern of using idioms appropriately and help readers make full use of the cohesive function for communicating more concisely and idiomatically, thus more effectively.

课题研究内容：

As English idioms are much alive in everyday English, a close look at the function of idioms must be taken. This dissertation includes the following five aspects:

1. Introduction.

2. A General Study of English Idioms

2.1 The Definition of English Idioms

2.2 Features of English Idioms.

3. Cohesive Function of English Idioms

3.1 Cohesion.

3.2 Functional Categories.

3.3 Cohesive Function of Relational Idioms 3.4 Cohesive Function of Other Idioms.

4. The Cohesive Function in Terms of Syntax And Pragmatics

4.1 Syntactic Cohesion

4.2 Pragmatic Function

5. Conclusion.

课题研究计划：

January 22-March 10: question posing of the research and collection of materials March 11-March 25: analysis of the materials and writing of an outline.

March 26-April 30: completion of the first draft and seeking supervisors advice May 1 June 10: refinement of the paper according to teachers suggestion.

June 11 June 22: finalization of the thesis based on the set requirements after the defence.

主要参考文献：

[1] Fernando, C. Idioms and Idiomaticity. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,

[2] Halliday, M.A.K. and R. Hason. Cohesion in English. Longman Press, 1985

[3] Lakoff, G. and M. Johnson. Metaphors We Live By. University of Chicago Press, 1980

[4] Makkai, A. Idiom Structure in English. The Hague Press,1972

[5] 林承璋. 英语词汇学引论[M]. 武汉大学出版社，1987

[6] 陆国强. 现代英语词汇学[M]. 上海外语教育出版社,

[7] 汪榕培, 卢晓娟. 英语词汇学教程[M]. 上海外语教育出版社, 1999

题目：A Corpus-based Study on SyntacticFeatures of Business English Correspondence

1 Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

China plays a much more important role in world economic system along with thedevelopment of economic globalization. Economic globalization not only accelerates our country'seconomic growth, but also promotes the speed of international trade all over the world. Thereforeexcellent business communication competence becomes increasingly important as well. As one ofthe language media business English correspondence aims to link overseas and domestic economicentities, exchange information, communicate with each other and deal with business. It plays anextremely important role in the frequent international trade. It is no exaggeration to say, businessEnglish correspondence is used in every step of business activities.

The course of business English writing has almost expanded into every university curriculum.Both foreign and domestic scholars have done researches on business English correspondencefrom the perspective of lexicon, semantic fields, especially based on corpus. There are two majorlarge-scale corpora on business English. One is Nelson's Business English Corpus (BEC for short)accounting for one million words. The other one is Poly U Business Corpora constructed by HongKong Polytechnic University. The Poly U Business Corpora are made up of three comparablecorpora of Chinese, English and Japanese business texts, the majority of which originate from thebusiness and finance sections of newspapers written in those languages, covering news and reportsfrom auditing and accounting to insurance and investments. Each of the corpora has more than onemillion words. It is accessible on line for searching key words to see a concordance taken fromPoly U Business English corpus, which is helpful to students and teachers. It is thus obviously thatbusiness English is quite important so that attracts much attention from linguistic researchers. Ithas been an overriding aim of this project to create a resource for researchers to help furtherknowledge of an area which so far has been the research topic of many scholars.

1.2 Significance of the Study

This thesis makes a relatively complete study of business English correspondence from theperspective of lexical grammar theory and syntactic theory. It takes up business Englishcorrespondence as its research topic and aims to propose some feasible strategies in businessEnglish correspondence writing and teaching. The study expected to achieve both theoretical andpractical significance as follows:

First of all, this study will introduce a new research method. Corpus provides a brand newway for the study of language. It breaks through the traditional method of intuitive experiencemethod and turns to the original analysis of natural language in order to provide a firm foundationand data support for language research in various fields. Traditional intuitive experience methodfocuses on personal experience and intuition, manual methods or introspective method whichcould acquire linguistic knowledge only from limited data of language materials. This method ofacquiring linguistic knowledge is not only inefficiency but also more subjective which inevitablyleads a effect on the accuracy of final result. However, corpus-based approach is totally different.Corpus can find the target data quickly by using computer software for scientific analysis, andovercome the limitation of traditional research on the subjectivity and one-sidedness. Thismacroscopic method can carry on a multi-level and all-rounded research on the basis of a largenumber of real data, and effectively promote the new theoretical model and research paradigm. Italso relies on computer science to achieve its powerful function in language searching, andprovides a new method in linguistic research for the majority of language researchers.

Secondly, a clear understanding of lexical grammar theory could be achieved. Language is atool for human communication which inevitably cannot do without meaning expression andunderstanding. Sinclair broke the previous rules of describing vocabulary and grammar in aseparate way. Therefore, a new point of view has been proposed. That is language should bedescribed by using the way combining vocabulary and grammar which opened up a new path forlanguage description based on a corpus. Then he proposed lexical grammar, and believed thatvocabulary and grammar are equally important, in which vocabulary is the starting point forbuilding the language model. The key aspects about the origin of lexical grammar and thewholeness of lexis and grammar will be discussed in detail in next chapter and this study is basedon the theory of lexical grammar to explore the features of business English correspondence fromlexical and syntactic levels.

Thirdly, after a relatively complete study on the business English correspondence, typicallexical and syntactic features could be worked out.

Fourthly, feasible strategies could be proposed to business English correspondence writingand teaching.

1.3 Layout of the Thesis

In this thesis, the study will do some research on business English correspondence andmanage to summarize some common syntactic features of business English correspondence basedon lexical-grammar theory and syntactic theory. This thesis is divided into the following six parts:

Chapter 1, the introduction part is an introduction concerning the theme of the thesis,including a general introduction of the background and significance of the study and theorganization of the whole thesis.

Chapter 2, a literature review is provided in this chapter, which gives out an overview of thecorpus linguistics and business English correspondence. It first introduces business Englishcorrespondence and corpus linguistics briefly, and then gives a comprehensive introduction tothem which are also discussed here for better understanding to the field that the theory will beapplied to. Relevant studies both on Corpus linguistics and business English correspondence arealso presented at the end of each part.

Chapter 3 introduces the theoretical framework which contains four main parts: principles ofbusiness English correspondence, the application in corpus linguistics, lexical grammar andsyntactic theory. Then Sinclair's lexical grammar theory and syntactic theory will be discussed indetail. In the end of this chapter, the writer will talk about the paper's feasibility.

Chapter 4 addresses the research methodology of the study which includes the corpus-basedquantitative and qualitative method, the corpus and instruments used in the study, the proceduresof the study both in relation to data collection and data processing and concordance.

Chapter 5 is the main part of the thesis of which lexical and syntactic features will bediscussed and analyzed in this part. Word length, sentence length, wordlist and some other wordfrequency will be listed and analyzed in detail.

Chapter 6 draws a conclusion of the thesis, which gives a summary to the whole paper.Besides the major findings of the study, it also points out the limitations and difficulties of thepresent study.

2 CONTENTS

Abstract in Chinese

Abstract in English

1 Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

1.2 Significance of the Study

1.3 Layout of the Thesis

2 Literature Review

2.1 Studies on Business English Correspondence Abroad and at Home

2.2 Studies based on Corpus Linguistics Abroad and at Home

2.3 Summary

On the Relationship between Money and Marriage in Pride and Prejudice

《傲慢与偏见》中金钱与婚姻的关系

I. Literature Review

Pride and Prejudice is a very popular novel written by Jane Austen and it is read widely all over the world. It was written in 1813. That specific history time decided that people at that time took money much more seriously, even on their marriage. From the ancient times to the present, there are many studies about Jane Austen and her major works.

In 1813, Oxford World's Classics for the first time recorded and published the work Pride and Prejudice and aroused great repercussion around the world. Then, in 1826 after the work has been widely read, Sir Walter Scott analyzed Pride and Prejudice from an overall perspective. In his article “The Journal of Sir Walter Scott”, he summarized the features of Jane Austen, he said that “Jane Austen has a talent for describing the involvements and feelings and characters of ordinary life which is to me the most wonderful that I ever met with.”The background of Pride and Prejudice was reflected in his points that Pride and Prejudice was the description about the descent life and communication in her familiar country. The author Jane was born in a country clergyman’s family, she had six novels published all her life and six novels share a general writing style and show her viewpoints on love and marriage. Having a talent for describing trivial things of ordinary people, she was the first to write novels of realism in the 19th century.

Nowadays, we would like to pay more attention to the marriages in Pride and Prejudice. The first Chinese study on the marriage in Pride and Prejudice would be Zhu Aiping, and in her article “Attitude Toward Marriage in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice”, she expressed her point that“By the stories we can see, It mainly tells of the love story between a rich, proud young man Darcy and the beautiful and intelligent woman Elizabeth Bennet.” So we know that Pride and Prejudice is a story about the five Bennet sisters and their search for suitable husband, of which Darcy and Elizabeth only depend on the help of Lady de Burgh became a happy pair. Just before the conversation between Elizabeth and Lady de Burgh, both Darcy and Elizabeth dare not to have the wild wish of their love. Though they have cleaned up the misunderstanding between them and understood each other further, there are no earnest feeling, no loath to pant each other, no strong desire of living together between them. Instead of that, there is a little diffidence and a little caution. Only the Lady de Burgh’s tempting to break them up encourages them and helps to bring about their marriage. How passive of the pair youth to pursue love and happiness.

The author made a further analysis, “it is the inevitable result of the marriage concept, which in that time was based on the economic condition and affected by the family status.”Besides the main story of this happy pair, also told are the minor ones about the union between the rich bachelor Bingley and the beautiful mild Jane, another happy pair; about the servile clergyman Collins, who firs propose to Elizabeth and when refused, marries the plain 27-year-old Charlotte Lucas, through which we see the reality of marriage, not because of love, but a necessary step if a woman is to avoid the wretchedness of aging spinsterhood; and about the elopement of the thoughtless couple Lydia and Wickham, from which we are shown the dangers of feckless relationships unsupported by money.

At the same time, another scholar Huang Rong published a paper called “Thought of Marriage in Jane Austen’ Pride and prejudice”. The paper agreed that in the opening sentence of Pride and Prejudice, there are two important words “fortune” and “want”. “Fortune” is the basis of marriage, while “want” provides the marriage chance for those unmarried women. We can read “fortune” everywhere in the novel, and “money” played an important role in marriage. Because women had no economic ability and status, they usually got married conventionally when they were old enough, no other than they became one’s wife, just had their own status, and be acknowledged by society only after getting married. The seeming preoccupation with money in connection with marriage in Jane Austen’s work may mislead modern readers. While there is no lack of greed and shallow materialism on the part of some characters, even sensible people must devote serious thought to this topic, since it is rather foolhardy to marry without having a more-or-less guaranteed income in advance―not only was marriage for life, but there was no social security, old age pensions, unemployment compensation, health insurance, etc.

Latter, a scholar called Xin Shulan from Langfang Teachers College raised an article from a totally new perspective on woman’s situation in Jane Austen’s age. The title of the article called “Women’s Happiness Secret―On Elizabeth’s Marriage Choice in Pride and Prejudice”. We can guess what the author wants to say in her article. The author said “a woman who did not marry could generally only look forward to living with her relatives as a “dependant” (more or less Jane Austen’s situation), so that marriage is pretty much the only way of ever getting out from under the parental roof―unless, of course, her family could not support her, in which case she could face the unpleasant necessity of going to live with employers as a dependant governess or teacher, or hired lady’s companion.” A woman with no relations or employer was in danger of slipping off the scale of gentility altogether and in general, becoming an “old maid” was not considered a desirable fate (so when Charlotte Lucas, at age 27, marries Mr. Collins, her brothers are “relieved from their apprehension of Charlotte’s dying an old maid”, and Lydia says “Jane will be quite an old maid soon, I declare. She is almost three and twenty!”). Given all this, some women were willing to marry just because marriage was the only allowed route to financial security, or to escape an uncongenial family situation. In Pride and Prejudice, the dilemma is expressed most clearly by the character Charlotte Lucas, whose pragmatic views on marrying are voiced several times in the novel: “Without thinking highly either of men or of matrimony, marriage had always been her object; it was the only honorable provision for well-educated young women of small fortune, and however uncertain of giving happiness, must be their pleasantest preservative from want.” She is 27, not especially beautiful (according to both she herself and Mrs. Bennet), and without an especially large “portion”, and so decides to marry Mr. Collins “from the pure and disinterested desire of an establishment”.

Marriage and marriage-related activities in the Pride and Prejudice were a series of humorous descriptions; how man picks up his wife and how the young women and their mothers choose their future husband constitute many wonderful scenes of the novel. In this marital relationship study work the writer strives to portray several different marriage and love relationships. Although they have entered the marriage under siege, the degree of happiness of marriage is different. This is because in Jane Austen’s work, love is not the only reason for marriage, money is also closely related. For me I want to make a further study on this famous work; I want to make a study on the four marriages happened in the novel: Elizabeth and Darcy, Jane and Bingley, Lucas and Collins, and Lydia and Wickham. The different reasons, purposes and backgrounds make every marriage unique; how important money or economic status is in the marriage at that time; the women’s pursuit of marriage freedom and the future development of marriage.

II. Significance and Emphasis

In Pride and Prejudice Jane Austen created a realistic family image, by introducing some of the imperfections that many families encounter. The Bennet family, consisting of five daughters, a marriage obsessed mother, and an unhappily married father, contain many of these difficulties. Throughout the love, joy, heartache and pain, which evolved from the series of events the Bennet family encountered, one character in particular, Miss Elizabeth Bennet, viewed her family from another perspective. Elizabeth Bennet, though a very loving and respectable woman, had developed a rather poor opinion of her family: Had Elizabeth's opinion been all drawn from her own family, she could not have formed a very pleasing picture of conjugal felicity or domestic comfort.

As the second daughter of her family, Elizabeth had to deal with the many discomforts of being a daughter of five. Though Elizabeth loved her sisters dearly, she found it difficult not to see the differences between them, and in turn, each of their actions contributed to her perspective of her family. One sister in particular, Miss Lydia Bennet, caused Elizabeth the greatest concern. Lydia was a self-willed and careless individual that cared only about men and marriage. As one of the youngest sisters, Lydia felt neglected from the opportunities her eldest sisters received. In turn, Lydia became the flirt of the family, causing embarrassment not only to herself, but as well to her family. When Lydia eloped to London, Elizabeth feared that the source of her behavior was derived from the negative behavior of her parents.

Not only did Elizabeth fear for Lydia’s sake, she feared as well for her other sister, Catherine, who was under the direct influence of Lydia: Catherine, weak-spirited, irritable, and completely under Lydia’s guidance. While supported by their mother’s indulgence, the two ignorant, idle, and vain sisters, was a subject that Jane and Elizabeth often united to check the imprudence of Catherine and Lydia. Besides the poorly thought out actions of Catherine and Lydia, Elizabeth had no problems with her other sister Mary, who mainly kept to herself, and Jane, the eldest sister, whom she shared a very close friendship with. Besides the faults of some of Elizabeth's sisters, one of the biggest faults of their family was the relationship between her father, Mr. Bennet, and her mother, Mrs. Bennet: she had never felt as strongly as now, the disadvantages which must attend the children of so unsuitable a marriage. Though Elizabeth loved her father dearly, she was unable to be blind to the impropriety of her father's behavior as a husband.

Though made up of an odd mixture of quick parts, sarcastic humor, reserve, and caprice, he was a man of few words and was clearly unable to make his wife understand his character. In the decade of the Bennets, marriage was clearly seen through beauty and fortune. It became evident, after resentment had settled in, that Mr. Bennet had married for other reasons besides love: Her father captivated by youth and beauty/ had married a woman whose weak understandings and illiberal mind, had very early in their marriage put an end to all real affection for her. Mr. Bonnet's poor decision making had indeed hurt Elizabeth and impacted her opinion of her family, but by respecting his abilities, and being grateful for his affectionate treatment of herself, Elizabeth knew that her father was a man of good intentions. Besides the impression Mr. Bonnet’s faults had on Elizabeth, her mother’s faults as well, contributed much to Elizabeth’s poor opinion. Mrs. Bennet had not made marriage between her and Mr. Bennet any easier as her ignorance and folly had contributed to his amusement. She was a woman of mean understanding, little information, and uncertain temper. Elizabeth found it difficult to deal with her mother's improper judgment and nervous behavior. Mrs. Bennet often over exaggerated small incidents and was very demanding in her ways. As a mother of five daughters, it was acceptable for her to be concerned for her daughters’ future. But Mrs. Bonnet’s entire business of her life was to get her daughters married. Elizabeth loved her mother and was appreciative of her mother’s concerns, but Elizabeth was also not blind to her mother’s intentions. After Mrs. Bonnet’s desperate attempt to get her to marry Mr. Collins, Elizabeth became fully aware of her mother’s self indulgent intentions, fore Mrs. Bennet was seeking a man who would either allow her to remain at Longbourn or would bring fortune into the Bennet family. Elizabeth on the other hand was nothing like her mother; fore Elizabeth sought love and romance as her basis of marriage. Therefore, through her and her mother’s differences, Elizabeth was left with disappointment. Through the series of events the Bennet family encountered, Elizabeth began to perceive each member of her family from a different angle, and in turn, began to accept her family’s faults. After this realization, she was not only able to start accepting the faults of her family, but she was able to start accepting her own faults as well.

III. Brief Statement

Jane Austen (1775--1817) is a famous English novelist. In 18th century England, an important concern of conventional marriage is property, which is closely related to the social conditions. Another concern is status, which is decided by the social traditional values. She has her personal view on marriage: Though a considerable fortune is necessary for a happy marriage, love is the most fundamental condition. In addition, in choosing a suitable spouse, class hierarchy or social lineage should be taken into consideration. Among her works, Pride and Prejudice is the most outstanding one representing her view toward love and marriage.

This thesis intends to probe into the four couple’s love and marriages in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice through analyzing Maslow’s theory of Hierarchy of Needs in Humanistic Psychology: The combination of Wickham and Lydia is absolute an impulse of “Physiological Needs”. Marriage of Collins and Charlotte mainly meets “Physiological Needs” and “Safety Needs” while embodies little “Love Needs”. The process of the love and marriage of Darcy and Elizabeth is an integration of “Love Needs” and “Esteem Needs”. Furthermore, it reflects “Self-actualization Needs”.

This thesis falls into five parts. Through introducing the background of Jane Austen and using Maslow’s theory of Hierarchy of Needs, the thesis analyzes the four couples’ love and marriages in the novel Pride and Prejudice. In a word, a marriage for love is a happy one; a marriage either for money or lust is an unhappy one; property and social status play an important role in marriage; it is opposed to be married simply for money.

IV. Outline

1. Introduction

1.1 The Background of Jane Austin

1.2 The Background of Pride and Prejudice

2. The Four Marriages in Pride and Prejudice

2.1 Charlotte and Collins

2.2 Lydia and Wickham

2.3 Jane and Mr. Bingley

2.4 Darcy and Elizabeth

3. The Different Understandings about Love and Marriage in Pride and Prejudice

3.1 The Marriage Based on Feelings of Love

3.2 The Marriage Based on Vanity and Carelessness

3.3 The Marriage Based on Money or Benefit

Biography

[1]Annette, Rubinstein. 1967. Great Tradition in English Literature from Shakespeare to Austen, New York: Monthly Review Press.

[2]Austin, Jane. 1991. Pride and Prejudice. Beijing: Beijing Foreign language Study Association.

[3]Bu Yayun. . Irony In Pride and Prejudice. HuZhou: Journal of HuZhou Teachers Collage.

[4]He Shenying. 2001. A Perfect Marriage Wants True love as well as Money. Yuxi: Journal of YuXi Teacher Collage.

[5]Huang Rong. . Thoughts of Marriage in Pride and Prejudice. Wuhan: Wu Han University of science and technology.

[6]London, Duranna. 2007. Marriage in Jane Austen’s Pride and prejudice. Oxford: Pergamon.

[7]Penn, Merlin. 2007. Money and marriage in Pride and Prejudice. London: Longman.

[8]Sampson, George. 1988. The Concise Cambridge History of English Literature. London: Cambridge Universit.

[9]Thornley G. 1984. An Outline of English Literature. Hong Kong: Longman World Publishing Corporation.

[10]奥斯汀(Austen, J)，雷立美 译，，《傲慢与偏见》，海口：南方出版社。

[11]常耀信，，《英国文学简史》， 天津：南开大学出版社。

[12]傅俊，，《试论简奥斯汀的现实主义和女性视角》，镇江：镇江高专学报04期。

[13]王守仁，2003，《英国文学选读》，北京：高等教育出版社。

[14]辛淑兰，，《超越傲慢和偏见》，天津：天津师范大学出版社。

[15]辛淑兰，，《浅谈傲慢与偏见中伊丽莎白的婚姻选择》，廊坊：廊坊师范学院报。

[16]朱虹，1985，《奥斯汀研究》，北京:中国文联出版公司。

下面是一篇英语论文的开题报告范例，反应了开题报告的格式和写法，有一定的借鉴价值。

function and application of descriptive translation studies

1 introduction

the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.

since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).

dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.

my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.

the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.

a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. “norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.

the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions. two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.

in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.

2 outline

2.1 development and major concepts of dts

in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and product. i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.

2.2 methodolgy

i will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.

2.3 dts in contrast to other theories

a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya criteria. some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.

2.4 case study

in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be

under investigation in light of dts. translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.

2.5 conclusion

based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of translation. suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.

(note: while the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)

it is therefore pointless to try to make tc more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”

Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies

Introduction

The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.

Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).

DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.

My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.

The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.

A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. Norm is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.

In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.

英语论文开题报告 格式精选3篇

毕业设计(论文)题目：

语境对翻译的作用

The Function of Context in Translation

毕业设计(论文)起止时间

年3月15日～6月5日

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)王立非.第二语言学习策略研究：问题与对策[J].外语教学第四期.2015.

)英语课程标准研制组.普通高中英语课程标准(实验)解读[M].江苏：江苏教育出版社.2015.

)刘润清.胡壮麟.外语教学中的科研方法[M].北京：北京外语教学与研究出版社..

一、论文题目：classroom interaction and oral english teaching

二、研究现状：

三、研究的目的及意义：

通过对目前已经发展起来并比较成熟的几种互动模式的归纳来看：关于人际互动这种互动模式在目前的互动性研究中被单独研究还比较少，没有被当作一种独立的模式应用到英语口语课堂教学中，它更多的是被贯穿到其他几种互动模式当中。因此，本论题认为它还有进一步研究的空间。

四、研究的理论依据和研究方法：

本论题将以教育心理学的`理论为基础，以互动理论和构建主义理论为依据，运用归纳总结的方法对已有的研究进行宏观上的概述，从而引出本文论题，通过例证分析、验证人际互动模式对课堂英语口语教学效果的提高所具有的重要意义。

五、提纲：

introduction

chapter one definition and theoretical basis of interaction

1.1 definition of interaction

1.3 some main interactive modes in the present classroom

chapter two the necessity and the principles of following interaction-teaching mode

2.1 the disadvantage of traditional oral english teaching mode

2.2 the necessity and merit of taking interaction-teaching mode

2.3 oral english interaction-teaching mode should follow the principles

chapter three personal interaction in the oral english teaching

3.1 the relationship between the teacher and students

3.2 two types of personal interaction

3.3 classroom climate

3.4 classroom size

chapter four the evaluation of the interactive oral english teaching mode

4.1 some principles should follow when evaluating

4.2 the concept of evaluating

4.3 the technology of evaluating

conclusion

六、参考文献

jonssen, dh..thinking technology: toward a constructivist design model [j].educational technolgy. 3 (1994): 34-35.

littlewood, william. communicative language teaching [m].cambridge: cambridge university press .1981.

卢艳春, 路雅琴.“构建主义与大学英语口语教学.” 前沿杂志. 11 (xx):98-100.

司洪海.“构建主义理论与英语口语教学.” 基础英语教育. 4 (xx):8-9.

吴蕾.“构建主义在英语口语教学中的应用.” 东华大学学报(社科版).7 (xx年):23-24.

function and application of descriptive translation studies

1 introduction

the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.

since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).

dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.

my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.

the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.

a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. “norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.

the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions. two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.

in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.

2 outline

2.1 development and major concepts of dts

in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and product. i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.

2.2 methodolgy

i will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.

2.3 dts in contrast to other theories

a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya criteria. some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.

2.4 case study

in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be

under investigation in light of dts. translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.

2.5 conclusion

based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of translation. suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.

(note: while the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)

it is therefore pointless to try to make tc more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”

Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies

1 Introduction

The intention of this study is to eXPlore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.

Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).

DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.

My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and eXPlanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.

The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.

A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and eXPlanation. Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.

The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.

In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and eXPlanation will done in light of DTS.

2 Outline

2.1 Development and major concepts of DTS

In this part I will describe Holms’ basic map of DTS and the relationship between function, process and product. I will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.

2.2 Methodolgy

I will in this part discuss the methodology of DTS before I apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.

2.3 DTS in contrast to other theories

A contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of DTS from other theories such as equivalence theory and the Chinese Xin Da Ya criteria. Some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.

2.4 Case study

In this part, translation of The Dream of Red Mansions (also translated as The Story of The Stone) will be under investigation in light of DTS. Translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.

2.5 Conclusion

Based on the above elaboration of DTS and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of DTS in specific study of translation. Suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.

(Note: While the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)

It is therefore pointless to try to make TC more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. Translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”2

系别：外语系 专业：英 语 所选题目名称：

English Idioms and Their Cohesive Function

课题研究现状：

English idioms are an important part of the English vocabulary. The general tendencies of presentday English are towards more idiomatic usages. Halliday and Hason （1976） pointed out that there are three functions of English idioms （ideational function, interpersonal function and textual function）。 Another scholar, Fernando C. ， also made valuable contributions to the understanding of idiomatic expression_r of coherent text, and in the creation of stylistic effects.

Chinese linguists like Hu Zhuanglin （1994, 1996）， Zhu Yongsheng （1995, 1996, ） and Zhang Delu （1994） mainly made contributions to the study of textual cohesion.

课题研究目的：

This paper is firstly intended to define English idioms and analyze the features of them. It then explores the cohesive function after careful analysis and discussion, attempting to arouse the concern of using idioms appropriately and help readers make full use of the cohesive function for communicating more concisely and idiomatically, thus more effectively.

课题研究内容：

As English idioms are much alive in everyday English, a close look at the function of idioms must be taken. This dissertation includes the following five aspects: 1. Introduction.

2. A General Study of English Idioms 2.1 The Definition of English Idioms 2.2 Features of English Idioms.

3. Cohesive Function of English Idioms 3.1 Cohesion.

3.2 Functional Categories.

3.3 Cohesive Function of Relational Idioms 3.4 Cohesive Function of Other Idioms.

4. The Cohesive Function in Terms of Syntax And Pragmatics 4.1 Syntactic Cohesion 4.2 Pragmatic Function 5. Conclusion.

课题研究计划：

January 22March 10: question posing of the research and collection of materials March 11March 25: analysis of the materials and writing of an outline.

March 26April 30: completion of the first draft and seeking supervisor’s advice May 1?June 10: refinement of the paper according to teacher’s suggestion.

June 11?June 22: finalization of the thesis based on the set requirements after the defence.

主要参考文献：

[1] Fernando, C. Idioms and Idiomaticity. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,

[2] Halliday, M.A.K. and R. Hason. Cohesion in English. Longman Press, 1985

[3] Lakoff, G. and M. Johnson. Metaphors We Live By. University of Chicago Press, 1980

[4] Makkai, A. Idiom Structure in English. The Hague Press,1972

[5] 林承璋。 英语词汇学引论[M]. 武汉大学出版社，1987

[6] 陆国强。 现代英语词汇学[M]. 上海外语教育出版社，

[7] 汪榕培， 卢晓娟。 英语词汇学教程[M]. 上海外语教育出版社， 1999

指导教师意见：

签字：**年**月**日

领导小组意见：***

为进一步严格学术规范，加强指导教师对学生论文写作的有效指导以及减少学生在写作过程的盲目性，外语系特要求学生在论文选题和论文写作前期与指导教师保持联系，认真撰写开题报告。外语系特对本届毕业论文开题报告作以下规定:

I、英语专业学生开题报告写作语言为英文(填写毕业论文登记表中“开题报告”用中文)。

II、开题报告写作步骤为:

1、Title (论文题目)

2、Thesis Statement (中心论点)

3、Purpose and Significance of Study (研究目的和意义)

4、Situation of Study (研究现状)

5、Difficulty of Study (研究难点)

6、Detailed Outline (详细提纲)

7、References (参考文献)。

III、学生按规定时间完成开题报告后，指导教师组织小组开题并填写审核意见。

IV、指导教师同意后，学生方可进行论文写作。

V、本期末学生离校前须与指导教师见面，商讨下一步写作计划等事宜。

VI、下期开学报到后小组长召集全组成员与指导教师见面，汇报论文资料收集或写作中存在的问题。

VII、参考文献要求用APA格式或MLA格式。

VIII、页面设置

纸型:A4(210 X 297毫米)即宽度:21厘米，高度29.7厘米。

页边距:上1.8厘米、下1.35厘米;左2.2厘米、右1.8厘米。装订线位置:左侧，装订线:0厘米，距边界:页眉1.6，页脚1.6。每页:32行，跨度23.5磅。

Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies 1 Introduction

The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.

Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science、From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence、Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).

DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective、Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community、Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.

My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation、The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.

The method of DTS is basically descriptive、The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned、Translation phenomena are noted down、With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice、I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.

A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS、“Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation、Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies、Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.

The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions、Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.

In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.

系别:外语系 专业:英 语 所选题目名称:

English Idioms and Their Cohesive Function

一、课题研究现状:

English idioms are an important part of the English vocabulary、The general tendencies of present-day English are towards more idiomatic usages、Halliday and Hason (1976) pointed out that there are three functions of English idioms (ideational function, interpersonal function and textual function)、Another scholar, Fernando C、(1996), also made valuable contributions to the understanding of idiomatic expression_r of coherent text, and in the creation of stylistic effects.

Chinese linguists like Hu Zhuanglin (1994, 1996), Zhu Yongsheng (1995, 1996, 1997) and Zhang Delu (1994) mainly made contributions to the study of textual cohesion.

二、课题研究目的:

This paper is firstly intended to define English idioms and analyze the features of them、It then explores the cohesive function after careful analysis and discussion, attempting to arouse the concern of using idioms appropriately and help readers make full use of the cohesive function for communicating more concisely and idiomatically, thus more effectively.

三、课题研究内容:

As English idioms are much alive in everyday English, a close look at the function of idioms must be taken、This dissertation includes the following five aspects: 1、Introduction

2、A General Study of English Idioms 2.1 The Definition of English Idioms 2.2 Features of English Idioms

3、Cohesive Function of English Idioms 3.1 Cohesion

3.2 Functional Categories

3.3 Cohesive Function of Relational Idioms 3.4 Cohesive Function of Other Idioms

4、The Cohesive Function in Terms of Syntax And Pragmatics 4.1 Syntactic Cohesion 4.2 Pragmatic Function 5、Conclusion

四、课题研究计划:

January 22-March 10: question posing of the research and collection of materials March 11-March 25: analysis of the materials and writing of an outline

March 26-April 30: completion of the first draft and seeking supervisor’s advice May 1?June 10: refinement of the paper according to teacher’s suggestion

June 11?June 22: finalization of the thesis based on the set requirements after the defence

五、主要参考文献:

[1] Fernando, C、Idioms and Idiomaticity、Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000

[2] Halliday, M.A.K、and R、Hason、Cohesion in English、Longman Press, 1985

[3] Lakoff, G、and M、Johnson、Metaphors We Live By、University of Chicago Press, 1980

[4] Makkai, A、Idiom Structure in English、The Hague Press,1972

[5] 林承璋、英语词汇学引论[M]、武汉大学出版社，1987

[6] 陆国强、现代英语词汇学[M]、上海外语教育出版社, 1999

[7] 汪榕培, 卢晓娟、英语词汇学教程[M]、上海外语教育出版社, 1999

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