主谓一致练习““`(人教版高三英语上册教学论文)
- 文档
- 2024-06-27
- 113热度
- 0评论
今天小编在这给大家整理了主谓一致练习`````(人教版高三英语上册教学论文)，本文共20篇，我们一起来阅读吧!
主谓一致练习
1. We each _____ strong points and each of us on the other hand ______ weak points.
A. have , have B. has, have C. has , has D. have, has
2. A library with five thousand books ______ to the nation as a gift.
A. is offered B. has offered C. are offered D. have offered
3. The police _______ determined to bring back the missing boy when his family ______ almost given up all hope.
A. is, has B. are , have C. are , has D. is, have
4. In this institution a medal together with a prize of certain sum of money _____ gains success in science and technology every two years.
A. are given to anyone B. is given to whoever
C. are given to who D. is given to whom
5. You should try Larry and kevin's restaurant because _____ the best in the city.
A. theirs is B. their's is C. they are D. their's are
6. Only one of the students who __ present__ to speak at the meeting .
A. is, is B. are, are C. are , is D. is, are
7. ------ ______ the dollars a big sum of money to him ?
------ I suppose _________.
A. Are, to B. Were, to C. Will be, to D. Is , so
8. When and where to build the new factory ________ yet.
A. is not decided B. are not decided
C. had not decided D. have not decided
9. Either Tom or Jane did ________ homework in the classroom .
A. their B. theirs C. his D. her
10. Reading magazines and novels ________ helpful.
A. is B. are C. have D. has
11. In spring, many plants bloom, which ____ the world even more beautiful.
A. made B. make C. makes D. have made
12. It's not you but Mr. Anderson who ___ to answer ___ the incident.
A. are, for B. were, to C. is, for D. was , back
13. There are two books on the bookshelf. ______ of them ____ worth ______.
A. Both , are, being read B. All, are , reading
C. Neither, is, being read D. Either, is , reading
14. The number of people invited ______ fifty, but a number of them ______ absent for different reasons. ( MENT 96 )
A. were , was B. was, was C. was, were D. were , were
15. I don't think the poor _________ poor.
A. are always B. has been always C. is always D. always are
16. Every means _______ tried but without much result.
A. have been B. had C. has D. has been
17. At the meeting each man and each woman _______ praised by the manager yesterday.
A. was B. were C. would be D. had been
18. One and a half days ________ what I need.
A. was B. is C. are D. were
19. Sixty percent of the work______ . A. have been done
B. had been done C. has been done D. has done
20. ______ neither you nor your brother interested in swimming ?
A. Are B. Is C. Do D. Does
21. Such films _____ shown yesterday ______ not worth seeing again.
A. that was, is B. as were, are C. as were, is D. those were , are
22. Three fourths of the earth's surface ______ covered with water.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
23. About 85 percent of the students ____ good , and part of them _____ interested in biology.
A. is, are B. are, are C. are , is D. is , is
24. Politics ______ now taught in all schools.
A. is B. are C. be D. being
25. Do you know what his politics _______ ?
A. is B. are C. be D. being
26. The wounded __________ sent to the hospital at once .
A. were B. are C. is D. was
27. The Chinese _____ hard-working.
A. be B. being C. is D. are
28. The United Nations ______ in 1945.
A. are found B. is found C. was founded D. were founded
29. Our headmaster and secretary ______ kind and strict.
A. is B. be C. are D. were
30. More than one girl _______ late for class this morning.
A. are B. is C. was D. were
31. Many a student ______ in the exam.
A. have failed B. had been failed C. has failed D. will be failed
32. A pair of broken glasses ______ on the desk.
A. is laying B. is lying C. are lying D. are laying
33. What _______ the police looking for?
A. is B. are C. will D. did
34. No boy and no girl ______ waiting for the bus.
A. are B. be C. were D. is
35. There ______ I'd like to answer this evening.
A. are one or two letters B. has one or two letters
C. is one or two letters D. have one or two letters
36. Great quantities of fish ______ in the river in the past few days.
A. is caught B. are caught
C. has been caught D. have been caught
37. Why she didn't come here ______ quite clear.
A. are not B. will not C. isn't D. were not
38. What he says and what he does ___________ .
A. is not agree B. are not agree
C. does not agree D. do not agree
39. Not only politics but also English is important. In other word, ______ is important.
A. English , as well as politics B. politics as well as English
C. both politics and English D. politics as well as the English
40. This is the one of the books on the subject that ______ ever been written in Chinese.
A. have B. has C. had D. are
41. The exam he paid no attention to _ him the chance to go to college.
A. being costed B. costing C. cost D. costs
42. Not only the students but also the teacher ______ about the matter.
A. are talking B. is to talk C. have talked D. are having talked
43. On the ceiling of our classroom ______ four lights.
A. hang B. are hanged C. hanged D. hangs
44. The world's supplies of oil _____ gradually ______ up with the development of industry and the increase of cars.
A. is ; used B. are being; used C. has; used D. have been; using
45. He is one of the students who , I am sure, always do _____ best.
A. his B. one's C. my D. their
46. The population of China ____ over 12 million and eighty percent of the population _____ peasants.
A. is; are B. are; is C. is ; is D. are ; are
47. He said that the twelfth and last lesson _______ rather difficult .
A. were B. was C. will be D. are
48. His “Selected Poems” ______ first published in 1965.
A. were B. was C. has been D. were
49. All but one ______ here just now.
A. is B. was C. has been D. were
50. Seventy percent of the students here ______ from the country side.
A. is B. are C. comes D. has come
51. More than 60 percent of world’s radio programmes ___ in English.
A. is B. was C. are D. be
52. The whole class ______ the teacher attentively.
A. are listening to B. is listening to C. are listening D. is listening
53. The United States of America ______ one of the most developed countries in the world.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
54 The air in big cities ______ very dirty by factories.
A. are often made B. is often made C. have often made D. has often made
55. A large number of students of this school ______ fond of playing football.
A. are B. was C. is D. be
56. Mary as well as her sisters ______ Chinese in China.
A. are studying B. have studied C. studies D. study
57. I, who ______ your teacher, will try my best to help you with your lessons.
A. be B. am C. are D. is
58. Ten dollars ______a big sum for a small child , and they will go a long way .
A. are B. being C. have D. is
59. The rich ______ not always happy.
A. are B. is C. has D. have
60. Apples of this kind _______.
A. tastes good B. tastes well C. taste good D. taste well
61. The Olympic Games _______ held every _______ years.
A. is…four B. are…four C. is…five D. are…five
62. No one but her parents ______ it.
A. know B. knows C. is knowing d. are knowing
63. ______ a good enough price for this book.
A. Two yuans are B. Two yuan are C. Two yuans is D. Two yuan is
64. No bird and no beast _______ in the lonely island.
A. are seen B. is seen C. see D. sees
65. The news of victories ______ spreading far and wide.
A. is B. are C. have been D. were
66.Few of his family ______ with his imaginative ideas.
A. agree B. agrees C. are agreed D. is agreed
67. The paper for books and newspapers _____ made of wood.
A. are B. is C. has D. have
68. Neither your mother nor you ______ at home.
A. am B. is C. are D. be
69. It is she who _______ wrong.
A. is B. am C. are D. has been
70. ________ well looked after in that hospital. A. Wounded are
B. Wounded is C. The wounded are D. The wounded is
71. Twenty of us are old. The rest _______ young.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
72. The Smiths ______ to move into the new building.
A. are B. is C. has D. will
73. It is said the police ______ trying their best to catch the murderer.
A. have B. has C. is D. are
74. Here ______ a new pair of shoes for you.
A. is B. are c. have D. has
75. The best ______ still unknown.
A. is B. are C. be D. were
76. We each _______ to pass the entrance examinations.
A. hopes B. hope C. hoping D. is hoping
77. Bread and butter ______ a kind of food.
A. is B. are C. am D. be
78. The watch and chain ______ of gold.
A. is made B. are made C. were made D. am made
79. Half the eggs ______ bad.
A. is B. are C. am D. be
80. ______ this pair of glasses ______ her well?
A. Is…fit B. Do…fit C. Does…fit D. Are…fit
81. About eighty percent of the students in his class ___ below sixteen.
A. is B. are C. am D. be
82. There ______ a map of the world and some pictures on the wall.
A. is B. are C. am D. be
83. A large quantity of water pipes ______ needed.
A. are B. is C. has D. have
84. Large quantities of paper ______ wasted.
A. are B. is C. has D. have
85. How and why he ______ come to Princeton, New Jersey ______ a story of struggle, success and sadness.
A. had…was B. had… are C. had… has d. had… have
86. Not only I but also Jessie and Mary _____ tired of having one examination after another.
A. is B. are C. am d. be
87.My driving licence , rather than my credit cards, ______lost .,
A. have B. are C. is D. has
88. Nobody but Jane and Mary ______ secret.
A. know B. knows C. have known D. is known
89. A great deal of ______ was done to crops.
A. damages B. damaging C. damage D. ruin
90. -Do you want the pants?
-My pants ______ laid in bed.
A. is B. was C. are D. being
91. I told him what I was surprised ____ his attitude towards his study.
A. is B. was C. at is D. at was
92. I have finished a large part of the book; the rest ___ more difficult.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
93. They each ______ a new dictionary.
A. has B. have C. is D. are
94.The pilot as well as four of the passengers ______death .
A. has escaped B. have escaped C. has been escaped D. have been escaped
95. Every hour and every minute ______ important.
A. are B. were C. is D. will
96. Nobody except Bill and Johnny ______entered the second round of the interview.
A. have B. has C. have been D. has been
97. He is one of the old scientists who ______nothing about his personal income and fame .
A. cares B. care C. is caring D. are caring
98. When and where to go for the on-salary holiday ________yet.
A.are not decided B.have not been decided
C.is not being decided D.has not been decided
99.Mary is one of the girls who ________by the headmaster at the meeting.
A. is praised B. are praised C.was praised D.were praised
100.Mary is the only one of the girls who________by the headmaster at the meeting.
A.is praised B.are praised C.was praised D.were praised
Keys:
01-10 DABBA CDADA 11-20 CCDCA DABCA
21-30 BABAB ADCAC 31-40 CBBDA DCDAB
41-50 CBABD ABBDB 51-60 CAACA CBDAC
61-70 BBDBA ACCAC 71-80 BADAA BAABC
81-90 BAAAA BCBCC 91-100 DABCC BBDDC
责任编辑：李芳芳
主谓一致练习
1.E-mail, as well as telephones, ________an important part in daily communication.
A. is playing B. have played C. are playing D. play
2. He is the only one of the students who ________ a winner of scholarship for three years.
A. is B. are C. have been D. has been
3. She is one of the few girls who ________ in the kindergarten.
A. is well paid B. are well paid C. is paying well D. are paying well
4. Nobody but Jane________ the secret.
A. know B. knows C. have known D. is known
5. All but one________ here just now.
A. is B. was C. has been D. were
6. A library with five thousand books________ to the nation as a gift.
A. is offered B. has offered C. are offered D. have offered
7. Either you or the headmaster________ the prizes to those gifted students at the meeting.
A. is handing out B. are to hand out C. are handing out D. is to hand out
8. Not only I but also Jane and Mary________ tired of having one examination after another.
A. is B. are C. am D. be
9.The number of people invited______ fifty, but a number of them______ absent for different reasons.
A. were; was B. was; was C. was; were D. were; were
10.-Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, ________ to go to university.
-So do I.
A. hope B. hopes C. hoping D. hoped
11.________of the land in that district ________ covered with trees and grass.
A. Two fifth; is B. Two fifth; are C. Two fifths; is D. Two fifths; are
12.Every possible means ________ to prevent the pollution, but the sky is still not clear.
A. is used B. are used C. has been used D. have been used
13.. When and where to go for the on-salary holiday________ yet.
A. are not decided B.have not been decided C.is not being decided D.has not been decided
14. When and where to build the new factory ________yet.
A. is not decided B. are not decided C. has not decided D. have not decided
反意疑问句练习
1. You'd rather watch TV this evening, ______?
a. isn't it b. hadn't you c. wouldn't you d. won't you
2. I suppose you're not going today, ______?
a. are you b. do you c. don't you d. aren't you
3. I wish to shake hands with you, ______?
a. shall b. may I c. do I d. will I
4. Three hours ought to be enough time, ______?
a. oughtn't three hours b. didn't they c. shouldn't it d. shouldn't three hours
5. They have to study a lot, ______?
a. don't they b. haven't they c. did they d. hadn't they
6. When the car crashed, your brother escaped being hurt, ______ ?
a. didn't he b. did he c. did it d. didn't it
7. I'm sure dirty, ______?
a. am I b. isn't I c. aren't I d. am not I
8. You seem to be dissatisfied with your present post. I don't think you judged your ability objectively when you applied for it, ______ you?
a. do b. did c. don't d. didn't
9. That's the sort of the book you want, ______?
a. is it d. isn't that c. is that d. isn't it
10. All these dictionaries are a great help to you, ______?
a. are they b. aren't they c. are all these dictionaries d. aren't all these dictionaries
11. The movie that we saw last week was quite interesting, ______?
a. wasn't it b. was it c. didn't we d. weren't we
12. Tom has been writing letters all afternoon, but he should have finished them by now, _____?
a. hasn't he b. has he c. shouldn't he d. didn't you
13. David told me that you would take a trip to America, ______?
a. would you b. wouldn't you c. did you d. didn't you
14. There appeared to be no better way, _______?
a. was there b. were there c. did there d. didn't there
15. You had some trouble finding where I live, ______?
a. didn't you b. hadn't you c. do I d. don't I
16. He has his hair cut every month, ______?
a. has he b. hasn't he c. does he d. doesn't he
17. Your friend needs to come earlier, ______?
a. does he b. doesn't he c. need he d. needn't he
18. The little boy dare not go to church, ______?
a. dare he b. daren't he c. does he d. doesn't he
19. Susan would have worked abroad if she'd had the chance, ______?
a. has she b. hadn't she c. would she d. wouldn't she
20. Everyone's having a good time, ______?
a. is he b. isn't everyone c. does he d. aren't they
21. Any one can join the club, ______?
a. can any one b. can't any one c. can't they d. can they
22. Tell me how to operate the electronic computer, ______?
a. will you b. shan't you c. do you d. don't you
23. Magaret scarcely comes to visit you on Christmas Day, ______?
a. doesn't she b. does she c. do you d. don't you
24. Let's listen to the radio program that the teacher mentioned, ______?
a. do we b. don't we c. shall we d. shan't we
25. You think you're funny, ______?
a. didn't you b. are you c. don't you d. do you
26. Janet used to take part in labor in that village, ______?
a. used she b. did she c. didn't she d. should she
27. What beautiful weather, ______?
a. is it b. isn't it c. won't it d. doesn't it
28. He ought to go to Kwangchow by plane, ______?
a. should he b. shouldn't he c. would he d. wouldn't he
29. We never dared to ask him a question, ______?
a. did we b. didn't we c. dared we d. daren't we
30. Nobody will believe how difficult his work has been ______?
a. will he b. won't nobody c. will they d. won't they
31. You must have made the mistake, ______?
a. mustn't you b. haven't you c. didn't you d. hadn't you
32. Learning how to repair computers takes a long time, ______?
a. isn't it b. aren't they c. doesn't it d. don't they
33. Jack has coffee with breakfast, ______?
a. hasn't Jack b. hasn't he c. doesn't Jack d. doesn't he
34. They must have stayed at hotel last night, ______?
a. mustn't they b. haven't they c. didn't they d. hadn't they
35. There isn't anything wrong with the radio, ______?
a. is there b. is it c. does it d. does there
36. You must be hungry, ______?
a. must you b. mustn't you c. are you d. aren't you
37. Let's do the exercises by ourselves, ______?
a. shall we b. shan't we c. will you d. will we
38. Her daughter had the carpets and curtains cleaned, ______?
a. had she b. hadn't she c. didn't she d. didn't her daughter
39. The teacher had a talk with you, ______?
a. has you b. hadn't she c. did she d. didn't she
40. Something'll have to be done about the air pollution, ______?
a. won't it b. will it c. has it d. does it
主谓一致答案: ADBBD ADBCB CCDA
反意疑问句练习答案
1-5 CABCA 6-10 ACBDB 11-15 ACBDA 16-20 DBADD
21-25 CABCD 26-30 CBBAC 31-35 BCDCA 36--40 CACDA
责任编辑：李芳芳
高三英语复习专题 （主谓一致 倒装句习惯用法 交际用语）
(出题人：蔡炳成)
1. --Have you heard that Tian Liang, along with his parents, _______ to Canada ?
--Really ? No wonder I haven’t seen him these days.
A. has been B. has gone C. have been D. have gone
2. Over three-quarter of the city _______ destroyed in the Iraq War.
A. is B. are C. were D. was
3. This kind of story ________ instructive while stories of that kind _______ harmful to children.
A. is; seems B. are; seem C. is; seem D. are; seems
4. Everybody in our hometown, men and women, young and old, _______ sports and games.
A. fond of B. joins C. enjoys D. got in for
5. The Whites’ family, which _______ rather a large one, ________ very fond of their house.
A. were; re B. was ; were C. were; was D. was ; was
6. Not his son but his two daughters ________ to Canada, never to be seen again.
A. has gone B. have gone C. has been D. have been
7. When the injured _______ to the hospital, they came to ________.
A. was rushed ; life B. were rushed ; life
C. rushed ; lives D. were rushed ; lives
8. Despite much research, there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that _______ not fully understood.
A. are B. were C. is D. was
9. ________ visitors to Hong Kong were asked by newspaper reporters what their impressions of the people were.
A. The number of B. A numbers of C. Numbers of D. Any numbers of
10. Every possible means _________ tried but without much result.
A. have been B. had C. has D. has been
11. The rest of the story ________ no telling. Half of the students ______ no interest in it.
A. need ; has B. needs ; have C. needs ; has D. need ; have
12. John and Mary, ___ sure to come to our party this evening.
A. be B. are C. is D. to be
13. This is the only one of the books on the subject ________ ever been written in English.
A. that has B. which have C. that have D. which is
14. Every boy and every girl as well as some teachers who ____ to visit the museum____ asked to be at the school gate before 6:30 in the morning.
A. are, are B. is , is C. are, is D. is , are
15. A great many people_______ present at the meeting. But many a man ________ late for the meeting because of the traffic jam.
A. are; are B. is; is C. were; was D. was; are
16. He is one of the children who often ________ ill of others behind their backs.
A. have spoken B. were speaking C. speaks D. speak
17. It’s I who ________ the Christmas gift to you.
A. has sent B. have sent C. is going to fetch D. are going to fetch
18. What were your problems a year ago _______ mine now.
A. has become B. have become C. becomes D. became
19. Nowhere else in the world _______cheaper tailoring than in Hong Kong.
A. a tourist can find B. can a tourist find
C. a tourist will find D. a tourist has found
20. ----You seem to be an actor. ---____. I have played many parts in a lot of films.
A. So I am B. So am I C. So do I D. So I do
21. _____that we all went out, lying in the sun.
A. So fine was the weather B. So was the fine weather
C. The weather so fine was D. So the weather was fine
22. ____a nice man _______that we all believed him.
A. So; he seemed B. So; did he seem
C. Such; he seemed D. Such; did he seem
23. Not only _____working hard, but also ______very polite.
A. is the boy; he is B. is the boy; is he
C. the boy is; he is D. the boy is; is he
24. Not until _____ _____settle the problem.
A. he returns; can we B. he returns; we can
C. does he return; we can D. does he return; can we
25. Well _____know him and well ______know me.
A.I did; he did B. I did; did he C. did I; he did D. did I; did he
26. ______, he was unable to make such progress.
A. hard he has tried B. as hard as he tried
C. hard as he tried D. harder than he tried
27. There ______shouts for help from the river.
A. are coming B. did come C. comes D. come
28. Seeing many people coming, away_____.
A. the thief ran B. run the thief C. ran the thief D. did the thief run
29. Mr. Smith didn’t understand ______ made his son so upset this morning.
A. what was it B. why it was this C. how that was D. what it was that
30. -----Did you have a good sleep last night?
----Yes, never sleep _______.
A. badly B. better C. worse D. best
31. We are only _____ glad to do anything we can _______ her.
A. too; to help B. very; help C too; help D. very; helping
32. -----How come you are late for class again?
-------_____________.
A. Because I missed the bus B. By bus and then on foot
C. Please excuse me D. It’s quite wrong
33. _______ more than 3,000 languages in the world.
A. There are thought to be B. There is thought to be
C. They are thought to be D. It is thought to be
34. -----George is a wise person.
-----But in my opinion, he is ______ than wise.
A. cleverer B. braver C. more brave D. less brave
35. -----So can I ask you a few fairly straightforward questions about yourself?
-----No problem. I like ________ when people are open and direct.
A. that B. this C. it D. them
36. ----______I move the picture over here?
----I suppose it’ll look better.
A. How if B. What about C. How about D. What if
37. China has produced ______ this year as it did in .
A. as twice much steel B. twice steel as much
C. twice as much steel D. as much steel twice
38. -----_______was it ______ you discovered the secret of his?
------Totally by chance.
A. How; when B. What; that C. What; when D. How; that
39. -----Who on earth could it be?
------It was _______ other than Clint Eastwood.
A. none B. nothing C. not D. nobody
40. _____his age, he did it quite well, so don’t ______ him any more.
A Given; blame B. Considered; say C. To regard; scold D. Considering; speak
41. No sooner _____ themselves in their seats in the theatre ______ the curtain went up.
A. they have settled; before B. had they settled; than
C. have they settled; when D. they had settled; than
42. -----Did you meet with the famous space hero, Yang Liwei?
------______I had come here earlier!
A. If only B. If not C. But for D. For fear
43. The students expected __________ more reviewing classes before the final exams.
A. it would be B. there being C. it to be D. there to be
44. Students shouldn’t be given so difficult a problem _____ they can not work out.
A. that B. which C. while D. as
45. It was twelve o’clock at midnight _______ they arrived at a lonely village.
A. that B. before C. since D. when
46. -----The exam wasn’t difficult, was it?
-----No, but I don’t think ______could pass it.
A. somebody B. anybody C. everybody D. nobody
47. -----I always take care when doing papers on the computer.
-----You meant it! One can not be _______careful working on it.
A. too B. very C. so D. quite
48. -----Is Miss White working these days?
-----No. It is two months since she worked here.
-----Oh, _____________?
A. where is she working now B. would you please show me the way
C. which is her office D. is she ill
49. ---I expect everything will turn out as you wish.
---_____.
A. All right B. The same to you C. No, thanks D. I’d like to
50. ---I’m sorry that I can’t attend your wedding.
---_____? Haven’t we agreed on it?
A. What is it B. Why don’t you C. What do you think D. How is it
51. ---Excuse me, sir. I’m writing a research paper on Chinese medicine. Do you mind answering a
few question?
----______.
A. Yes, please B. No, of course not C. Certainly D. By all means
52. ----Excuse me, could you tell me the time?
----Sorry, I don’t have my watch with me.
----_____
A. Thanks anyway B. Thanks a lot
C. I’m sorry to hear that D. What a pity
53. ----Would you like another cup of tea?
----____.
A. Why not B. Make yourself at home
C. Oh, sorry D. It’s very kind of you
54. ---I wish you wouldn’t have your TV so loud.
---____. Were you trying to sleep?
A. That’s all right B. OK C. Sorry D. Thank you
55. ----How is everything, Rose?
---____.
A. Very well, thank you B. Not too bad
C. I’m all right, thanks D. Not at all
56. ---Why didn’t you tell Ann the truth?
---_____.
A. Yes, I was afraid to be scolded by her B. No, but I wanted to
C. But I did D. I always hate telling lies
57. ---Not all present would believe what the report said, I’m afraid.
---____.
A. So do I B. Nor am I C. I agree D. I’m afraid, too
58. ---Here you are at last!
---____.
A. Are you all right B. Yes, I’m here
C. Sorry to have kept you waiting D. You are here, too
59. ---Please excuse me, but I really have to be going.
---Yes, of course. ____.
A. The same to me B. That’s OK C. Thanks a lot D. Nice seeing you.
60. ---Tom, would you like to come to our dinner party?
---_____.
A. Yes, I would B. Yes, with pleasure
C. No, I can’t come D. Sure, it’s my pleasure
61. ---______ at the new school?
---Fine. I’ve got used to the life there and I’ve made some friend.
A. How are you B. How are you doing
C. Are you getting on well D. How do you do
62. ---Cliff, I lost your bike at school. I suppose I should pay for it.
---Oh, _______. It was an old bike anyway.
A. Forget it B. Take it easy C. OK D. Don’t say so
63. ---I’m going to travel to America. Would you tell me something about your experiences there?
---_____. Let’s discuss it over dinner.
A. That’s all right B. By all means C. Go ahead D. It just depends
64. ---Shall I help you with the suitcase? ---_______.
A. It’s all right, thanks B. Yes, go ahead please
C. I don’t want to trouble you too much D. No, please don’t do it
65. ---You can’t finish the book in less than an hour, I suppose? ---_________.
A. Yes, I’m sure I can B. No, hardly
C. Sorry, I can’t D. I don’t think I can
66. ---How are things going with you? ---________.
A. Quite well, thank you B. Good. And you?
C. Good. Why not? D. No, just so-so.
KEY:
1-5 BDCCB 6-10 BBACD 11-15 BAACC 16-20 DBBBA 21-25 ADAAD 26-30 CDCDB 31-35 AAACC 36-40 DCDAA 41-45 BADDD 46-50 CAABD 51-55 BADCB 56-60 CCCDB 61-66 BABAAA
责任编辑：李芳芳
语法复习专题主谓一致
一、考点聚焦
1、语法形式上的一致
主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。 The number of students in our school_________1,700.
Mary and Kelly________ alike.
2、意义上一致
（1）主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词用复数。
The crowd ______ runing for their lives.
单数形式代表复数内容的词有people、police、cattle等。
（2）主语形式为复数，而意义上却是单数，谓语动词用单数。
The news is very exciting.
形复意单的单词有new、works（工厂）、means和以ics结尾的学科名称physics、poli-tics、economics等。
3、就近原则。即谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。如果连词or、either … or、neither … nor、not only … but also等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。
Eg.Either you or I________ mad.
4、应注意的若干问题
（1）名词作主语。
①某些集体名词如family、team等作主语时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语用单数，反之用复数。 My family_________going out for a trip.
The whole family _________ watching TV.
这类词常有audience、class club、committee、company、crew、crowd、enemy、government、group、party、public、team等。
Population和“a group(crowd)of + 复数名词”也适用于这种情况，强调整体用单数，强调各个部分用复数。
②某些集体名词如people、police、cattle、oxen只当复数看待，谓语动词必须用复数。
③单、复数同形的名词作主语时，谓语动词应根据意义决定单、复数。
A sheep ________over there. Some sheep________over there.
④名词所有格之后的名词被省略，这种情况一般只指商店、工场、住宅等；作主语时，动词一般用单数。 My uncle’s________not for from here.
常见的省略名词有the baker’s 、the barbar’s、the Zhang’s等。
表示店铺的名词一般作集体名词看待，但用作主语时，谓语动词往往用复数。如：
Richardson’s_________a lot of old goods to sell.
⑤当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间、书名等复数名词时，往往可以根据意义一致的原则，把这些复数名词看作一个整体，谓语用单数。
Thirty years ________ passed. Five minutes _______enough to finish the task.
⑥不定代词each、every、no所修饰的名词即使以and或逗号连接成多主语时，谓语动词仍用单数形式。如：
Each boy and each girl in my class ________a dictionary.
⑦如果主语有more than one … 或many a … 构成，尽管从意义上看是复数内容，它的谓语动词用单数形式。 More than one student _____ seen the play.
Many a boy________ bought that kind of toy.
但是，“more + 复数名词 + than one”结构之后，谓语用复数。
⑧一些由两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时，谓语通常用复数形式。如glasses、clothes、trousers、shoes、compasses、chopsticks、scissors等。
但如果主语用a kind of、a pair of、a series of等加名词构成时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。 A pair of shoes ________ on the desk.
⑨this kind of book = a book of this kind(这种书)，其谓语动词；短语this kind of men = men of this kind = these kind of men(口语)（这一类人），但this kind of men的谓语用单数，men of this kind和these kind of men的谓语用复数，all kinds of后跟复数名词，谓语用复数形式。如：
This kind of men _______dangerous. Men of theis kind/sort ________dangerous.
⑩复数形式的单、复数同形名词作主语时，按意义一致的原则，用作单数意义时，谓语用单数，反之，谓语用复数。这类名词有means、works、species(种类)、Chinese、Japanese等。当它们的前面有 a、such a、this、that修饰时，谓语用单数；有all、such、these、those修饰时，谓语用复数。
(11)如果名词词组中心词是all、most、half、rest等词语，所指是复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式，反之用单数。
All of my students work hard. All of the oil _______gone.
(12)在主谓倒装的句子中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：
Between the two windows __________an oil painting.(hang)
（2）由连接词连接的名词作主语。
①用and或both … and 连接并列主语，谓语动词通常用复数形式。但如果并列主语指的是同一个人，同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数形式，这时and后面的名词没有冠词。
Truth and honesty ________the best policy.
To love and to be loved _______the great happiness.
Going to bed early and getting up early _______a good habit.
A knife and fork_________ on the table.
②当主语后面跟有as well as、as much as、no less than、along with、with、like、rather than、together with、but、except、besides、including、in addition to等引导的词组时，采取“就远原则”。
③以or、either … or、neigher … nor、not only … but also等连接的词作主语时，采取“就近原则”。
（3）代词作主语。
①名词型物主代词连接的动词，既可以用单数，也可以用复数，这取决于它所代替的是单数还是复数。 Ours (Our Party) ________a great Party.
Your shoes ________ white, mine (= my shoes)_______ black.
②such、the same起指示代词作用时，应根据其所指的内容来决定单、复数。
Such ________our plan. Such _________ his last words.
③关系代词who、that、which等在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。
④疑问词who、what、which作主语时，谓语动词可根据说话人所要表达的意思决定单、复数。 Who lives next door? It________Xiao Liu.
Who lives next door? It __________Wang and Li.
⑤不定代词any、either、neither、none、all、some、more等作主语时，要注意下列情况：
（A）单独作主语时，视其在文中的意义，动词可用单数或复数形式。Now all has been changed. All are present.
（B）其后接of时，若of的宾语为不可数名词，动词用单数形式；若of的宾语为复数名词或代词时，动词可以是单数，也可以是复数；在正式文体中，单数形式的动词更常用。
Do (es) any of you know about the accident? None of us has(have) seen the film.
（4）分数、量词作主语。
①“分数或百分数 + 名词”构成的短语以及由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of, a heap of, heaps of, half of + 名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词要与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致，这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词，而短语中前面的量词是修饰语。如：
Lots of damage_________caused by flood.
A number of students ________ gone to the countryside.
A large quantity of people _________needed here.
Quantities of food (nuts) ________ still on the table.
②a great deal of、a large amount of修饰不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数；large amounts of修饰不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数。
③表示数量的one and a half后，名词要用复数形式，但是其短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
One and a half apples________ left on the table.(be)
④half of、(a)part of修饰可数名词单数及不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数，修饰可数名词复数时，谓语动词用复数。
(5)名词化的形容词作主语。
如果主语由“the + 形容词（或分词）”结构担任时，谓语通常用复数。这类词有the rich、the poor、the brave、the injured、the living、the wounded等。如表抽象的也可以用单数，如the unknown、the beautiful等。
（6）从句作主语。
①由what引导的主语从句，谓语动词通常用单数，但所指的具体内容是复数意义时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。
What we need _________more money.
What we need__________ more people/teachers.
②在“one of + 复数名词 + who/that/which”引导的从句结构中，关系代词who/that/which的先行词是靠近它的复数名词而不是one，因此从句中的谓语动词也应该是复数形式。如one前有the only则用单数形式。
This________one of the most interesting stories that ______been told by my father.
She_________the only one of the girls who_________late for class today.
（7）不定式、名动词（短语）作主语用单数形式；There be句型中be的单复数取决于be后的第一个词的数。
There ______a book, two pens on the desk.
There ______two pens, a book on the desk.
二、精典名题导解
选择填空
1.-Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, _________to go to university.
-So do I .(上海 ) A.hope B.hopes C.hoping D.hoped
解析：答案为B。本题考查主谓一致中的意义一致原则，不定代词either、neither、each、one、the other、another以及所有的复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词应根据意义一致的原则采用单数形式，排除A。选项C是非谓语动词的一种，不能单独作谓语，亦应排除。根据答语中的时态又可排除选项D。
2.The number of people invited _________ fifty, but a number of them __________ absent for different reasons.（NMET ）
A.were; was B.was; was C.was; were D.were; were
解析：答案为C。本题考查the number of和a number of 的区别。“the number of + 复数名词/代词”结构中的中心词是number,“a number of + 复数名词/代词”结构中的中心词是of后的复数名词或代词，故谓语动词分别用单、复数。解题关键在于仔细区分哪个是真正的主语。
责任编辑：李芳芳
语法复习二、主谓一致
在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。寻其规律，大致可归纳为三个原则，即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。
（一）语法一致原则：语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。
1、以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：His father is working on the farm. / To study English well is not easy. / What he said is very important for us all. / The children were in the classroom two hours ago. / Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.
注意：由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。如：What I bought were three English books. / What I say and do is (are) helpful to you.
2、由连接词and或both … and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。如：Lucy and Lily are twins. / She and I are classmates. / The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. / Both she and he are Young Pioneers.
注意：① 若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。如：The writer and artist has come.; / ② 由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every more than a (an) , many a (an)修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：Every student and every teacher was in the room.. / No boy and no girl likes it.
3、主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。如：Mr Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She, like you and Tom, is very tall.
4、either, neither, each, every 或no +单数名词和由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。如：Each of us has a new book. / Everything around us is matter.
注意：① 在口语中当either或neither后跟有“of+复数名词（或代词）”作主语时，其谓语动词也可用复数。如：Neither of the texts is (are) interesting. ② 若none of后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如：None of us has (have) been to America.
5、在定语从句时，关系代词that, who, which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：He is one of my friends who are working hard. / He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.
6、如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。如：Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.
注意：people, police, cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如：The police are looking for the lost child.
7、由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如：There are a lot of people in the classroom. / The rest of the lecture is wonderful. / 50% of the students in our class are girls.
注意： a number of“许多”，作定语修饰复数名词，谓语用复数；the number of“…的数量”，主语是number，谓语用单数。
8、在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：There comes the bus./ On the wall are many pictures. / Such is the result. / Such are the facts.
（二）逻辑意义一致原则：逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致（因有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数；有时形式为复数，但意义为单数）。
1、what, who, which, any, more, all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。如：Which is your bag? / Which are your bags? / All is going well. / All have gone to Beijing.
2、表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式， 这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体，如：Thirty minutes is enough for the work.
3、若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。如： “The Arabian Nights”is an interesting story-book.
4、表数量的短语“one and a half”后接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词可用单数形式（也可用复数。如：One and a half apples is (are) left on the table.
5、算式中表示数目（字）的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。如：Twelve plus eight is twenty. / Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.
6、一些学科名词是以 –ics 结尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works等，都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：The paper works was built in 1990. / I think physics isn’t easy to study.
7、trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a (the) pair of等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。如：My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes under the bed is his.
8、“定冠词the + 形容词或分词”，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。
（三）就近一致原则：在英语句子中，有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。
1、当两个主语由either … or, neither … nor, whether … or …, not only … but also连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。如：Either the teacher or the students are our friends. / Neither they nor he is wholly right. / Is neither he nor they wholly right?
2、there be句型be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。如：There are two chairs and a desk in the room..
注意：Here引导的句子用法同上。
练习：主谓一致
1.I, who____ your friend, will try my best to help you with your English.
A.am B.is C.are D.be
2. The rich ____ not always happy.
A.are B.is C.has D.have
3. Neither Tom nor Jack and I ____ his students.
A.are B.am C.is D.was
4. Mary as well as her sisters ____ Chinese in China.
A. are studying B. have studied C. studies D. study
5. Neither my father nor I ____ at home.
A.am B.is C.are D.be
6. Not only my brother but also I ____ good at painting. Both of us ____ good painters.,
A.are;are B.am;am C.ani;are D.is;is
7. Every' boy and every girl ____ to attend the evening party.
A.wish B.wishes C.is like D.like
8. Over 80 percent of the population of China ____ peasants.
A.was B.is C. would be D.are
9. The population of China ____ larger than that of .any other country in the world.
A.is B.are C.has D.have
10. Every means ____ tried but without any result.
A. have been B.is to be C.are to be D. has been
11. Alice, together with two boys,____ for having broken the rule.
A. was punished B. punished C. were punished D. being punished
12. The League secretary and the monitor____ asked to attend the .meeting this afternoon.
A.is B.was C.are D.is being
13. The great writer and professor____.
A. is an old man B. are both old men
C. is an old man and a young man D. were two Chinese
14. There ____ a pen, two pencils and three books on the desk.
A.are B.is C.has D.have
15. A large number of students in our class____ girls.
A. are B. was C. is D. be
16. The number of deer, mountain lions and wild roses ____ much if people leave things as they are.
A. doesn' t change B.don't change C.change D.changed
17. The Arabian Nights ____ well known to the English.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
18. Chairman Mao' s works ____ published.
A. has been B.have been C.was D.is
19. A chemical works____ built there.
A. is to being B.have been C. were to D.has been
20. The Olympic Games ____ held every ____ years.
A.is;four B.are;four C.is;five D.are;five
21 .The United States of America one of the most developed countries in the world.
A.is B.are C.was D.were
22.He is the only one of die students who ____ elected.
A. are B.have C.has D.is
23.Theis is one of the most interesting questions that ____ asked.
A.have B.has C. have been D.has been
24.Many a man ____ come to help us.
A.have B.has C.is D.are
25.“All____ present and all____ going on well,” our monitor said.
A.is;is B.are;are C.are;is D.is;are
26. The police ____ the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre.
A. is searching for B. were searching for
C. are searching for D. were searching
27.Your trousers____ dirty.You must have____ washed.
A.is;il B.are;it C.are;them D.is;them
28.This pair of trouseis ____ too long for him.
A.is B.be C.are D.were
29. One and a half bananas ____ left on the table.
A.is B.are C.has D.have
30. Eight times eight ____ sixty - four.
A.is B.are C.get D.equal
31 .Ten minutes____ an hour when one is waiting for a phone call.
A.seems B.seem C.seemed D.seemes
32.____of the money____ nm out.
A. Three-fifth; has B. Three-fifth; has been
C. Three-fifths; has D. Three-fifths; have
33. The whole class ____ the teacher attentively.
A. are listening to B. is listening to
C.are listening D. is listening
34.1 have finished a large part of the book, the rest of which___ more difficult.
A.is B.are C.was D.were
35. Between the two rows of trees ____ the teaching building.
A.stand B.stands C. standing D.are
36. Large quantities of water ____ for irrigation.
A. is needed B. has -needed C. are needed D. need
37. That they were wrong in these matters ____ now clear to us all.
A. is B.was C.are D.all
38.What we need____ good textbooks.
A.is B.are C.have D.has
39. What you said just now____ the matter we are discussing.
A.have something to at B. has something to do with
C.had something to do with D.has been something to do with
40. More than one member ____ against the plan.
A. is B.are C.has D.have
41. When and where to build the new factory ____ yet.
A. has not decided B. is not decided
C. are not decided D. have not decided
42. Half of the fruit ____ bad.
A. are B. has C. is D. have
43. ____ either of your parents come to see you recently?
A. Have B. Had C. Has D. Is
44. Mathematics ____ the language of science.
A. are B. are going to be C. is D. is to be
45. My family ____ small.
A. is B. were C. are D. makes
46. The following ____ some other examples.
A. are B. is C. was D. were
47. They both have some friends; but his ____ more active.
A. is B. will be C. was D. are
48. Both rice and wheat ____ grown in that country.
A. is B. are C. was D. has
49. Early to bed and early to rise ____ a good habit.
A. are B. is C. were D. was
50. To play basketball and to go swimming ____ useful for character-training.
A. was B. is C. are D. were
51. Either he or I ____ to attend the mass meeting this evening.
A. is B. am C. are D. be
52. ____ either he or I to attend the mass meeting this evening.
A. is B. am C. are D. be
53. An iron and steel works, with some satellite factories, ____ to be built here.
A. are B. were C. is D. will
54. She as well as her brother ____ a League member.
A. are B. were C. will D. is
55. His family ____ a big one. Now the family ____ watching TV.
A. is, are B. are, is C. is, is D. are, are
56. It is I who ____ going to attend the meeting tomorrow.
A. is B. am C. are D. be
57. More than 60% of the students ____ the countryside.
A. is B. are C. is from D. are from
58. Many a man ____ the novel.
A. has read B. have read C. is read D. are read
59. Tom is the only one of the students who ____ going to swim this afternoon.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
60. Here ____ a pen, a few pencils and some paper for you.
A. are B. is C. was D. were
参考答案
语法复习二：主谓一致
1~5 AAACA 6~10 CBDAD 11~15 ACABA 16~20 AABDB 21~25 ADCBC
26~30 BCAAA 31~35 ACAAB 36~40 CABBA 41~45 BCCCA 46~50 ADBBC
51~55 BACDA 56~60 BDAAB
责任编辑：李芳芳
“主谓一致”与高考试题
“主谓一致”是重要的语法项目，也是学习难点和高考热点之一。因此，掌握好该语法点，对于面临高考的中学生来说，无疑是非常必要的。
英语中的一致是指句子成分之间或词语之间在人称、数、性、时态等方面保持一致，但最主要的是主语和谓语在数方面的一致关系。请看下面三道高考题：
1．Every possible means ____ to prevent the air pollution，but the sky is still not clear．（上海春招）
A．is used B．are used C．has been used D．have been used
2．____ of the land in that district ____ covered with trees and grass．（2000上海高考）
A．Two fifth．．．is B．Two fifth．．．are
C．Two fifths．．．is D．Two fifths．．．are
3．He is the only one of the students who ____ a winner of scholarship for three years．（上海春招）
A．is B．are C．have been D．has been
（Key：1-3 CCD）
从上面的考例可见“主谓一致”在中学英语中的重要地位。根据中学阶段所学内容，考生应掌握以下知识：
一、有生命意义的集体名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式。
常用的名词有：police（警察），cattle（牛），folk ／folks（US）（人们），等等。如：
There were over 100 police on duty at the demonstration．游行期间有100多名警察值勤。
注：1．有些集体名词作主语时，如将其看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数；如将其作为个体成员看，谓语动词则用复数。常用的名词有：family（家庭；家庭成员），class（班级；班级学生），army（军队；士兵），committee（委员会；委员），team（队；队员），等等。如：
My family is a large one．我们家是个大家庭。
My family are watching TV now．我们家人现在正在看电视。
2．表示“某国人”的名词（如Chinese，Japanese，English，British，French等）作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：
The Chinese usually use chopsticks for meals，while the British use knives and forks．中国人通常用筷子吃饭，而英国人用刀叉吃饭。
但是，有些单复数同形的名词（如 Chinese，Japanese等）作主语时，如果指具体的某个人，其谓语动词应用单数。如：
That Japanese is a singer．那个日本人是个歌唱家。
3．有些表示某类别的总称的集体名词（如machinery〈机械〉，clothing〈衣服〉，luggage〈行李〉，furniture〈家具〉等）作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。如：
My luggage was sent by air．我的行李是航空邮寄的。
二、“-s”结尾的表示“学科”、“疾病名称”等名词作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。
常用的名词有：politics，maths， physics，AIDS，等等。如：
Maths is my favourite subject．数学是我最喜爱的学科。
三、表示某些由两部分组成的物体的名词作主语时，谓语动词常用复数形式。常用的名词有：trousers，chopsticks，scissors，glasses，gloves，shoes，slippers，等等。如：
My trousers were bought in Shanghai．我的裤子是在上海买的。
但是，当这些名词前有pair时，谓语动词常与pair的数一致。如：
This pair of trousers was bought in Shanghai，but those two pairs of gloves were bought in Beijing．这条裤子是在上海买的，但那两副手套是在北京买的。
四、国名、地名、组织机构名称、书刊和杂志名等名词作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。如：
The United States is a developed country．美国是个发达国家。
Great Expectations has been translatedinto Chinese．《远大前程》已译成中文。
五、表示“时间、距离、钱额”等复数名词作主语时，常被看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数。如：
Ten years is a moment in history．十年在历史上是一瞬间。
One hundred kilometers is a long distance．一百公里是一段很长的距离。
Fifty pounds is too expensive．五十英镑太贵了。
如果将以上复数名词作为个体看待时，谓语动词常用复数。如：
Ten years have passed since I came to work in this school．自从我到这所学校工作以来，十年已经过去了。
六、由“名词＋and＋名词”结构作主语，表示同一种事物或同一人时，谓语动词常用单数。如：
Bread and milk is whole some food．面包牛奶是一种有益于身体的食物。
The singer and dancer has come．那位歌唱家兼舞蹈家来了。
七、由“every ／each ／no ＋单数名词 ＋and ＋every ／each ／no ＋单数名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。如：
Every hour and every minute is important．每一小时，每一分钟，都很宝贵。
有时可将第二个every ／each ／no省略。如：
Each book and paper can be found in this room．每一本书，每一份文件，都可在此房间内找到。
八、“名词／代词＋or＋名词／代词”结构作主语时，谓语动词一般与or后面的名词／代词一致。如：
He or I am going to attend the meeting．他或者我将参加会议。
九、“名词＋介词短语”作主语时，谓语动词一般与名词的数一致。
常用的介词和短语介词有：with，together with，along with，like，besides，as well as，but，except，except for，including等。如：
The teacher as well as the students is ready to help others．不仅学生们，而且老师也乐于助人。
The girl together with some boys has gone to plant trees．那个姑娘和一些男孩子一起去植树了。
Nobody but Tom and Mary was in the classroom．只有汤姆和玛丽在教室里。
十、由“either．．．or．．．；neither．．．
nor．．．；notonly．．．butalso．．．”连接的名词／代词作主语时，谓语动词常与最靠近的主语一致。如：
Neither the children nor the mother knows anything about it．孩子们和母亲都不知道这件事。
Are either you or I wrong？不是你错就是我错，是吗？
在英语口语中，甚至在正式英语中，“neither．．．nor．．．；either．．．or．．．”连接的名词／代词作主语时，也可采取概念一致的原则，谓语动词用复数形式。如：
Neither the cats nor the dog have been fed．那些猫和狗都没有喂过。
十一、不定代词all，some，any作主语时，如果指代可数名词，谓语动词用复数；如果指代不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。none作主语时，如果指代不可数名词，谓语动词用单数；如果指代可数名词，谓语动词用单复数均可。either和 neither作主语时，谓语动词常用单数，但在非正式语体中也可用复数。如：
All have gone home after school except a naughty boy who remains in the classroom．放学后除了一个淘气的男孩留在教室以外，所有的人都回家了。
All is well that ends well．结果好一切就好。
None of my classmates have ／has been to the USA．我的同学都没有／一个也没有去过美国。
Either of the two boys is a League member．这两个男孩都是团员。
Neither of them knows the truth．他们谁都不知道真相。
十二、“分数／百分数＋of＋名词”结构在句子中作主语时，谓语动词与名词的数一致。如：
Three quarters of the surface of the earth is covered by water．地球表面的四分之三被水覆盖。
About sixty percent of the teachers in this school are women．这所学校里大约百分之六十的教师是女的。
十三、“The ＋形容词”表示一类人时，谓语动词常用复数形式。
常用的形容词有：rich，poor，living，dead，young，old，blind，sick，wounded，aged，disabled等。如：
In the old society，the poor were forced to sell their children．在旧社会穷人被迫卖儿卖女。
如果该形容词指抽象概念，谓语动词常用单数形式。如：
The new is always weak at first．新生事物开始时总是脆弱的。
The true is to be distinguished from the false．真与假应相区别。
The unexpected has happened．出乎意料的事发生了。
十四、动词不定式、动名词和从句作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式。如：
Swimming in rivers in summer is a splendid sport，but to swim in rivers in winter needs great will power．夏天在江河里游泳是极好的运动，但冬天在江河里游泳需要极大的毅力。
Who he is doesn't concern me．他是谁与我无关。
但是，当what引导主语从句或由 and连接两个动词不定式或动名词作主语时，谓语动词的数应根据意义一致的原则来决定。如：
What we need here is money．我们这里需要的是资金。
What we need here are workers．我们这里需要的是工人。
Lying and stealing are immoral．说谎与偷窃是不道德的。
责任编辑：李芳芳
高三英语复习与训练十五一--主谓一致
15. 主谓一致：
1） 语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。
2） 意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。
3） 就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语，
一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。例如：
There is much water in the thermos.
但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：
Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.
15.1 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数，例如：
Reading and writing are very important. 读写很重要。
注意：当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。例如：
The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义。
典型例题
The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
答案B. 注： 先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时，先排除A.，C。本题易误选D，因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人，但仔细辨别，monitor 前没有the，在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人，所以应选B。
15.2 主谓一致中的靠近原则
1）当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。例如：
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支笔、一把小刀和几本书。
There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有二十个男孩，二十三个女孩。
2）当either… or… 与neither… nor，连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。例如：
Either you or she is to go. 不是你去，就是她去。
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 给你笔、信封和纸。
15.3 谓语动词与前面的主语一致
当主语有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词组成的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致。例如：
The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 教师和一些学生在参观工厂。
He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我想去划船。
15.4 谓语需用单数
1）代词each以及由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语时，或主语中含有each, every时, 谓语需用单数。例如：
Each of us has a tape-recorder. 我们每人都有录音机。
There is something wrong with my watch. 我的表坏了。
2）当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。例如：
The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 《天方夜谭》是英语爱好者熟悉的一本书。
3）表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。例如：
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. 用三个星期来做准备。
Ten yuan is enough. 十元够了。
15.5 指代意义决定谓语的单复数
1）代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。例如：
All is right. 一切顺利。
All are present. 人都到齐了。
2）集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后，谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时强调该集体的整体。例如：
His family isn't very large. 他家成员不多。
His family are music lovers. 他家个个都是音乐爱好者。
但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。例如：
Are there any police around? 附近有警察吗？
3）有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。例如：
A number of +名词复数+复数动词。
The number of +名词复数+单数动词。
A number of books have lent out.
The majority of the students like English.
15.6 与后接名词或代词保持一致
1）用half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of 等引起主语时，谓语动词通常与of后面的名词/代词保持一致。例如：
Most of his money is spent on books. 他大部分的钱化在书上了。
Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 大部分学生积极参与体育运动。
2）用a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of 等引起主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。例如：
A series of accidents has been reported. 媒体报道了一连串的事故。
A pile of lots was set beside the hearth. 炉边有一堆木柴。
3）如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的短语作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than… of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。例如：
Many a person has read the novel. 许多人读过这本书。
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生来自这个城市。
15.7 主谓一致练习
1.Each of you ______ responsible for the accident.
a. am b. be c. is d. are
2.Each man and woman ______ the same rights.
a. has b. have c. had d. is having
3.Every means ______ tried but without much result.
a. has been b. have been c. are d. is
4.There ______ in this room.
a. are too much furniture b. is too many furnitures
c. are too much furnitures d. is too much furniture
5.The manager or his assistant ______ planning to go.
a. were b. are c. was d. be
6.Not only I but also David and Iris ______ fond of playing basketball.
a. am b. is c. are d. was
7.Neither Tom nor his parents ______ at home.
a. is b. are c. has d. was
8.Either the dean or the principal ______ the meeting.
a. attends b. attend c. are attending d. have attended
9.______ was wrong.
a. Not the teacher but the students b. Both the students and the teacher
c. Neither the teacher not the students d. Not the students but the teacher
10.“______ twenty dollars a big sum to her?”
“I suppose so.”
a. Will be b. Is c. Are d. Were
11.Three hours ______ enough for us to finish the task.
a. are b. has c. is d. were
12.Most of his savings ______ in the Xin Hua Bank.
a. has been kept b. is being kept c. have kept d. have been kept
13.All that can be done ______.
a. has done b. has been done c. have done d. have been done
14.One or perhaps more pages _______.
a. is missing b. has been missed c. are missing d. was missing
15.More than one worker ______ dismissed.
a. have been b. are c. has been d. has
16.Many a student ______ the importance of learning a foreign language.
a. have realized b. has realize c. have been realized d. has been realized
17.The gas works ______ near the city.
a. is b. are c. were d. be
18.The surroundings of his house ______ clean now.
a. is b. are c. was d. were
19.The committee ______ over the problem among themselves for two hours.
a. has argued b. has been arguing c. have argued d. have been arguing
20.The public ______ generous in their contributions to the earthquake victims.
a. is b. was c. are d. has been
21.Cattle ______ on the hillside.
a. grazes b. is grazing c. was grazing d. were grazing
22.Her politics ______ neither conservative nor liberal.
a. is b. are c. was d. has been
23.Measles ______ a kind of infectious illness.
a. is b. are c. were d. have been
24.The Philippines ______ to the south-east of China.
a. lies b. lie c. lay d. lays
25.Mary is one of the girls who ______ always on time.
a. is b. am c. are d. was
26.Tom is the only one of the stall members who ______ to be promoted.
a. is going b. are going c. has been going d. have been going
27.What caused the accident ______ on the road.
a. were stone b. were stones c. was stone d. was stones
28.Wisky and soda ______ his favorite drink.
a. is b. are c. were d. have been
29.______ is to attend our evening.
a. both the singer and the dancer b. Either the singer or dancers
c. The singer or dancers d. The singer and dancer
30.The Smiths ______ their breakfast when the morning post came.
a. had b. has been having c. are having d. were having
31.No one except two students ______ the meeting.
a. has been late for b. have been late for c. was late for d. were later for
32.All but him and me ______ to the exhibition.
a. am going b. is going c. are going d. was going
33.Interest, as well as prospects, ______ important when one looks for a job.
a. are b. were c. is d. was
34.The president, accompanied by his assistants, ______.
a. have arrived b. are arriving c. had arrived d. has arrived
35.A number of cars ______ in front of the park
a. is parked b. was parked c. are parked d. has parked
36.the number of articles published on smoking ______ amazing.
a. is b. are c. were d. have been
37.The majority of doctors ______ smoking is harmful to health.
a. are believed b. had believed c. has believed d. believe
38.The majority of the damage ______ easy to repair.
a. is b. are c. were d. be
39.Four-fifths of the crop ______.
a. are ruined b. was ruined c. were ruined d. have been ruined
40.Three-fourths of the buildings ______.
a. was destroyed b. is destroyed c. were destroyed d. has been destroyed
41.Early to bed and early to rise ______ a man healthy, happy and wise.
a. making b. to make c. make d. makes
42.Mathematics ______ the language of science.
a. is b. has been c. are d. have been
43.The young ______ the vital forces in our society.
a. is b. has been c. are d. have been
44.Every man, woman and child ______ some history, enough at least, to survive in the world.
a. knows b. know c. is known d. are known
45.None of them ______ my friends.
a. is b. are c. was d. has been
46.Not only the whole nation, but the whole Europe , indeed the whole human society ______ to alter its attitude to racial problems.
a. need b. needs c. has a need d. have a need
47.Getting to other planets or to the moon _____ many problems.
a. involve b. involves c. involving d. to involve
48.In that country, the rich ______ richer, the poor, poorer.
a. become b. has become c. becomes d. is becoming
49.The project requires more labor than ______ because it is extremely difficult.
a. has been put in b. have been put in c. being put in d. to be put in
50.Not one in one hundred children exposed to the disease ______ likely to develop it.
a. should be b. must be c. is d. are
22.13主谓一致练习答案
1 C 19 D 37 D
2 A 20 C 38 A
3 A 21 D 39 B
4 D 22 B 40 C
5 C 23 A 41 D
6 C 24 A 42 D
7 B 25 C 43 C
8 A 26 A 44 A
9 D 27 D 45 B
10 B 28 A 46 B
11 C 29 D 47 B
12 D 30 D 48 A
13 B 31 C 49 A
14 C 32 C 50 C
15 C 33 C 51
16 B 34 D 52
17 A 35 C 53
18 B 36 A 54
责任编辑：李芳芳
主谓一致中的“表里不一”现象
和主语必须在人称和数上保持一致，最基本的原则是：单数主语用单数动词，复数主语用复数动词。但在实际使用当中情况比较复杂，现在笔者把在教学中学生常犯的主谓一致错误归纳整理如下，以期对同学们的学习有所帮助。
1、“more than one ＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。例如：
More than one teacher gets the flowers． 不止一个教师得到了花。
2、“many a ＋名词”作主语时，从意义上看是复数，但谓语动词常用单数。例如：Many a student has been sent to plant trees． 很多学生被派去植树。
3、“half of，the rest of，most of，all of及百分数或分数＋of 等后接名词”作主语时，谓语动词形式根据of后的名词而定。例如：
Three fourths of the surface of the Earth is covered with water． 地球表面四分之三为水所覆盖。
4、all指人时，动词用复数；all指物时，动词用单数。例如：
“All are present and all is going well”，our manager said． 我们经理说：“所有人全部到场了，一切进展顺利。”
5、what引导的主语从句，谓语动词可视表语而定：表语是单数名词时，动词用单数，相反，则用复数。例如：
What they want to get is a number of good books． 他们想得到的是大量的好书。
6、and连接的两个单数名词前若用each、every、no修饰，该名词短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：
No book and no pen is found in the schoolbag． 书包里没有书和钢笔。
7、当主语后面有as well as，with，along with，together with，but，like，rather than，except等引导的短语时，谓语动词要与最前面的主语保持一致。例如：
My father as well as his workmates has been to Beijing． 我父亲和他的同事曾去过北京。
8、each作主语的同位语时， 谓语动词由主语来决定，与each无关。例如：
They each have a bike． 他们每人有一辆自行车。
9、动词不定式、动词－ing形式短语作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。例如：
Going out for a walk after supper is a good habit． 晚饭后出去散步是一个好习惯。
10、the following 作主语时，谓语动词的数与后面名词的数保持一致。例如：
The following are some good examples． 下面是一些好例子。
11、以－ics结尾的学科名词，如politics，physics，mathematics等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。以－s结尾的名词news，works，plastics等同属此类。例如：
Politics is now taught in all schools． 现在各学校都开设政治课。
12、有些用来表示由两个对应部分组成一体的名词复数（trousers，glasses，shoes等）作主语时，前面若有“一条”、“一副”、“一把”之类的单位词，动词用单数；若没有单位词或单位词是复数，则谓语动词用复数。例如：
The shoes are all right． 这些鞋子都很合适。
13、“one and a half ＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词要用单数。例如：
One and a half apples is left on the table． 桌子上有一个半苹果。
14、“one or two／more ＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。例如：
One or two persons are sent there to help them do the work． 要派一两个人到那儿去给他们帮忙。
15、“one of ＋复数名词＋ 定语从句”结构中，定语从句的谓语动词要用复数；而在“the only one of ＋复数名词＋定语从句”的结构中，定语从句的谓语动词要用单数。例如：
He is one of the students who get there on time． 他是准时到达那里的学生之一。
16、表示时间、距离、金钱等的复数名词作主语表达一个整体概念时，谓语动词常用单数，但若强调数量，谓语动词可用复数。例如：
One million dollars is a lot of money． 一百万美元是一大笔钱。
责任编辑：李芳芳
语法复习卷（2010 . 6）
主谓一致：
1. Each man and woman ______ the same rights.
a. has b. have c. had d. is having
2. Every means ______ tried but without much result.
a. has been b. have been c. are d. is
3. There ______ in this room.
a. are too much furniture b. is too many furnitures
c. are too much furnitures d. is too much furniture
4. Not only I but also David and Iris ______ fond of playing basketball.
a. am b. is c. are d. was
5. Mathematics ______ a language of science.
a. is b. has been c. are d. have been
6. ______ was wrong.
a. Not the teacher but the students b. Both the students and the teacher
c. Neither the teacher nor the students d. Not the students but the teacher
7. Three hours ______ enough for us to finish the task.
a. are b. has c. is d. were
8. All that can be done ______.
a. has done b. has been done c. have done d. have been done
9. More than one worker ______ dismissed.
a. have been b. are c. has been d. has
10. Many a student ______ the importance of learning a foreign language.
a. have realized b. has realized c. have been realized d. has been realized
11. The public ______ generous in their contributions to the earthquake victims.
a. is b. was c. are d. has been
12. Mary is one of the girls who ____ always on time.
a. is b. am c. are d. was
13. Tom is the only one of the members who ______ to be promoted.
a. is going b. are going c. has been going d. have been going
14. What caused the accident ______ on the road.
a. were stone b. were stones c. was stone d. was stones
15. The Smiths ______ their breakfast when the morning post came.
a. had b. has been having c. are having d. were having
16. Three-fourths of the trees______.
a. was destroyed b. is destroyed c. were destroyed d. have been destroyed
17. Four-fifths of the building ______.
a. are ruined b. was ruined c. were ruined d. have been ruined
18. All but him and me ______ to the exhibition.
a. am going b. is going c. are going d. was going
19. The president, accompanied by his assistants, ______.
a. have arrived b. are arriving c. had arrived d. has arrived
20. A number of cars ______ in front of the park
a. is parked b. was parked c. were parked d. has parked
21. The number of cars ______ increasing .
a. is b. are c. were d. have been
22. The majority of doctors ______ smoking is harmful to health.
a. are believed b. had believed c. has believed d. believe
23. The majority of the damage ______ easy to repair.
a. is b. are c. were d. be
名词性从句练习
1. _____ we need more practice is quite clear.
A. When B. What C. That D. /
2. _____ I accept the gift or refuse it is none of your business.
A. If B. Whether C. Even if D. No matter when
3. _____ knows the truth about it will tell you.
A. Who that B. That C. Whoever D. That who
4. _____ he is doing seems quite difficult
A. How B. That C. Which D. What
5. _____ certain that his invention will lead to the development of production.
A. That's B. This is C. It's D. What's
6. _____ that there is another good harvest this year.
A. It says B. It is said C. It was said D. He was said
7. _____ that she has received a doctor's degree.
A. It's a splendid news B. This is splendid news
C. It's splendid news D. This is splendid news
8. It is strange _____.
A. that no one should like this book B. that no one liked this book
C. that why no one likes this book D. why no one likes this book
9. It is suggested that the experiment _____ under low temperature.
A. makes B. is make C. should be made D. will be made
10. _____ still needs to be discussed.
A. How is the plan to be carried out B. How the plan is to be carried out
C. Why is the plan carried out D. Why the plan carried out
11. _____ is unknown to us all.
A. Where did she put it B. Where she put it
C. That where she put it D. In which she put it
12. _____ nothing to do with us.
A. What he did is B. What he has done is
C. What did he do has D. What he has done has
13. That's _____ the Party called on us to do.
A. what B. that C. how D. why
14. She looked _____ she were ten years younger.
A. that B. like C. as D. as though
15. The reason I have to go is _____ if I don't.
A. that she will be disappointed B. because she will be disappointed
C. on account of her being disappointed D. that she will be disappointing
16. It was _____ he worked hard that he succeeded.
A. because B. since C. as D. for
17. It seemed that the girl _____.
A. had lost important something B. had lost something important
C. lost important things D. lost something important
18. The fact _____ he is an advanced worker is well known.
A. what B. which C. that D. why
19. The fact _____ in the past few years proves that our Party's policy is correct.
A. that great achievement was made B. which great achievements were made
C. what have been made D. that great achievements have been made
20. I have no idea _____.
A. what does the word “infinity” mean B. what the word “infinity” means
C. what the meaning of the word “infinity” D. what the word “infinity” mean
21. His suggestion _____ to see the art exhibition interested every one of us.
A. that we go B. which we should go
C. that we would go D. when we should go
22. I'll certainly tell the Emperor _____ pleased I am with it.
A. how B. what C. who D. whom
23. I wonder _____ he asked such a silly question in public.
A. how B. what C. that D. why
24. _____ do you think will teach us maths next term?
A. Whom B. Who C. What D. That
25. I will give this dictionary to _____ wants to have it.
A. whomever B. whoever C. whom D. whatever
26. Do _____ you think is right _____ difficulties you may have.
A. what；however B. that；what C. Whatever；whoever D. what；whatever
27. Are you sure _____?
A. whether she is honest B. that she is honesty
C. she is honest D. is she honest
28. He was interested in _____ he had seen at the exhibition.
A. which B. that C. all what D. all that
29. He often thinks of _____ he can do more for the four modernizations.
A. what B. how C. that D. which
30. Take _____ much you want and _____ you want to.
A. however；when B. whenever；how
C. however/whoever D. however/whenever
31. ---Where are my keys? I looked everywhere.
---How careless you are! They’re _______ you left them.
A. there B. where C. there where D. where there
32. made the school proud was more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities. [全国]
A. What; because B. What; that
C. That; what D. That; because
33. be sent to work there? [全国]
A. Who do you suggest
B. Who do you suggest that should
C. Do you suggest who should
D. Do you suggest whom should
34. Picture writing is the simplest way of putting an idea down on paper. That was _____ man first began to write.
A. where B. why C. why D. how
35. Our hometown is no longer ________ it used to be ten years ago.
A. which B. when C. that D. what
36. ______ he did that wasn’t quite clear.
A. That B. What C. Why D. Because
37. _______ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
A. Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D. Who
38. The reason _____he was absent from the meeting yesterday was _____ he was ill.
A. why; because B. why; that
C. which; / D. which; that
39. Father made a promise ______if I passed the examination, he would buy me a MP3.
A. that B. which C. whether D. what
40. ---What about the speech he made this afternoon?
---_______ he said so must be quite encouraging, I think.
A. What B. That C. / D. All
41. There are signs _______ restaurants are becoming more popular with families.
A. in which B. which C. that D. whose
42. Although most of them have no doubt _____ he will pass the exam, I still wonder ______ he has really got everything ready.
A. whether; that B. that; whether
C. that; that D. whether; whether
43. We think ______ a pity ______ he didn’t pass the driving test.
A. it; what B. that; that
C. this; that D. it; that
44. It is not yet decided ______ will take the place of our present manager after he goes abroad.
A. whoever B. whomever C. who D. whom
45. ______ seems strange to us is ______ the troublesome boy is getting along well with all his teachers.
A. It; that B. What; how
C. It; how D. What; that
情态动词
1. We have proved great adventurers, but we have done the greatest march ever made in the past ten years.（06津）
A. needn’t B. may not C. shouldn’t D. mustn’t
2. --- I think I’ll give Bob a ring.
--- You _______. You haven’t been in touch with him for ages.（06江苏）
A. will B. may C. have to D. should
3. --- What’s the name?
-- Khulaifi. _______ I spell that for you? （06京）
A. Shall B. Would C. Can D. Might
4. If it were not for the fact that she_______sing, I would invite her to the party.（06闽）
A.couldn’t B.shouldn’t C.can’t D.might not
5. ---- Must he come to sign this paper himself?
---- Yes, he .（06粤）
A. need B. must C. may D. will
6. ______ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.（06鄂）
A. Would you be B. Should you be C. Could you be D. Might you be
7. Some aspects of a pilot’s job____ be boring, and pilots often_____ work at inconvenient hours.（06湘）
A. can ; have to B. may; can C. have to; may D. ought to; must
8. –May I smoke here ?
----If you ____, choose a seat in the smoking section.（06鲁）
A. should B. could C. may D. must
9. As you worked late yesterday, you_____ have come this morning.（06陕）
A. mayn’t B. can’t C. mustn’t D. needn’t
10. --- Could I have a word with you, mum?
--- Oh dear, if you ________.（06浙）
A. can B. must C. may D. should
11. He paid for a seat, when he ______ have entered free. （05山东卷）
A. could B. would C. must D. need
12. --- Lucy doesn’t mind lending you her dictionary.
-- She ______ . I've already borrowed one. （05湖南卷）
A. can't B. mustn't C. needn't D. shouldn't
13. - Tom is never late for work. Why is he absent today?
----Something ________ to him. (05江西卷)
A．must happen B． should have happened
C．could have happened D． must have happened
14. John, look at the time. _____ you play the piano at such a late hour? （05全国卷3）
A．Must B．Can C．May D．Need
15. Tom, you leave all your clothes on the floor like this! （05全国卷1）
A．wouldn’t B．mustn’t C．needn’t D．may not
16. I was on the highway when this car went past followed by a police car. They ____ at least 150 kilometers an hour. （05重庆卷）
A. should have been doing B. must have been doing
C. could have done D. would have done
17. I _______have been more than six years old when the accident happened. （05天津卷）
A. shouldn't B. couldn't C. mustn't D. needn't
18. Helen ______ go on the trip with us, but she isn’t quite sure yet. （05安徽卷）
A. shall B. must C. may D. can
19. “The interest be divided into five parts, according to the agreement made by both sides,” declared the judge. （04重庆）
A. may B. should C. must D. shall
20. --- I don't mind telling you what I know.
--- You . I'm not asking you for it. （04江苏）
A. mustn't B. may not C. can't D. needn’t
21. I ____ pay Tracy a visit, but I am not sure whether I will have time this Sunday. （04浙江）
A. should B. might C. would D. could
22. --- I’ll tell Mary about her new job tomorrow.
--- You________ her last week. （04福建）
A．ought to tell B．would have told C．must tell D．should have told
23. --- Excuse me, but I want to use your computer to type a report.
--- You ______ have my computer if you don't take care of it. （04湖南）
A. shan't B. might not C. needn't D. shouldn't
24. --- Mum, I’ve been studying English since 8 o’clock.. I go out and play with Tom for a while?
--- No, I’m afraid not. Besides, it’s raining outside now. （04辽宁）
A．Can’t B．Wouldn’t C．May not D．Won’t
25. 44. You ______ be tired---you’ve only been working for an hour. （04全国II）
A must not B won’t be C can’t D may not
宾补练习：
1. The missing boy was last seen ____ near the river.
A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play
2. I feel ____ unwise to give a child whatever he or she wants.
A. that B. how C. it D. what
3. It is wise to have some money ____ for old age.
A. put away B. kept up C. given away D. laid up
4. He slipped into the room, without himself ____.
A. seen B. being seen C. seeing D. to see
5. He found the street much ____.
A. crowd B. crowding C. crowded D. crowdly
6. I think ___ necessary to learn English well.
A. its B. it C. that D. that is
7. Paul doesn’t have to be made ____. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
8. You can’t have the horse _____ all the way. It’s too hot.
A. run B. to run C. running D. to be running
9. When I came back, I found the house _____ and everything _____.
A. was broken; took away B. broken into; taken away
C. had been broken; taken D. break into; take away
10. I heard that you were elected _____ this time.
A. monitor B. the monitor C. a monitor D. my monitor
11. When I came back, I found nobody ___. It was empty.
A. on B. out C. in D. away
12. The speaker raised his voice but still couldn’t make himself ______.
A. hear B. to hear C. hearing D. heard
13. For a time his grandmother found _____ accept his new idea.
A. hard B. it hard C. it hard to D. it is hard to
14. Tell him _____ the window.
A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut
15. ----There’s a hole in your bag. ---- I know, I’m going to have it _____.
A. mend B. mending C. mended D. to be mended
16. Though he had often made his little sister ____, today he was made ____ by his little sister.
A. cry; to cry B. crying; crying C. cry; cry D. to cry; cry
17. They would not allow him _____ across the enemy line.
A. to risk going B. risking to go C. for risk to go D. risk going
18. I found the door _____ when I got home.
A. opened B. close C. unlocking D. open
19. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him ___.
A. not to B. not to do C. not do D. do not to
20. I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise____.
A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on
主谓aadca/ dcbcb/ccadd/ddbdcc/ada
名从 1-30 CBCDC BCBCB BDADA ABCDB AADBB DBDBD 31-45: BBADD CCBAB CBDCD
情态 BDACB BADDB ACDAB BBCDD ADAAC
宾补 1-5 ACABC 6-10 BBCBA 11-15 CDCBC 16-20 AADAA
主谓aadca/ dcbcb/ccadd/ddbdcc/ada
名从 1-30 CBCDC BCBCB BDADA ABCDB AADBB DBDBD 31-45: BBADD CCBAB CBDCD
情态 BDACB BADDB ACDAB BBCDD ADAAC
宾补 1-5 ACABC 6-10 BBCBA 11-15 CDCBC 16-20 AADAA
责任编辑：李芳芳
语法系列复习专题六-----情态动词、主谓一致
情 态 动 词
一、一般疑问句中几个情态动词的问与答
1. Need I/he/…?
Yes,you/he/…must.(不用need)
2. Must I/ he/…?
No,you/ he/…needn’t/don’t(doesn’t,won’t)have to.(不用mustn’t)
3. May I/ he/…?
No,you/ he/…mustn’t.(少用may not)
4. Could(Can)you…?
Yes,I can (不用could)
5. Shall I/she/ he…?
No,you(she,he)needn’t/can’t/mustn’t
二、情态动词表“推测”
1.can,may,must使用的句式：
1)肯定陈述句中：must表“肯定、必定、一定”意，may/might表“也许，或许”意。
2)否定陈述句中：can’t/couldn’t表“不可能”意，may not/might not表“也许不、可能不”意。
3)疑问句中：只能用can或could,不能用must,may或might。
注意：表推测的could,might并不是指过去时间，而是表示比can,may把握性略小些的情况。
2.对目前状态的推测：
1)must/may/might/can/could＋be＋表语
例如：She must be a teacher.她肯定是老师。She can’t/couldn’t be a doctor.她肯定不是医生。 He may not/might not be a doctor.他可能不是医生。
2)must/may/might/can/could＋一些不能用于进行时的静态动词(如:have,exist,live,like,hate,own,belong to等)
例如：She must have her own car,for she has a lot of money.
That kind of bird may live in the valleys.
3.对目前正在发生的事情进行推测：
句式：must/may/might/can/could＋be doing
例如：They must be waiting for us.他们肯定正在等我们。
She may/might be doing her homework.她可能正在做作业。
Can/Could he be playing football?他会正在踢足球吗？
4.对已发生的事情进行推测：
句式：must/may/might/can/could＋have done
例如：There’s no lignt in the room. They must have gone to bed./She knows nothing about the film. She can’t/couldn’t have seen it./Can/Could he have been a doctor?/He may/might(not)have been a teacher./They must have been watching TV at nine last night./Can/Could she have stayed in Beijing last year?
注意：will have done句式也可表“肯定/可能已经…”推测意。
例如：He will have learned advanced mathematics,for he knows a lot about it. 他肯定/可能学过高等数学，因为他对此懂得很多。
三、“情态动词＋have done”用法
1.should/ought to ＋have done,意“本应该…”，含有责备或后悔意。
例如：You should have come here a little earlier./I ought to have sent him to school./
2.shouldn’t/oughtn’t to＋have done,意“本不应该”，含有责备或后悔意。
例如：You shouldn’t have watered the flower./I oughtn’t to have scolded her for such a small thing.
3.might have done,意“过去可能做”；could have done意“本能够做”，两者都含有委婉批评或遗憾之意，也可表对过去情况的推测。
例如：He might have gone to Nanjing with Professor Wang.last week,but he was ill.上星期他本可以和王教授一起去南京的，可他病了。We could have finished the work ahead of time.我们本来是能够提前完成工作的。
四、情态动词在反意疑问句中的用法
1.“肯定祈使句＋附加问句”结构，附加问句常用will/would/won’t you形式。
例如：Stand still,will/would/won’t you?
2.“否定祈使句＋附加问句”结构，附加问句常用will/would you形式。
例如：Don’t watch TV,will/would you?
3.Let’s…,shall we? ; Let us…,will/won’t you?
4.含有must句子的反意问句
1)must表示“必须”时，附加部分常用needn’t,也可用mustn’t.例如：He must go with you,needn’t/mustn’t he?
2)mustn’t表“一定不能”时，附加部分用may.例如：She mustn’t leave,may she?
3)must表“一定、想必”推测意时，附加部分主要有下列几种形式：
A.He must be an engineer,isn’t he?They must be writing now,aren’t they?(这类句子问句前部分含“must be…”或“must be doing…”。)
B.She must have a car/live there, doesn’t she?
C.He must have seen the film,hasn’t he？(这类句子问句前部分的谓语为must have done,句子无具体过去时间状语。)
D.He must have seen the film last week,didn’t he?(这类句子问句前面部分的谓语为must have done,句子有具体过去时间状语。)
E.Mother must have been shopping then,wasn’t she?(前面部分谓语为must have been doing。)
5.含有may表推测的句子，其反意问句形式与must表推测的反意问句形式相似。
例如：She may have finished her homework,hasn’t she?
五、几组词语辨析
1.must与have to:must强调说话者的主观看法，have to强调客观需要，表示“不必”意要用needn’t或don’t/didn’t/won’t have to,不能用mustn’t。
2.can/could与be able to:can多用于现在时，也可用于将来时，could只用于过去时，be able to可用于各种时态。表示“过去经过努力而做成(或没做成)”要用was/were(not) able to ，而不用could(not)。例如：He worked hard,but he wasn’t able to pass the exam.
3.will,would,used to:都可表“习惯”意。①will表示不受时间限制的习惯性动作。如：Fish will die out of water./ She’ll sit for hours without saying anything.
②would表示过去习惯性的动作，但不涉及与现在情况的对比。如：He would walk by the river in the morning.注意：would后不能跟表状态动词。例如不能说He would be late for school last year. ③used to表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但这种习惯现在已不存在了。如：He used to get up early. He used to be late for school.
情态动词考点分析
1.－Could I borrow your dictionary? (NMET)
－Yes,of course you________.
A.might B.will C.can D.should
析：B、D意明显不合；A语气不妥，与of course不符。此题Could是表Can意的委婉说法，并非过去时，所以答案应为C。
2.－Shall I tell John about it?
－No,you_________.I’ve told him already. (NMET)
A.needn’t B.wouldn’t C.mustn’t D.shoudn’t
析：B意明显不合用，可排除。mustn’t意“不许、不得”，shouldn’t意“不应该”都不合情景。只有needn’t表“不必”与下文“I’ve told him already”相贴切。
3.－There were already five people in the car,but they managed to take me as well.
－It_________a comfortable journey. (NMET)
A.can’t be B.shouldn’t be
C.mustn’t have been D.couldn’t have been
析：A、B是对现在情况而言，与情景不合。表否定推测不能说mustn’t have been,只有D选项“不可能是”意思切合，时态也对，故为正确答案。
4.The fire spread through the hotel very quickly ，but everyone________get out.
(NMET)
A.could B.would C.was able to D.had to
析：根据题干提供的情景B、D皆应排除。在A、C两选项中，因为根据情景要选一个“经过努力能够”这样意思的词，故定答案为C。
5.I told Sally how to get here,but perhaps I________for her.
A.had to write it out B.must have written it out
C.should have written it out D.ought to write it out
析：A项意“(当时)不得不写出来”，不合题意；D项意“(现在)应写出来”也不合题意；B项意“(当时)肯定已写出来”明显不对。只有表“当初应该写出来”意的C项才合上下文。
6.That young man has made so much noise that he_________not have been allowed to attend the concert. (上海高考题)
A.could B.must C.would D.should
析：若选A。意“不可能已被允许…”与情景不合，应排除；B项不可选；C项意“当时将不会被允许…”也与情况相悖。只有D“should not have been allowed…”表示“当初不该让他…”才合题意。
7.－Can I help you,sir?
－Yes,I bought this radio here yesterday,but it______.(NMET)
A.didn’t work B.couldn’t work C.can’t work D.doesn’t work
析：若选A。意“昨天不响（今天响了）”，不合题目情景；若选B。其意是“当时不能工作（现在能工作了）”，显然不合题；若选C。意为“这台收音机根本不能工作（是废品）”这未免显得武断；只有D表“这台机子不响（有毛病）”意才能合理地表达来找商店服务员的原因。
主谓一致（Agreement）
1.“Either A or B＋谓语”结构，谓语取决于B。
例：Either the students or their teacher dislikes basketball,otherwise they
would take part in the basketball match.
但在一般疑问句中，谓语取决于A。
例如：Do either the students or their teacher dislike basketball?
Is either he or you going there?
这种谓语取决于与其最近的主语现象叫做“就近原则”。
2．“Neither A nor B＋谓语”结构，谓语多取决于B。但现代英语也出现复数谓语，
理由是neither A nor B是两部分之和，为复数概念，故其后可用复数谓语。
例如：Neither she nor I was(或were)fortunate enough to gain extra points.
她和我都不幸未能获得附加分。
Neither you nor he does(或do)well in maths.
3．Neither of…接单、复谓(通常视为单数，但在口语中，从意义上亦可视为复数)
None of…接单、复谓
例：Neither of them is(或are)right.
None of you is(或are)fit for the job.
4. as well as（以及）
(together)with(以及)B＋谓语”结构，谓语取决于A。
“A along with(以及)
but(除去)
rather than
例: as well as
The trainer along with two gymnasts is in the gym.
(together) with
教练和两个体操运动员在体操房里。
All but Li Dong have passed the test. 除了李东所有人都通过了考试。
Nobody but Li Dong and Wang Hong has passed the test.
除了李东和王宏没有什么人通过那场考试。
5. 表示钱数、时间、长度、数学等概念名词其后通常用单数谓语。
例：200 yuan / 500 dollars / 20 minutes is not enough for us.
makes 15.
10 and 5 10加5等于15.
is
makes 5.
10 minus 5 10减5等于5.
is
（以上两数词例，现代英语认为make,are也对。）
20 kilometres is too much for them. 20公里是他们吃不消的。
6. There be 结构中be的形式取决于靠近be的名词，若是单数名词，则be为is/was;
若是复数名词，则be为are/were（即第1条中的“就近原则”）。
例如：There is a desk,two chairs and three sofas in the room.
There are three sofas,two chairs and a desk in the room.
7. a group of…，a team of…后跟复谓、单谓皆可，跟复谓的理由是不止一个人，跟单谓的理由是将许多人视为“一组”、“一队”这样的一个单位体。
例如：A group/team of students are /is cleaning the street.
8. 象school ,class,family,team,group government等这类群体名词，其后谓语可能是单数形式，也可能是复数形式。通常视其为一个整体单位时，用单数谓语；视其为群体成员时，则用复数谓语。
例如：The class are having a meeting. 这个班学生在开会。
The class is not very big. 这个班不是大班。
The family enjoy singing and dancing. 这家人喜欢唱歌跳舞。
The family has only three persons.这家只有三口人。
9. 象police,clothes,trousers这类复数概念名词，其后总是跟复数谓语。the wounded
（伤员）后总是跟复数谓语。
10. 象clothing,news,information,advice这类不可数名词后应跟单数谓语，但它们前面有可数性短语修饰时，也可跟复数谓语。
例如：The clothing is very nice.The news is interesting.
Five articles of clothing are over there.
Three pieces of news were announced on TV.
11.百分数of＋复名＋复谓，百分数of＋单名／不可数名词＋单谓
例：40 percent of the students are girls.
80 percent of the work/the book has been finished.
分数后的谓语形式同百分数。
12. who/why/how/whether/if/than引导的名词从句＋单谓
例：How he got there is unknown./Why she did it remains a puzzle./It’s lucky that he is still alive.
13. A (large)number of＋复名＋复谓。
例：A number of books are over there.
A large amount of＋不可数名词＋单谓。
例：A large amount of money has been spent.
The number of＋复名＋单谓。
例：The number of the students in our school is 2000.
主谓一致考点分析
1．_____either he or I to leave for America?
A. Is B.Am C.Are D.Will
析：由or,either…or, nor, neither…or, whether…or, not…but, not only…but also等连接的并列主语，其谓语动词的单复数要根据“就近原则”处理，因为空白处与he最近，故要选A。
2. No one has finished his homework,________?
A.have they B.haven’t they C.has he D.hasn’t he
析：由No one可知空白处应选肯定式，故可排除B,D。又因为句子表述的意思是“没
有一个人完成作业”，从人数上看是很多人没完成作业，故排除C项，而选A。
3. There comes the bus,_______?
A.doesn’t there B.doesn’t it C.does it D.are there
析：这是一个倒装句，主语是bus，谓语是comes, 所以答案应选B。
4. He is a teacher but his wife is a doctor,_______?
A.isn’t she B.isn’t it C.aren’t they D.isn’t he
析：此题问句前部分含but，重点是强调his wife is a doctor,故问句部分取决于此部分，因此，该题答案为A。
5. They don’t think money is everything,_______?
A.is it B.isn’t it C.will they D.do they
析：如果是“I/ We(don’t)think＋宾从”则反意问句主语和谓语取决于宾语从句，但此句主句的主语不是I或we，而是They,这时反意问句部分的主语和谓语要取决 于主句的主、谓语，所以此题答案应选D。
6. Each soldier and sailor_____given a rifle when the ship landed.
A.were B.was C.are D.is
析：根据when the ship landed,可知应排除C,D.又因“each/every A and(each/every)B”结构的主语后面应跟单数谓语，所以答案为B。
7.More than one person_____involved(卷入)in th case.
A.is B.are C.has D.have
析：要表达“被卷入”，只能在A,B之中选一个，因more than one后应跟单名，单
谓，所以答案为A。
8.He is the only one of our customers who____this kind of article.
A.like B.likes C.are fond of D.loved
析：从时态考虑可排除D。因“the/the only…of＋复名”后的定语从句谓语应该
用单数形式，所以答案应是B。但此题若将the only 去掉，则答案为A。
情态动词、主谓一致专练
1. The possibe____often proved impossible.
A. have B.has C.are D.will
2.Neither you nor I am mad,____?
A.are you B.aren’t I C.am I D.are we
3.You don’t think I am wrong,____?
A.don’t you B.do you C.aren’t D.am I
4.It was Lin Song who broke the rules of the school,____?
A.wasn’t it B.didn’t he C.was it D.did he
5.Bruce must have been in China for a long time,_____?
A.hasn’t he B.mustn’t he C.Isn’t he D.wasn’t he
6.What the teacher has said is true,____?
A.has he B.hasn’t he C.is it D.isn’t it
7.It must have snowed last night,____?
A.isn’t it B.haven’t he C.mustn’t it D.didn’t it
8.It’s the first time that Xiao Qing has been to Tianjin,_____?
A.has she B.is it C.hasn’t she D.isn’t it
9. The trousers_____fit for him.
A.is B.are C.must D.do
10.He rather than Li Ying and Wang Ping____praised by the teacher.
A.are B.is C.were D.was
11.Where is my pen?I_____it. (NMET)
A.should have lost B.must have lost C.would have lost D.might lose
12.A computer____think for itself ; it must be told what to do.(NMET)
A.can’t B.couldn’t C.may not D.might not
13.We_____last night ,but we went to the concert instead. (NMET)
A.must have studied B.might study
C.should have studied D.would study
14.I didn’t hear the phone ,I_____asleep. (NMET)
A.must be B.must have been C.should be D.should have been
15.Be sure to write to us,_____? (NMET)
A.will you B.aren’t you C.can you D.mustn’t you
16.I didn’t see her in the meeting-room this morning.She____at the meeting.
(上海)
A.mustn’t have spoken B.shoudn’t have spoken
C.needn’t have spoken D.couldn’t have spoken
17.There is plenty of time.She____. (NMET)
A.must have hurried B.needn’t have hurried
C.must not hurry D.couldn’t have hurried
18.You don’t______to go there if you have no time.(上海)
A.need B.want C.must D.ought
19.Sir,you_____be sitting in this waiting-room.It is for women and children
only.(上海)
A.oughtn’t to B.can’t C.won’t D.don’t
20.Tom ought not to_____me your secret ,but he meant no harm. (NMET)
A.have told B.tell C.be telling D.having told
21.It’s nearly seven o’clock.Jack_____be here at any moment.(NMET)
A.must B.need C.should D.can
22.Your coat is dirty,_____it for you?
A.Am I washing B.Will I wash C.Am I going to wash D.Shall I wash
23.No one _____that to his face.
A.dare say B.dare to say C.dares saying D.dares said
24.There used to be a church in the east of the town,_____?
A.didn’t there B.usen’t to there C.used there D.usedn’t to there
25._____you be happy!
A.Can B.May C.Must D.Would
26.Put on more clothes . You_____be feeling cold with only a shirt on.
A.would B.can C.could D.must
27.－Why didn’t you answer when I called you?
－I_____but you didn’t hear me.
A.had to B.couldn’t C.didn’t answer D.did
28.I_____that time is more valuable than money.
A.hardly need say B.need hardly say
C.need hardly to say D.hardly need to say
29.I____like to become a pianist some day.
A.will B.may C.would D.shall
30 He_____there now,but I am not sure.
A.maybe B.may be C.may have been D.might have been
31.－I didn’t see him yesterday.
－Oh,but you______.
A.ought to B.should have C.can’t have D.may have
32.－Where were you this morning?I tried to call you.
－I _____ to the library for a while.
A.tried to go B.should go C.must go D.had to go
33.The flower is dead.I_____it more water.
A.will give B.must give C.should have given D.would have given
34.－Does Tom want to go to the film?
－Yes,but he says_____tonight.
A.he’d not rather go B.he’ll rather not go
C.he won’t rather go D.he’d rather not go
35.－Did you walk home by yourself last night?
－Yes ,I did. But I guess I_____.
A.shouldn’t B.needn’t C.may not have D.needn’t have
36.－Do you speak Japanese?
－No,I don’t , but I_____speak Chinese.
A.ought B.have to C.do D.must
37.If you_____quiet ,I’ll tell you what happned
A.be B.will be C.are D.are to be
38.－Look ,it_____be Li Ping.
－No,it____be him.He’s gone abroad.
A.may;mustn’t B.must;may C.must;can’t D.can;may not
39.Professor Wang,many students want to see you. _____they wait here or outside?
A.Do B.Are C.Will D.Shall
40.I can’t find Mr Wang anywhere in the office building.Where____he have gone?
A.may B.can C.must D.Should
41.Wherever you____,there’s no place like home.
A.can go B.must go C.might go D.may go
42.－Don’t forget to post the letter for me.
－I _____.
A.won’t B.will C.don’t D.can’t
43.－Must I take a taxi?
－No,you_____.You can walk from here.
A.don’t B.must not C.don’t have to D.had better not to
44.The bus _____start;I don’t know what to do with it.
A.can’t B.won’t C.shan’t D.may not
45.The car broke down on the way ,but we_____get out of the desert at last.
A.might B.would C.were able to D.could
46.The rest of the lecture_____interesting.
A.is B.are D.maybe D.sound
47.One and a half bananas____eaten by the little boy.
A.were B.was C.have been D.was to
48.The cattle_____still grazing in the fields.
A.was B.keeps C.were D.won’t
49.What caused the accident and who was responsible for it_____a mystery(谜)to
us.
A.remains B.remain C.is D.look like
50.All _____not gold that glitters.
A.is B.are C.was D.were
情态动词、主谓一致答案
1－5 B D B A A 6－10 D D D B D 11－15 B B C B A
16－20 D C A A A 21－25 C D A A B 26－30 D D D C B
31－35 B D C D D 36－40 C B C D B 41－45 D A C B C
46－50 A A C B A
责任编辑：李芳芳
第十三章 主谓一致
主谓一致是指一个句子的主语和谓语动词保持人称与数的一致关系。有些句子不易直接看出主语的单复数，需仔细推敲。处理主谓一致要注意语法一致，意义上一致和就近一致。
高考重点要求：
1. 根据主谓一致的三个原则(语法一致,意义一致，就近一致), 判断和确定句子的主语和谓语在人称和数上保持一致
2. 掌握固定词组作主语,谓语动词的数与主语保持一致
第一节 知识点概述
一、语法上的一致
一个句子的主语是单数时，谓语动词也应是单数形式，主语是复数，谓语动词也用复数形式。例如：
Learning English is very important.
学习英语是很重要的。
The girl together with her two sisters has left for Nanjing.
Both Bob and Tom are my friends.
但如果并列的主语指的是同一个人，同一类物，谓语动词要用单数形式。
例如：A singer and dancer is going to attend our meeting.
由and连接的并列单数主语前，如果分别有each, every等修饰时，谓语要用单数。
例如：Every boy and every girl was given a present.
Each word and each phrase in the dictionary is important.
二、意义上的一致
主语形式是单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词根据意义要用复数；反之主语形式为复数，但意义为单数，谓语动词也用单数。如表示一笔钱，一段时间，一定重量时，这些单位虽是复数形式，但谓语动词是单数形式。
例如：It seems to me that five years is so short a time.
Two hundred dollars was spent on the books.
有些集体名词，如family, group, class等作主语时，作为整体看待，谓语动词要用单数，就其中一个个成员而言，谓语要用复数。
例如：My family is a happy one.
My family are watching TV.
三、就近一致
出现几个主语时，谓语动词的人称单复数须和最近的主语保持一致。There be, Here be句型中动词的单复数必须与后置的第一个主语保持一致。当be后面的主语有两个或两个以上的并列成分时，be动词往往与最邻近的一个一致。
例如：There is an orange, two apples and many bananas on the table.
There are two books and a dictionary on the desk.
两个做主语的名词或代词由either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also等连接时，谓语动词用靠近原则。
例如：Neither you nor I am right.
Not only the students but also the teacher is going to attend the meeting.
但如果用as well as连接两个主语用靠前原则
例如：Mary as well as you is my friend.
第二节 实战演练
一、复习时需注意的要点
1、集体名词看作整体时，谓语动词用单数，看作各个成员时，谓语用复数。
例如：His family isn’t large.
His family are all fond of music.
2、些名词如news, maths, physics等虽然有词尾“s”但意义上是单数，谓语动词要用单数。
例如：The news is wonderful.
Physics is an interesting subject.
3、由数词+表示重量、里程、时间、金钱等名词所构成的复数名词主语，是当作一个整体看待的，后面用单数动词。
例如：Five minutes is too short.
Ten dollars is enough.
4、主语后面跟有介词with或together with 引导的短语时，谓语动词一般与前面的主语的人称和数一致。
例如：The teacher together with ten students is doing an experiment in the lab.
5、主语前有every或each修饰时，无论有几个主语，谓语动词用单数。
例如：Every teacher and every student in our school has been to the Century Park.
二、历届高考试题分析
例1、He is the only one of the students who _______a winner of scholarship for three years.
A. is B. are C. have been D. has been
答案为D。
【解析】 这是一个定语从句。在one前是否有定冠词决定定语从句中的谓语动词的单复数形式：one of the students中的先行词是the students，定语从句中的谓语动词要用复数形式。the only one of the students中的先行词是the only one，定语从句中的谓语动词要用单数形式。又因“for three years”是完成时的标志。
例2、Professor Smith, along with his assistants, ____ on the project day and night to meet the deadline.
A. work B. working C. is working D. are working
答案：C
【解析】 Professor Smith决定谓语动词的数；his assistants和谓语动词的数无关。
例3、Not only ______interested in football but ______beginning to show an interest in it.
A. the teacher himself is … all his students are
B. the teacher himself is …are all his students
C. is the teacher himself …are all his students
D. is the teacher himself …all his students are
答案为D.
【解析】 not only …but (also )连结两个句子，用部分倒装。
例4、----“Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, _____ to go to university.”
----“So do I.”
A. hope B. hopes C. hoping D. hoped
答案为B。
【解析】 “each of +名词复数”谓语用单数。
例5、E-mail, as well as telephone, ______ an important part in daily communication.
A. is playing B. have played C. are playing D. hoped
答案为A。
【解析】 本题考察主谓一致，当主语后面跟有as well as短语时，其后的谓语动词不受as well as之后的名词影响，仍然和主语在人称和数上保持一致。
例6、Books of this kind ______ well.
A. sell B. sells C. are sold D. is sold
答案为A。
【解析】 “kind(s) of + 名词”作主语时，谓语动词的数依kind 单复数而定；“复数名词 + of this/that kind ”作主语时，谓语动词的数依of 前面的名词而定。本题中sell 用作不及物动词表示“销售”。
例7、Every possible means ______ to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear.
A. is used B. are used C. has been used D. have been used
答案为C。
【解析】 mean单数复数一个形式。在本题中代表单数。
例8、When and where to go for the on-salary holiday ______ yet.
A. are not decided B. have not been decided
C. is not being decided D. has not been decided
答案为D。
【解析】 不定式作主语，谓语动词用单数。
例9、The number of people invited ______ fifty, but a number of them _____ absent for different
reasons.
A. were, was B. was, was C. was, were D. were, were
答案为C。
【解析】 “the number of” 表示“……的数量”，谓语用单数；“a number of”表示“许多”，谓语用复数。
例10、______ of the land in that district ______ covered with trees and grass.
A. Two fifth…is B. Two fifth…are C. Two fifths…is D. Two fifths…are
答案为C。
【解析】 考察数词和主谓一致。分数词在句中作主语时，谓语动词必须跟分数词所修饰的名词保持数的一致。
第三节 巩固练习
Direction: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer that completes the sentence.
1. His “Selected Poems” ______ first published in 1965.
A. were B. was C. has been D. were
2. All but one ______ here just now.
A. is B. was C. has been D. were
3. Seventy percent of the students here ______ from the country side.
A. is B. are C. comes D. has come
4. More than 60 percent of world’s radio programmes ______ in English.
A. is B. was C. are D. be
5. The whole class ______ the teacher attentively.
A. are listening to B. is listening to C. are listening D. is listening
6. The United States of America ______ one of the most developed countries in the world.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
7. The air in big cities ______ very dirty by factories.
A. are often made B. is often made C. have often made D. has often made
8. A large number of students of this school _______ fond of playing football.
A. are B. was C. is D. be
9. Mary as well as her sisters ______ Chinese in China.
A. are studying B. have studied C. studies D. study
10. I, who ______ your teacher, will try my best to help you with your lessons.
A. be B. am C. are D. is
11. Ten dollars ______a big sum for a small child , and they will go a long way .
A. are B. being C. have D. is
12. The rich ______ not always happy.
A. are B. is C. has D. have
13. Apples of this kind _______.
A. tastes good B. tastes well C. taste good D. taste well
14. The Olympic Games _______ held every _______ years.
A. is…four B. are…four C. is…five D. are…five
15. No one but her parents ______ it.
A. know B. knows C. is knowing d. are knowing
16. ______ a good enough price for this book.
A. Two yuans are B. Two yuan are C. Two yuans is D. Two yuan is
17. No bird and no beast _______ in the lonely island.
A. are seen B. is seen C. see D. sees
18. The news of victories ______ spreading far and wide.
A. is B. are C. have been D. were
19.Few of his family ______ with his imaginative ideas.
A. agree B. agrees C. are agreed D. is agreed
20. The paper for books and newspapers _____ made of wood.
A. are B. is C. has D. have
21. Neither your mother nor you ______ at home.
A. am B. is C. are D. be
22. It is she who _______ wrong.
A. is B. am C. are D. has been
23. ________ well looked after in that hospital.
A. Wounded are B. Wounded is C. The wounded are D. The wounded is
24. Twenty of us are old. The rest _______ young.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
25. The Smiths ______ to move into the new building.
A. are B. is C. has D. will
26. It is said the police _______ trying their best to catch the murderer.
A. have B. has C. is D. are
27. Here ______ a new pair of shoes for you.
A. is B. are c. have D. has
28. The best ______ still unknown.
A. is B. are C. be D. were
29. We each _______ to pass the entrance examinations.
A. hopes B. hope C. hoping D. is hoping
30. Bread and butter ______ a kind of food.
A. is B. are C. am D. be
31. The watch and chain ______ of gold.
A. is made B. are made C. were made D. am made
32. Half the eggs ______ bad.
A. is B. are C. am D. be
33. ______ this pair of glasses ______ her well?
A. Is…fit B. Do…fit C. Does…fit D. Are…fit
34. About eighty percent of the students in his class ______ below sixteen.
A. is B. are C. am D. be
35. There ______ a map of the world and some pictures on the wall.
A. is B. are C. am D. be
36. A large quantity of water pipes ______ needed.
A. are B. is C. has D. have
37. Large quantities of paper ______ wasted.
A. are B. is C. has D. have
38. How and why he ______ come to Princeton, New Jersey ______ a story of struggle, success and sadness.
A. had…was B. had… are C. had… has d. had… have
39. Not only I but also Jessie and Mary _____ tired of having one examination after another.
A. is B. are C. am d. be
40.My driving licence , rather than my credit cards, ______lost .,
A. have B. are C. is D. has
41. Nobody but Jane and Mary ______ secret.
A. know B. knows C. have known D. is known
42. A great deal of ______ was done to crops.
A. damages B. damaging C. damage D. ruin
43. -Do you want the pants?
-My pants ______ laid in bed.
A. is B. was C. are D. being
44. I told him what I was surprised ______ his attitude towards his study.
A. is B. was C. at is D. at was
45. I have finished a large part of the book; the rest _______ more difficult.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
46. They each ______ a new dictionary.
A. has B. have C. is D. are
47.The pilot as well as four of the passengers ______death .
A. has escaped B. have escaped C. has been escaped D. have been escaped
48. Every hour and every minute ______ important.
A. are B. were C. is D. will
49. Nobody except Bill and Johnny ______entered the second round of the interview.
A. have B. has C. have been D. has been
50. He is one of the old scientists who ______nothing about his personal income and fame .
A. cares B. care C. is caring D. are caring
责任编辑：李芳芳
主谓一致专项复习
【学习指南】
从广义上讲，一致关系牵涉到名词和代词之间、主语和谓语之间、主语和表语之间、主句谓语动词的时态和从句谓语动词时态之间等众多的一致关系，但本章只着重论述主语和谓语在人称和数的一致关系。
本章的学习重点是主谓一致的三个原则，即语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。然而，在语言实践过程中往往还会出现较为复杂的情况，如有些句子的主语不能从词的形式上看出是单数还是复数，有时还会出现一些习惯用法，这就要求我们在学习过程中要记住：规则一定要遵循，例外一定要注意，惯用法一定要重视。本章难点是集合名词作主语以及形复意单的名词作主语时的主谓一致，另外并列主语的主谓一致因其例外较多，也是我们在学习过程中值得关注的焦点之一。
一、语法一致的原则
语法一致是指主语为单数形式，谓语也用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语也用复数形式。
1、动词不定式或动词–ing形式作主语
动词不定式或动词–ing形式作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
To see is to believe.
眼见为实。
Asking costs nothing.
多问不吃亏。
2、从句作主语
名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。
That they will win is certain.
他们一定会赢是确信无疑的。
When they could finish the task is not known yet.
他们何时能完成任务还未知。
Whoever wants to join in the competition is asked to sign his / her name here.
要参加比赛的人请在这里签名。
【小贴士】
但what / whoever / which引导的主语从句充当主语时，有时要看what / whoever / which所指代的词的意义来决定谓语动词的数。
What he said is true.他所说的是真的。
What we need are more volunteers. 我们所需要的是更多的志愿者。
3、“more than one 或many a + 单数名词”作主语
“more than one / many a +单数名词”作主语时，尽管其意义复数，但谓语动词还是用单数形式。但“more than + 复数名词”或“more + 复数名词 + than one”作主语时，谓语动词要用复数。
More than one student has read Rowling’s Harry Porter.
许多学生看过罗琳的《哈利波特》。
Many a student has seen the film Titanic twice.
许多学生看了电影《铁达尼号》两次。
More than two hundred people have turned out at the meeting.
两百多人退出了会场。
More students than one are against the decision.
不止一个学生反对这个决定。
【小帖士】
“one or two +复数名词”作主语，谓语动词用复数，但“a / one + 单数名词+ or two”作主语，谓语动词单数、复数均可。
One or two days are enough for me to finish the work.
一两天的时间就足够我去完成这工作。
Only a / one word or two is / are needed here.
这里只需要一两个字。
4、用and连接的主语
由and连接的两个或两个以上的单数名词或不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。但如表示单一的概念时，谓语动词则用单数形式（见本章第二节“意义一致的原则”）。
Rice and wheat are grown in China.
中国种植小米和小麦。
Both his father and his mother are advanced workers.
他的爸爸和妈妈都是先进工作者。
5、用with, as well as等词连接的主语
“名词+ together with/as well as + 名词”结构作主语时，不能看作是并列主语，together with或as well as之后的名词是主语的附加成分，句子的谓语动词不受附加成分中名词单复数的影响，仍和第一个名词的数保持一致。
Our monitor as well as some of our classmates has been to the USA.
我们的班长和几位同学已去过美国了。
The bat together with the balls was stolen.
球拍和球都被偷走了。
【百宝箱】
英语中有很多属于“A + as well as + B”这种结构，谓语动词应与主语A 保持一致。
A together with B A和B A rather than B A而不是B
A along with B A与B A except/but B A除了B
A including B A包括B A like/unlike B A像/不像B那样
A in addition to B A加上B A no less than B A如B一样
6、关系代词作主语
定语从句中关系代词who, that, which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数与先行词的数一致。
AIDS is a disease that breaks down the body immune system and leaves a person defenseless against infections and illnesses.
艾滋病是一种破坏人体免疫系统，使人处于失去抗感染、抗疾病状态的病症。
Those who have finished the work can go home first.
那些已完成工作的人可以先回家。
I, who am your teacher, will do my best to help you.
我是你的老师，我会全力帮助你的。
【点津坊】
若先行词为“one of + 复数名词”时，从句中的谓语动词用复数；若先行词为“the only one of + 复数名词”时，从句中的谓语动词用单数。
He was one of the students who were given a prize. 他是那些获奖的学生之一。
I was the only one in my office who was invited. 我是办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。
7、由两部分构成的物体名词作主语
由两部分组成的表示衣物或工具的名词做主语时，谓语通常用复数，此类名词有：glasses（眼镜），spectacles(眼镜)，shoes（鞋子），boots（靴子），sneakers（轻便运动鞋）；trousers / pants（裤子），compasses（指南针），chopsticks（筷子），scissors（剪刀），socks（短袜）,stockings（长袜），clothes（衣服）等。但这类词如用a pair of修饰时，谓语动词用单数。
My glasses were broken while playing football yesterday.
昨天踢足球时我的眼镜被打烂了。
A pair of shoes is lying under the bed.
床底下有一双鞋。
Chopsticks were first introduced to Japan in the 3rd century A.D. and thus ended the practice of taking food directly by hand.
公元三世纪，筷子传到了日本，并从此结束了人们直接用手拿食物的做法。
【小帖士】
当a pair (of)表示“两个人”时，其谓语动词通常用复数；当表示“一对夫妇”时，谓语用单复数都行。
A pair of students are practising speaking English there. 两个学生正在那里练习讲英语。
The happy pair is/are going to Europe for their honeymoon. 这对快乐的新婚夫妇打算去欧洲度蜜月。
8、this kind / sort of +名词作主语
表示一个种类的“kind of + 名词”后面常用单数谓语动词，而“复数名词+ of this kind”后面的谓语动词常用复数。
This kind / sort of question is very difficult. 这种问题很难。
Questions of this kind / sort are very difficult. 这种问题很难。
9、amount和quantity结构作主语
“a large amount of + 不可数名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；“large amounts of +不可数名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。类似的结构还有“a large quantity of +可数/不可数名词”结构（谓语用单数）以及“large quantities of +可数/不可数名词”结构（谓语用复数）。
A large amount of damage was done in a short time.
在短时间内就造成了巨大的损失。
Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.
这座桥花了一大笔钱。
A large quantity of pure water is needed there.
那里需要大量的纯净水。
Large quantities of water are needed for cooling purposes.
需要大量的水来降温。
10、名词所有格作主语
指商店、工场、住宅等的名词所有格作主语时，后面往往省略了shop / home等名词，如the baker’s（面包店），the barber’s（理发店），the doctor’s（诊所），the Zhang’s（张先生家）等，谓语动词一般用单数。但表示店铺名称的名词所有格，如？？？？？等，谓语动词往往用复数。
My uncle’s is not far from here.
我叔叔家离这里不远。
The baker’s was destroyed in a big fire last year.
那家面包店在去年一场大火中被烧毁了。
McDonald’s have a lot of delicious food to sell.
麦当劳有许多好吃的食物出售。
【试题播报】
E-mail, as well as telephones, _______ an important part in daily communication.
A. is playing B. have played C. are playing D. play
【分析】该题目考查主语加附加成分时与谓语的一致原则。主语为单数时，后面附加成分的单复数不影响谓语动词的单复数。选项B、C、D都是复数形式，故答案为A。
二、意义一致的原则
句子的谓语动词和主语的数的一致是根据该主语的意义，而不是根据语法形式决定的。当主语形式为单数，但意义为复数时，谓语动词要用复数形式；但主语形式为复数，而意义却为单数时，谓语动词用单数形式。
1、无标记复数名词作主语
people（人们）, cattle（牛群），poultry（家禽）, police（警察），youth（青年）是无标记复数名词，即没有复数标记但用作复数的名词，其谓语动词总是用复数形式。
The police were sent to the spot to keep order immediately.
警察立即被派往现场维持秩序。
Cattle are one cause of the problem.
养牛是这个问题的一个原因。
2、单复数同形的名词作主语
英语中一些单复数同形的名词作主语时，应根据其表达的意义来决定谓语动词的单复数，常见的这类名词有sheep（绵羊），deer（鹿），fish（鱼），means（方法），works（工厂），species（种类），Chinese（中国人），Japanese（日本人）；Swiss（瑞士人）；crossroads（十字路口）；series（系列）等。
The chemical works was set up in 1980.
这家化工厂于1980年建的。
These glass works are far from the city center.
这些玻璃厂离市中心很远。
Every possible means has been used to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear.
为了防止污染，每一种方法都试过了，但天空仍然不清晰。
All possible means have been tried to keep animals and plants from becoming endangered.
为了使动植物的生命不受到威胁，所有的方法都试过了。
This species has been completely destroyed for different reasons.
由于不同的原因，这个物种已经被彻底破坏了。
Since so many species have been destroyed, we have to protect the ones that are still with us.
既然那么多的物种已被破坏，我们就得保护那些仍然与我们同在的物种。
3、集体名词作主语
团体性的集体名词表示整体时，其谓语动词用单数形式；但这些集体名词表示集体中若干个体时，谓语动词用复数形式。这类名词常见的有family（家庭），crowd（人群），class（班级），public（公众），enemy（敌人），audience（观众），government（政府），group（小组），committee（委员会），team（队），media（媒体），staff（全体职员），crew（全体人员）等。
The audience was deeply moved.
观众深受感动。（整体）
The audience were dressed in a variety of ways, some in suits and some in jeans.
观众衣着各不相同，有的穿套装，有的穿牛仔服。（个体）
A team which is full of enthusiasm is more likely to win.
情绪高昂的球队比较可能获胜。（整体）
The team are practicing hard on the playground.
队员们正在操场刻苦地训练。 （个体）
The media is not always reliable.
新闻媒体并不总是可信赖的。 （整体）
The media have made a bitter attack on the Health Minister.
各家媒体对卫生部长进行了严厉的攻击。 （个体）
【小帖士】
表示某一类东西的总称的集体名词，如clothing（衣服）, furniture（家具）, baggage/luggage（行李）, equipment（设备）等，没有复数形式，作主语时，其谓语动词用单数形式。
4、用and连接的表示单数概念的主语
有时，一些用and连接的主语表达的却是单数的概念，这时谓语动词也应用单数形式。
（1）用and连接的名词表示同一概念的结构作主语时
Bread and butter is nutritious for patients.
奶油面包对病人很有营养。（表示同一概念）
Both bread and butter are on sale here.
这里出售奶油和面包。（and连接两种食品）
A needle and thread was given to her, but she could not sew the button on.
针线给了她，但她不会把钮扣缝起来。（将针线作为一个整体）
Pen and ink is provided in the examination room.
考试室提供笔墨。（将笔墨视为一物）
【百宝箱】
常见的and连接的表示同一概念的短语：
bread and butter（奶油面包） a needle and thread（针线）
milk and water（掺水的牛奶） a knife and fork（一副刀叉）
fish and chips（炸鱼土豆片） a cup and saucer（一套杯盘）
meat and potatoes（肉炒土豆） a horse and cart（一匹马拉的车）
fruit and cream（加奶油的水果） a watch and chain（一只系表带的手表）
（2）“each/every/no + 单数名词+ and + each/every/no + 单数名词”作主语时
Every hour and every minute is precious.
每一小时，每一分钟，都很宝贵。
No man and no woman is not allowed to enter the hall.
每个人都不允许进入大厅。
（3）“A and B”结构指同一人或同一概念时
Our happiness and misery is due to our own actions.
幸福与否在于我们自己的作为。
Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.
早睡早起使人健康、富有和聪明。（指同一概念）
【巧辩栏】
有时冠词的使用可以帮助我们判断两个名词是同一还是并列。
The secretary and manager was speaking at the meeting.
那位书记兼经理在会上讲话。（只有一个冠词一般指同一个人）
The secretary and the manager spoke at the meeting.
书记和经理都在会上讲了话。（两个名词都有冠词是两个人）
5、“the + 形容词或过去分词”作主语
“the + 形容词或过去分词”表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数；如 “the + 形容词”指一个人或表示一种抽象概念或品质时，谓语动词用单数。
The wounded were saved by the villagers at last.
最后，伤员们被村民们救起。
The wounded in the accident was a policeman.
这次事故的受伤者是一名警察。
The beautiful is not always useful.
好看的并不总是有用的。
6、表学科的名词做主语
有些以s结尾表示学科名称的词，如physics（物理）, mathematics（数学）, economics（经济学）, politics（政治），mechanics(机械学，力学)等，作主语时谓语动词通常用单数形式。
Physics makes much use of mathematics.
物理学要大量运用数学。
Economics is her major.
她的主修课程是经济学。
7、表示时间、距离、金额、重量等复数形式作主语
表示距离、长度、价值、金额、重量等复数名词作主语时，如作为一个整体来看待的话，谓语动词通常用单数。
Four hours is enough time to spend repairing the machine.
四个小时足够用来修理那部机器。
Fifty dollars was a large sum for me at that time.
那时五十美金对我来说是一大笔钱。
Twenty kilometers is a quite long distance.
二十公里是一段相当长的距离。
8、分数或百分数作主语
分数、百分比作主语时谓语动词根据后面名词决定单复数。
More than 70 percent of the surface of the earth is covered with water.
地球百分之七十以上的表面被水覆盖着。
80 percent of the scientists invited to the conference are men.
被邀请参加大会的科学家百分之八十是男科学家。
One third of the work has been finished.
已完成了三分之一的工作。
One third of the students have not passed the end-of-term examination.
三分之一的学生没能通过期末考试。
9、国家、单位、书报名称作主语
国家、单位、书报名称作主语时谓语动词用单数。
The United States is leading the world in science and technology .
美国在世界科技方面领先。
General Motors sells about 15 percent of all cars and trucks in the world.
通用汽车公司汽车的销售总量占世界的百分之十五。
The New York Times is one of the most influential newspapers in the world.
《纽约时报》是世界上最具影响力的报纸之一。
10、名词性物主代词作主语
名词性物主代词作主语时，应根据上下文的意义决定谓语动词的单复数。
Your shoes are clean, while his (= his shoes) are dirty.
你的鞋是干净的，而他的却是脏的。
Ours (=our class) is a united class.
我们班是一个团结的班集体。
11、表示数量的词作主语
一些表示数量的词，如a lot of, half of, all of, none of 等，作主语时，谓语动词的数通常与of后面的名词保持一致。
A lot of workers are on a strike for better pay.
许多工人正在为得到更高报酬而罢工。
Lots of equipment is needed in the laboratory.
实验室需要许多设备。
None of the passengers were aware of the danger.
乘客中没有一个意识到危险的存在。
None of the money has been spent on repairs.
这笔钱没有花费在维修方面。
12、a number of与the number of作主语
“a number of ＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；“the number of＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
A number of new cars are being shown in the exhibition hall.
展厅里正在展出许多新车。
The number of the cars running on the streets is quite large.
马路上的车流量很大。
【试题播报】
The number of people invited ______ fifty, but a number of them ______ absent for different reasons.
A. were; was B. was; was C. was; were D. were; were
【分析】第一个句子的主语为the number，谓语动词应为单数；第二个句子的主语被由a number of修饰，谓语动词应为复数。故答案为C。
13、the rest of和the majority of结构作主语
the rest of和the majority of结构作主语时，谓语动词的数常与of后面的名词的数保持一致。
The rest of the books were returned to the library.
其余的书都归还给图书馆了。
The rest of the money was given to the villagers.
其余的钱都给了村民。
The majority of his classmates are from the countryside.
他同学大多数来自农村。
The majority of the damage is easy to repair.
这次的损害大部分容易补救。
14、such作主语
such作主语时根据其所指的内容决定谓语动词的单复数。
Such is our plan.
这就是我们的计划。
Such are his words.
这些就是他所说的话。
三、就近一致的原则
在一些结构或巨型中，谓语动词的人称和数须与邻近的主语保持一致。`
1、“there be”和“here be”结构
Here are my replies to your questions.
这些是我对你的问题的回答。
There is an apple, two bananas and some oranges on the plate.
盘子里有一个苹果，两条香蕉和一些橘子。
2、部分并列连词连接两个主语时
当either…or…；neither…nor…；not only…but also…；not…but…；or，nor等并列连词连接两个主语时，谓语动词的人称和数与邻近的主语保持一致。
Not only he but also his sisters have been to the Great Wall.
不仅他，还有他姐姐都去过长城。
Either he or you are to blame for it.
不是他就是你必须为此事负责。
Not you but I am responsible for the delay.
不是你而应是我对这次耽搁负责。
【试题播报】
Not only I but also Jane and Mary ________ tired of having one examination after another.
A. is B. are C. am D. be
【分析】本句考查not only…but also连接并列主语时的主谓一致。Not only…but also连接的并列主语应采用就近一致的原则，Jane and Mary充当主语用复数谓语动词，故选B。
3、倒装结构
当表示地点的介词词组位于句首时，一些表示“存在”之意的谓语动词，如be, lie, stand等，需和最靠近的主语保持一致。
Between the windows is a picture.
在两个窗户中间挂着一副画。
South of the lake stand two stone towers. 湖泊的南边有两座石塔。
【训练大本营】
一、选出正确选项：
1. Not only I but also Tom and Mary _________ fond of watching television.
A. am B. is C. are D. be
2. Twenty-five thousand dollars ________ the average income for a medium-sized family in the United States.
A. are B. is C. will be D. be
3. As a result of destroying the forests, a large _______ of desert _______ covered the land.
A. number … has B. quantity … has
C. number … have D. quantity … have
4. John is the only one of the staff members who ________ to be transferred.
A. is going B. are going C. have been going D. has been going
5. ---Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, _________ to go to university.
--- So do I.
A. hope B. hopes C. hoping D. hoped
6. Either you or the headmaster _________ the prizes to those gifted students at the meeting.
A. is handing out B. are to hand out C. are handing out D. is to hand out
7. The first two problems are very different, but the rest _________ easy.
A. is B. are C. was D. is being
8. Ten minutes ________ an hour when one is waiting for a phone call.
A. seemed B. to seem C. seem D. seems
9. The committee __________ among themselves for four hours.
A. has been arguing B. has been argued
C. have been arguing D. have been argued
10. All the employees except the manager ______ to work online at home.
A. encourages B. encourage C. is encouraged D. are encouraged
11. Every means ______ prevent the water from ________ .
A. are used to ; polluting B. get used to; polluting
C. is used to; polluted D. is used to; being polluted
12. The first use of atomic weapons was in 1945, and their power ______ increased enormously ever since.
A. is B. was C. has been D. had been
13. The number of deaths form heart disease will be reduced greatly if people _______ to eat more fruit and vegetables.
A. persuade B. will persuade C. be persuaded D. are persuaded
14. A library with five thousand books _______ to the nation as a gift.
A. is offered B. has offered C. are offered D. have offered
15. The first exercise should be done in class, the rest _______ at home.
A. is to be done B. are to do C. are to be done D. is to do
16. The news I referred to ___________ in today’s paper.
A. are B. be C. have D. is
17. Most of the work ________ by the time we got there.
A. was done B. have been done C. has been done D. had been done
18. All that I want to know ________ why your condition has not improved.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
19. The professor, _______ some of his assistants, _____ to attend our meeting this afternoon.
A. and; is B. as well as; is C. or; are D. except for; are
20. There ______ more than one answer to your question.
A. have been B. has been C. are D. is
21. which of the books do you think _______ best among the best-sellers?
A. sells B. is sold C. are written D. writes
22. Growing at the foot of the hill ______ wild flowers of different colors.
A. is B. are C. was D. have been
23. This kind of stories _______ instructive while stories of that kind _______ harmful to children.
A. is; seems B. are; seem C. is; seem D. are; seems
24. When and where to build a new factory _____ yet.
A. is not decided B. are not decided C. has not decided D. have not decided
25. ---Has everyone in your class passed the test?
---No, ________ only Tom and Philip who _______ passed it.
A. it was; had B. there is, have C. it is; have D. there were; had
二、改错
1. About one fifths of the workers in the chemical works is from the countryside.
A B C D
2. I wonder if the English-Chinese dictionary I referred to belong to him.
A B C D
3. All of the information in the newspaper are correct.
A B C D
4. It is said that our League secretary as well as some of our classmates are going to take
A B C D
the Band-4 examination.
5. Neither you, nor I, nor anyone else are willing to go out for a walk in the rain.
A B C D
6. Each of the passengers have his own room in the ship.
A B C D
7. Your trousers are dirty, you must have it washed at once.
A B C D
8. Every boy and every girl are asked to attend the lecture and make notes.
A B C D
参考答案：
一、选择正确答案
1. C 2. B 3. B 4. A 5. B 6. D 7. B 8. D 9. C 10. D
11. D 12. C 13. D 14. A 15. C 16. D 17. D 18. A 19. B 20. D
21. A 22. B 23. C 24. A 25 C
二、改错
1. D改为 are 2. D改为 belongs 3. D 改为 is 4. C 改为 is 5. C改为 is willing 6. C 改为 has 7. C改为 them 8. C改为 is
责任编辑：李芳芳
时态
英语动词的形式：
英语的时态是通过动词的变化来体现的。因此，了解动词的形式及其变化规律非常重要。英语的实义动词有以下五种形式：
(1) 动词原形：动词原形在句子中形式不变。主要用于主语为非第三人称单数的一般现在时，情态动词之后，或根据语法规定必须用动词原形的其他情况。
(2) 一般现在时第三人称单数形式（简称现单三）：主要用于主语为第三人称单数的一般现在时。
(3) 过去式：主要用于一般过去时。
(4) 现在分词：主要用于进行时态，或语法规定的其他情况。
(5) 过去分词：主要用于完成时态，或语法规定的其他情况。
这里提到的“语法规定的其他情况”以后会详细介绍。
下面把这些动词形式的构成说明一下。
动词一般现在时第三人称单数（现单三）的构成，见下表：
词尾变化（规律与名词变复数相同，读音也与名词复数相同） 举例
一般加-s help---________; read---_________
在ch, sh, s, x 或元音字母o后面加-es do--- __________, fix---__________,
pass---__________, push---___________, teach ---_____________
以辅音字母加y结尾的词，变y为i再加-es try--- _________, study ---_______________
动词过去式和过去分词，大多数是动词原形+ ed 构成，这是规则动词。规则动词的拼写和读音规则如下表：
词尾变化 举例
动词后面加-ed help---______ work---_______
Watch---____________
want--___________ need---__________
Turn---___________ play--_____________
以不发音的“e”结尾的词，加-d Love---__________Serve---__________
结尾是辅音字母+y时，y变i，再加-ed Study---_________ Try---____________
结尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，双写辅音字母再加-ed Stop---___________ Drop---____________
不规则动词的过去式和过去分词有其特殊变化形式，需要个别记忆.
现在分词一律由动词原形加-ing构成，规则如下表：
词尾变化 举例
一般加-ing Look--_________, try---______________
以不发音的e结尾的词，去掉e，再加-ing Write---___________, dance---___________
以一个辅音字母（x除外）词尾的重读闭音节词，先双写词尾的辅音字母，再加-ing Begin---___________, swim---____________,
Run---__________, sit---_____________
以-ie结尾的词，变ie为y，再加-ing Die---_____________, lie---__________
“时态”就是通过动词的形态变化，来表达动作发生的时间（现在、过去、将来、过去将来）及所处的状态（一般、进行、完成、完成进行）。
比如在“They are doing their exercises.”这个句子中，动词由原形do 变成are doing 的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于正在进行的状态当中，所以叫现在进行时；
在“They have done their exercises.”这句中，动词由原形do 变成have done的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于完成的状态，所以叫现在完成时；
在“They always do their exercises.”中，动词用原形do 的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并且是一般情况下永远如此，所以叫一般现在时。
在这三句话中，动词do 虽然用了不同的形态，其意义没有变化，而是事情发生的时间和状态变了。其余类推。
常用的时态有12个：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时。其他时态很少单独使用。
下面我们把各种时态的构成和用法做一个全面的介绍。
1、一般现在时
（1）构成：通常以动词原形表示。主语为第三人称单数时，用现单三形式。
动词be和do各人称的单数形式为：
第一人称单数 第二人称单数 第三人称单数
Do do do does
Be Am Are is
（2）用法：
1）一般现在时表示现状、性质、状态和经常的或习惯性的动作。
He ______(have) an uncle.
It _______(be) fine today.
You __________ (look) pale.
He ________ (be) good at music.
He ______________ (know) a lot of English.
这些动词可与often, usually, always, sometimes, every day, once a week, on Sundays, never 等表示经常性或习惯性的时间状语连用。例如：
Do you often go to the cinema? 你经常去看电影吗？
He always helps others. 他总是帮助别人。
Tom does not study as hard as Jane. 汤姆在学习方面不如简努力。
My father never takes a bus; he walks to his office.我父亲从来不坐公共汽车，他走着去上班。
2）一般现在时表示客观现实或普遍真理。
Japan ________ (lie) to the east of China.
The sun _________ (rise) in the east.
A horse _______(be) a useful animal.
Water ________(boil) at 100℃.
October 1st ___________(be) our National Day. 十月一日是我们的国庆节。
3）少数动词如go, come, leave, arrive, begin, start, be 等的一般现在时可以表示按规定、计划或安排预计要发生的事情。
The plane _____________ at six past five. 飞机将于六点零五分起飞。
Tomorrow ____________ Sunday. 明天是星期天。
Our summer vacation _______________ in early July. 我们的暑假七月初开始。
4）在时间和条件状语从句中, 用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
I’ll let you know as soon as I __________ from him. 我一接到他的信就告诉你。
He’ll go if it _________ fine tomorrow. 如果明天天气好，他就去。
I shall be away when he _____________. 等他到了我就不在了。
We shall not begin the discussion until he __________. 等他来了，我们再开始讨论。
5）在某些以here, there 开头的句子中用一般现在时表示现在发生的动作。
Here comes the bus. 汽车来了。
There goes the bell. 铃响了。
Here they come. 他们来了。
6）在进行体育比赛过程中解说员叙述迅速、短暂动作时，可用一般现在时表示正在进行的或刚刚发生的动作。例如：
Bater passes the ball to Yao Ming. Yao shoots？A fine shot! 巴特尔把球传给姚明，姚明投篮，好球！
7）在戏剧、电影等的剧本或图片的说明文字中，可用一般现在时表示动作。例如：
When the curtain rises, Juliet is sitting at her desk. The phone rings. She picks it up and listens quietly. 幕启，朱丽叶坐在桌旁。电话铃响，她拿起听筒，静静地听着。
2、现在进行时
（1）构成：由助动词be ＋ 现在分词构成。其中be有人称和数的变化，有三种形式：第一人称单数用am, 第三人称单数用is, 其他用are。
现在进行时的否定式是：直接在助动词be后面加上not；疑问式是：把助动词be提到主语之前。以study 为例：
否定式 疑问式
I am not studying Am I studying?
You are not studying, Are you studying?
He is not studying. Is he studying?
（2）用法：
1）现在进行时表示说话时正在发生或进行着的动作。例如：
I _______________ (write) a letter. 我正在写信。
They ________________(learn) English. 他们正在学习英语。
It ______________ (rain) now. 现在在下雨。
2）有些动词，如come, go, leave, return, arrive, begin, start等，它们的现在进行时可表示不远的将来要发生的事情。例如：
Flight 1095 ______________ soon. 第1095号航班马上要着陆了。
I know the end _________________. 我知道马上就要结束了。
Mary ______back from her visit to Shanghai. 玛丽很快就要从上海访问回来了。
3）现在进行时常与always, continually, constantly 等副词连用，表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作。这种用法常表示说话人的某种感情，如赞扬、遗憾、讨厌或不满等。例如：
比较下列句子：
He always asks questions. You always say that sort of thing.
He is always asking questions. You are always saying that sort of thing.
3、一般过去时
（1）构成：一般过去时通常由动词过去式表示。一般过去时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式要用助动词do 的过去式did, 同时注意实义动词要用原形。以study 为例，其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下：
否定式 疑问式
I did not (didn’t) study…. Did I study…?
You did not (didn’t) study…. Did you study…?
He did not (didn’t) study…. Did he study…?
（2）用法：一般过去时动词主要表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内发生的动作或情况，其中包括习惯性动作，通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。
The train _______________ (arrive) ten minutes ago. 火车十分钟前就到了。
What time_ you ___ (get) up yesterday morning? 昨天早晨你是什么时候起床的？
He always ________ (go) to work by bus. 他过去老乘车去上班。
4、现在完成时
（1）构成：现在完成时由助动词have + 过去分词构成，助动词have 有人称和数的变化。第三人称单数用has，其余用have.
现在完成时的否定式直接在助动词后面加上not、疑问式是把助动词提到主语之前。以study 为例，其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下：
否定式 疑问式
I have not (haven’t) studied…. Have I studied…?
You have not (haven’t) studied…. Have you studied…?
He has not (hasn’t) studied…. Has he studied…?
（2）用法：
1）现在完成时通常表示在说话之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态。说话人强调的是该动作或状态对现在的结果或影响。而一般过去时也表示动作已经完成，但强调的是过去发生了某一动作这样一个事实。有的同学觉得这种说法比较难以理解，因为任何过去的动作对现在都有影响，很难判断用一般过去时或现在完成时。事实上，这种说法没有把现在完成时与一般过去时的根本区别说清楚。如果没有说明动作发生的具体时间，则一般用现在完成时；如果说明了动作发生的具体时间，带有表示过去的时间状语，则用一般过去时。例如：
My daughter _____________ (go) out. 我女儿刚出去。
I’m sure we ______________ (meet) before. 我肯定我们以前见过面。
She _____________________(arrive). 她到了。
2）表示持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用，如today, these days, recently, lately, for…, since…, in the last/past two weeks/years/days/months, just 等。如：
I _______________(hear) from her these days. 这些日子我没有收到她的信。
We _____________________ (see) you recently. 最近我们没有见到你。
They __________________ (be away) for two years. 他们离开已经两年了。
She __________________________ (be with us) since Monday.
她从星期一就一直和我们在一起。
注意：
1）表示短暂意义的动词如open, go, come, die, arrive, leave, lose, fall等，在完成时当中不能和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用，因为它们表示的动作不可能持续。因此，不能说：
×He has come here for 2 weeks.
×The old man has died for 4 months.
×They have left only for 5 minutes.
以上三句话可以改为：
It’s two weeks since he came here. He has been here for 2 weeks.
It’s 4 months since the old man died.
They have been away only for 5 minutes
2）have (has) been 和have (has) gone的区别：表示“曾到过某地”要用 “have (has) been”; 表示“已经去某地”要用 “have (has) gone”。试比较：
他刚才到哪里去了？（已经回来了）
Where has he been?
Where has he gone?
他上哪儿去了？（人不在）
Where has he been?
Where has he gone?
They have been to Canada.
_______________________________________
They have gone to Canada.
_______________________________________.
3）现在完成时不能和明确指出时间的状语，如yesterday, last year, in 1976, two days ago, just now, when I came in 等连用， 但可以和不明确指出时间的状语，如already, yet, sometimes, always, often, before, lately, recently, once, twice, ever, never等连用。例如：
She has already come. 她已经来了。
I haven’t read it yet. 我还没读过这个。
I have met him before. 我从前曾见过他。
Ma Hong has always been a good student. 马红一直是个好学生。
I have often seen him in the street. 我经常在街上看见他。
They have never been to Yan’an. 他们从未去过延安。
I haven't seen him lately. 我近来没看到他。
5、现在完成进行时
（1）构成： have/has been + 动词的现在分词
（2）用法：
1）表示动作从过去开始一直延续到现在，可能刚刚终止，也可能仍然在进行。
I’ve been waiting for you since eight o’clock in the morning.
It has been raining for three hours.
What book have you been reading recently?
2）有些动词不能用于现在进行时，如be, have, like, love, know, see, hear等，这些词同样也不能用于现在完成进行时。如：
I haven’t seen you for ages. 我好久没见到你了。
I have loved her for a long time. 我一直爱她。
I have known him for a long time. 我认识他很久了。
3）现在完成时表示到现在为止已经完成的动作，强调结果；而现在完成进行时强调动作的持续性，强调“一直”，往往表示动作仍未结束。如：
我一直在读这本小说。（我仍然在读） ____________________________
我已读过两本小说。（可能刚读过，也可能很久以前读的）
____________________________________________
我一直都在写信。_____________________________
我已经写完三封信了。__________________________
6、过去进行时
（1）构成：由助动词be 的过去式 ＋ 现在分词构成。其中be有人称和数的变化，第一、第三人称单数用was，其他用were.
（2）用法：
1）过去进行时动词主要表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行或持续进行的动作。过去进行时经常与过去时配合使用。例如：
This time yesterday, we were having an English lesson.
The teacher was giving us a lesson when Tom walked into the room.
While we were having supper, all the lights went out.
7、过去完成时
（1）构成：一律用had + 过去分词构成。
（2）用法：
1）表示发生在过去某一时间或动作之前的事情，即“过去的过去”。用过去完成时，必须有一个过去的时间或动作来作参照，说明在此之前某事已发生。如果两个动作都是在过去发生的，先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的用一般过去时。例如：
She ______ (tell) me she __________(be) there three times before. 她告诉我她以前到过那里三次。
When we _________ (arrive), the football match ______________ (begin). 我们到的时候，足球赛已经开始了。
She ___________ (visit) China twice before she __________ (come) this year. 她今年来中国之前已访问过中国两次了。
8、一般将来时
一般将来时动词表示将来发生的动作或情况。主要有以下几种表现形式：
（1）shall/will + 动词原形
表示单纯的将来，不涉及主语的主观意愿。第一人称I, we用shall 或will，其余用will. 其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下：
否定式 疑问式
I shall/will not study…. Shall I study…?
You will not study…. Will you study…?
He will not study…. Will he study…?
否定疑问式 简单回答（肯定/否定）
Shall I not (shan’t i) study…? Yes, you will. No, you won’t.
Will you not (Won’t you) study…? Yes, I shall/will. No, I shan’t/won’t.
Will he not (Won’t he) study….? Yes, he will. No, he won’t.
例如：
I shall be twenty years old next year. 我明年二十岁。
The sky is black. I think it will rain. 天黑下来了。我想可能会下雨。
You will meet him at the station this afternoon. 你下午会在车站碰到他。
The train will arrive soon. 火车快要到了。
When shall we see you next time? 我们下次什么时候能看见你呢？
He probably won’t go with us. 他大概不能和我们一起去。
注意：
1）shall, will的缩写形式为’ll, 如I’ll, you’ll, he’ll 和she’ll等。
2）will 用于第一人称时，可以表示将来的意愿、决心、允诺、命令等；shall用于第二、三人称时，可以表示说话人的将来的意愿。例如：
I will give you a new pen for your birthday. 我将送你一支新钢笔作为生日礼物。（允诺）
I will take the college entrance examination. 我将参加大学入学考试。（决心）
Shall I open the window? 我打开窗户好吗？（征求允诺）
You shall have the book as soon as I get it. 我一拿到书就给你。（说话人的允诺）
The enemy shall not pass. 决不让敌人通过。（说话人的保证）
I will do my best to help you. 我愿意尽力帮助你。（意愿）
Nobody shall be late for the meeting. 任何人开会都不能迟到。（说话人的命令）
（2）be going + 动词不定式
1）这种结构表示主体现在打算在最近或将来要做某事。这种打算往往是事先考虑好的。例如：
My brother is going to learn English next year. 我哥哥准备明年学英语。
I am going to meet Tom at the station at six. 我六点钟要到火车站去接汤姆。
She is not going to be there. 她不会到那儿去的。
When are you going to finish your work? 你的工作什么时候做完？
He is going to stay a week. 他准备呆一星期。
We are going to call a meeting to discuss it. 我们准备开个会来讨论一下。
2）这种结构还可以表示说话人根据已有的迹象认为非常可能即将发生某事。例如：
Look at these black clouds？it is going to rain. 看这些乌云？要下雨了。
I think it is going to snow. 我看要下雪。
I am afraid I am going to have a bad cold. 恐怕我要得重感冒。
注意：
1）will 和be going to 都可以表示某种意愿。例如：
I won’t (am not going to) tell you my age. 我不（愿意）告诉你我的年龄。
be going to 和will在含义和用法上略有不同。Be going to往往表示事先经过考虑的打算；will多表示意愿，决心。有时不能互换。例如：
I have bought some bricks and I am going to build a kitchen with them.我买了些砖，我要用它们盖个厨房。（不能用will替换）
Can somebody help me? ？I will. 谁能帮我一些吗？―？我来。（不能用be going to替换）
2）be going to 可用于条件从句，表示单纯的将来；will则不能。例如：
If you are going to go to the cinema this evening, you’d better take your umbrella with you. 你若今晚去看电影，最好带着雨伞。
（3）be to + 动词原形，表示安排、命令或肯定将会发生的事情；在问句中表示征求意见。如：
You are not to smoke in this room. 你不许在这个房间里抽烟。
In future you are not to go out alone. 将来你不许一个人出去。
The worst is still to come. 最糟糕的还在后面呢。
Tomorrow is still to come. 明天过了还有明天。
（4）be about + 动词不定式。这种结构表示正要、即将发生的事情。例如：
Let’s go in. The class is about to begin. 咱们进去吧。马上开始上课了。
They are about to get married. 他们即将结婚。
My book is about to be published. 我的书即将出版。
一般将来时的关键是记住表示将来的几种句型及其用法。
练习：
用be going to 或will.填空：
1）What are you doing with that spade? ？I ___ (plant) some trees.
2）This is a terribly heavy box. ？I ___ (help) you carry it.
3) I’ve left my watch upstairs. ？I ___ (go) and get it for you.
4) Who will post this letter for me? ？I ____.
5) She has bought a length of cloth; she ____ (make) herself a dress.
二、关于动词时态的几点说明
1、一般不用进行时的动词，它们用一般现在时表示现在进行时
（1）表示心理状态的词：accept, agree, allow, believe, care, dislike, fear, forget, hate, know, like, love, mean, mind, need, prefer, realize, remember, respect, understand, want, wish等。还有 admit, decide, permit, promise, receive, refuse等。
I accept what you say. 我接受你说的话。
I don't agree to this proposal. 我不同意这个建议。
（2）感官动词和表示状态的动词一般不用进行时。系动词：如hear, look, notice, see, smell, sound, taste等词。表示状态的词：be, belong to, exist, have, remain, seem, stay等词。如：
I see him now; he’s talking to a girl.
The warships belong to the navy and the tanks belong to the army.
It sounds strange, but it is true.
2、时态的呼应
时态的呼应也叫时态的一致，是指在复合句中，某些从句（主要是宾语从句等名词性从句）的时态常受主句时态的影响，因而要注意主从句两部分的时态呼应。
（1）主句是现在时态或将来时时，从句可以用任何所需要的时态。
He says his father is/was/will be a teacher.
They will tell you that they are living/lived/will live/have lived in shanghai.
（2）主句是过去时态时，从句要在原来的时态的上加一个过去：
三、几个常用时态的比较
1、一般现在时与现在进行时
（1）一般现在时用以说明客观事实，或用于强调动作的永久性、经常或反复性。而现在进行时强调动作正在进行，因此它表示动作含有暂时性（即动作的持续时间是有限的）和未完成性。
The writer writes children’s stories. 那位作家是写儿童小说的。（说明客观事实）
The writer is now writing a story. 那位作家现在正在编写一个故事。
She is kind. 她很善良。（指她一贯心地善良）
She is being kind. 她现在显得很善良。（表示暂时性，平时她并不善良）
Tom types his own letters. 汤姆自己用打印机打信。（说明经常性）
Tom is typing his own letters today. 汤姆今天自己正在用打印机打信（表示暂时）
（2）有些动词，如：like, hate, believe, guess, know, mean, remember, hear, see, sound, seem等，不能用于进行时，即使表示说话时正在进行的动作也通常用一般现在时。如：
I know him. 我认识他。（不说：I am knowing him.）
Jenny likes this green coat.
某些动词既可用于一般现在时，又可用于现在进行时，但意义有所不同。试比较：
I feel (=think, believe) you are right/there’s something wrong. 我觉得（=认为、相信）你是对的/有点不对头。（这个意思不用进行时 ）
I’m feeling cold. 我觉得冷。
What are you thinking about? 你在想些什么。
What do you think of the idea? 你认为这个主意怎样？
某些表示身体感觉的词（如 hurt, ache, feel等），用一般现在时和现在进行时没有多大差别，只是进行时更生动、更有感情色彩。例如：
How do you feel today? (or: How are you feeling today?) 你今天的感觉怎样。
My head is aching. (or: My head aches.) 我头疼。
I feel cold.=I’m feeling cold. 我觉得冷。
（3）一般现在时说明事实，一般不带感情色彩；现在进行时与always, often, frequently等词连用时带有感情色彩。例如：
He always asks questions. 他总是提问题。（无感情色彩）
He is always asking questions. 他老爱提问题。（表示强烈的感情色彩）
Don’t be complaining all the time. 别老是抱怨个不停。
She’s always blaming others. 她总是在埋怨别人。
2、一般过去时与现在完成时
（1）一般过去时只是单纯说明过去的情况，和现在不发生联系，它可以确定的表示过去的时间状语连用。而现在完成时表示某一完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况，所以它不能和具体的表示过去的时间状语连用。如：
I have lost my pen. 我把钢笔丢了。（还没有找到）
She lost her pen yesterday. 她昨天把钢笔丢了。（现在找到与否，没有说明）
（2）有些时间状语，如 this morning, tonight, this month等，既可以用于一般过去时，也可以用于完成时，但所表达的意义有所不同。用于现在完成时表示包括“现在 ”而用于一般过去时则与“现在”无关。例如：
I have read this book this April. 我今年四月份看过这本书。（讲话时仍是四月）
I read this book this April. 我今年四月份看过这本书。（讲话时四月已过）
I have written two letters this morning. 今天上午我写了两封信。（讲话时仍是上午）
I wrote two letters this morning. 今天上午我写了两封信。（讲话时是下午或晚上）
3、一般过去时与过去进行时
一般过去时表示过去发生的事情，往往表示动作已结束；而过去进行时侧重动作正在进行、未完成。试比较：
Mary wrote a letter to her friend last night. （信写完了）
Mary was writing a letter to her friend last night. （信不一定写完）
I read a novel last night. 昨天晚上我看了一本小说。（指已经看完了）
I was reading a novel last night. 昨天晚上我在看小说。（指看了一些）
4、一般过去时和过去完成时
（1）一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，而过去完成时表示在过去某一动作发生在另一动作之前。试比较：
The class had already begun when I came to school. 我来到学校时，已经开始上课。
He had gone home before I got to his office. 我到他办公室以前，他已回家了。
（2）有after或before引导的时间状语从句的复合句中，由于从句动作和主句动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，所以可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时：
He called on me soon after he had returned. 他回来不久便拜访我。也可以说：He called on me soon after he returned.
The train had left before I got to the station. 我到车站时,火车已经开走了。也可以说：The train left before I got to the station。
（3）描述一连串的过去动作，无需用过去完成时，例如：
He stood up, took his bag, put on his hat, left the room and went away.
She looked around but saw nothing.
由于汉语与英语表达时态的方式不同，中国人在学习和应用英语时经常犯时态错误，尤其是在写信、写电子邮件、写记叙文时。常见的时态错误类型有：时态不对应；通篇须用几种时态时用一种时态；时态混用或串用（如在描写过去的经历时，有时用现在时）；不用进行时。我们如果在日常口头交际中犯点时态错误，这在所难免，也可以理解。但是，在正式场合，如正式写作中，就不能允许出现时态错误，因为这是英语语法的基础。我们学习时态的目的，主要在于应用。因此，在使用英语，尤其是在写作时，一定要有时态意识，长此以往就能养成正确使用时态的习惯。
责任编辑：李芳芳
被动语态
（一）简介
在英语中，语态是动词的一种形式，表示主语和谓语的关系。英语动词有两种语态，即主动语态和被动语态。
主动语态(active voice) 表示主语是动作的执行者；
被动语态（passive voice）表示主语是动作的承受者。
如：
Saddam is being tried（审判）. ______________
The Iraqi government is trying Saddam. ______________
More and more people use computers now. ________________
Computers are more and more widely used now. ________________
（二）英汉两种语言在表达被动方式上的差异
汉语表达被动语态非常简单明了，用“被”“遭”“受”等词来表示，如“被捕”、“被杀”、“受到凌辱”等。而英语表达被动的方式也不复杂，用“助动词be+动词的过去分词”表示。其中助动词be有人称、数量和时态的变化，而这正是英语被动语态的难点。
（三）被动语态的构成
被动语态由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。这里要强调一定是及物动词的过去分词，因为不及物动词不能带宾语，也就不可能有被动语态。英语主动语态有16个时态；被动语态常用的有8个，以give为例说明如下：
时态 动词形式
一般现在时 am/ is/ are given
一般过去时
一般将来时
现在进行时
过去进行时
过去将来时
现在完成时
过去完成时
被动语态的疑问句是将第一个助动词移到主语之前、句末用问号；
否定式是在第一个助动词后加not或never等其他否定词、句末用句号。
如：
“面试的时候，用英语问你问题了吗？
“During the interview, ________________________________________”
“没有，没有用英语问我问题。”
“No, __________________________________.””
那家餐馆正在装修(decorate)吗？
___________________________________________?
那家餐馆没有在装修。
___________________________________________.
实际上，那家餐馆从来没有装修过。
In fact ______________________________________.
（四）被动语态的用法
1、不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者。换个说法，有一件事情不知道是谁干的或者不想说出是谁干的，这时就用被动语态。
I felt a little nervous when I was being interviewed.
These fighters are imported from Russia.
That place has been turned into a swimming pool.
2、说话或发表意见时，为了显得客观公正，也常用被动语态
He’s said/believed/reported to be in the U. S. A. 据说/据信/据报道他在美国。
还有下列常用句型（that后面跟句子）：
据说 ________________________ 据报道 ___________________________
希望 ________________________ 人们相信 _________________________
据宣布 ______________________ 众所周知 _________________________
已经决定 ____________________ 人们认为 _________________________
有人建议 ____________________ 务必记住 _________________________
被视为当然 __________________
（五）主动句变被动句的注意事项
一、________________不能改变；
二、变为被动语态后，谓语动词要和________________ 在人称、数上保持一致。
还要作如下变动：
1. 把主动语态的_________变为被动语态的_____________；
2. 主动语态的主语放在介词 ________ 的后面，组成介词短语，再把这个介词短语放在被动语态的谓语动词之后。
3. 在动作的执行者无须说明或不必要强调时，by短语可以省略。
They will open a new supermarket there soon.
A new supermarket will be opened there soon.
The doctor gave two lectures in English.
Two lectures were given by the doctor in English.
Somebody has warned us to be careful of rats.
We have been warned to be careful of rats.
4. 如果主动语态有两个宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语），变为被动语态时，可将其中任何一个宾语变为主语，另一个不变。
The reporters asked the president some questions.
The president was asked some questions by the reporters.
Some questions were asked the president by the reporters.
（六）含有情态动词的被动语态
句中含有情态动词时，其被动语态的结构是：____________________
The timetable can be changed any time.
This book may not be taken out of the reading room.
This dictionary must be taken good care of.
（七）不能用于被动语态的动词
1、不及物动词不能用于被动语态，因为它们没有宾语。
2、表示状态而不是动作的及物动词，如 break out, belong to, cost, deserve, fit, have ( 有、使)，hold (盛下、装下)，lack, resemble, suit, take part in, take place, want, wish等动词不能变为被动语态。例如：
Everybody wanted Doris to be the manager.
We like everybody to say what they think.
Do you wish me to stay？
Will you help me (to) do the work?
The war broke out in 1937.
This car belongs to me.
He has a good job.
They have a large house.
I’ll have him come early.
Though I like the dress, it doesn’t fit me.
We lack manpower at the moment.
My computer cost me seven hundred and ninety dollars.
She resembles her father.
（八）关于被动语态的几点说明
1、make, see, watch, hear, notice, feel等使役动词和感官动词的宾语后面可以接不带to的不定式作宾补。但在被动语态中，不定式符号to必须补上。例如：
They made him go.
He was made______________.
I heard him say good-bye to his friends.
He was heard _______________________.
2、除助动词be外，动词get有时也可跟过去分词构成被动语态，是比较口语化的一种被动语态。这种结构中很少用by短语。例如:
I got lost in the huge market.
You might get killed/ hurt.
In the end this story got translated into English.
His car got damaged in a road accident.
3、在need, want, require后面，主动的-ing形式表达被动的意思：
My watch needs cleaning. (=…needs to be cleaned)
Your garden needs watering. (=_______________________)
Does your suit require pressing, sir?
(=_______________________)
The car wants servicing. (=_______________________)
（九）练习
1、将下列句子变成被动语态：[主要步骤是：把原句的宾语变成主语（代词宾格要变成主格）；把原句的谓语动词变成被动形式（注意：时态不变，新谓语动词与新主语要一致，疑问句要注意助动词的转换）。复合句中如有可能主句和从句都要变成被动语态。]
1）He gave me a present.
2）My sister made the soup.
3）The workers could not find the manager anywhere in the factory.
4）The army engineers and soldiers have built a bridge over the river.
5）The police will surely arrest the thieves.
6）My brother will repair my bike for me.
7）You must clean your watch once a year.
8）I didn’t tell you Xiao Wang could do the job.
9）I cannot find my dictionary. Someone has taken it.
10）She cannot find her bag. Someone must have taken it.
11）The pupils asked the teacher to tell a story.
12）The Association asked Mr. Green to make a speech.
13）The government is sending him abroad.
14）He told me to wait here for him.
15）Mr. Hopkins has found his wallet.
16）The workers themselves invented the new machine.
17）They set up this hospital in 1950.
18）Tom broke the window.
19）Did you write the letter?
20）They do not make this kind of watches in Beijing.
21）People call him Little Old Man.
22）John answered all the questions.
23）The farmer was ploughing the field.
24）People speak English in almost all the countries of the world.
25）The wind blew the clouds away.
26）We shall paint the room.
27）Must I do all the exercises on my own?
28）I am going to ring Tom up.
29）Everyone expects that he will win.
30）Did you finish your composition in class?
31）Do you wash your clothes very often?
32）Have they paid you the money?
33）Mr. Wang gave us an English lesson.
34）He told his brother the news.
责任编辑：李芳芳
1 Some students like staying up late into the night , ____ their lessons for the coming examination .
A to prepare B preparing C prepare D was preparing
2 ____ by the dog twice , he was afraid to go to my house again .
A Having bitten B Having been bitten C Biting D Being bitten
3 Before ____ white , the door should be cleaned thoroughly .
A painting B painted C being painted D having been painted
4 ____ , Tom is loved by all the people in the village .
A Being an honest man B Being that he is an honest man
C He is an honest man D An honest man being
5 The boy sat on the sofa , ___ TV programme attentively.
A watch B watched C watching D to watch
6 The pupil sat there , ___ what to do .
A does knowing B didn’t knowing C not known D not knowing
7 ___ , but he still could not understand it .
A He had been told many times B Having been told many times C Told many times D Although he had been told many times
8 ___ the meeting room , he found all the parents already ___ there .
A To enter ---sitting B Stepping into ---to seat
C Entered ---seat D Entering ---seated
9 ____ several kinds of machines , the workers got much money .
A Produced B Producing C Having produced D To produce
10 The nurse stood by the bed , ____ the sick girl .
A tending B to tend C tending D and tending
11 Living near the sea , ___ .
A we enjoy healthy air and beautiful sight
B healthy air and beautiful fight is what we enjoy
C it is healthy air and beautiful sight is we enjoy
D so we enjoy healthy air and beautiful sight
12 I listened to the rain , ___ that she would not come tonight .
A thinking B to think C thought D being thinking
13 ___ the coffee , the girl washed the cup .
A To drink B Drinking C Having drunk D Having been drunk
14 ___ such a chance , why don’t you have a try ?
A To give B Having give C Given D Giving
15 ___ the past , our life is much better .
A Comparing with B Be compared
C To compare with D Compared with
16 I went to see him , ____ him out .
A finding B find C only to find D to finding
17 ___ , he went to ask his teacher for help .
A Not known how to do it B Unknown what to do
C Knowing how to do D Not knowing how to do it
18 ___ from space , the earth , with water ___ seventy percent of its surface , looks like a blue ball .
A Seen , covered B Seen , covering
C Seeing , covering D Seening ,covering
19 ___ it the heavy snow , he walked into an expensive shop .
A Having caught B To be caught
C Having been caught D Catching
20 She is writing a letter to a friend of hers , ___ him to attend the party .
A having invited B inviting C to invite D invited
21___ since the night before , she felt very hungry now .
A Having not eaten anything B Not eating anything
C Be hadn’t eaten anything D Not having eaten anything
1 The man ____ in a shop was sent to the police station .
A who caught stealing B to be caught stealing C caught to steal
D caught stealing
2 Everyone says he is a ____ boy .
A promised B promising C to promise D promise
3 A parcel ____ two jin has just been posted .
A weighted B weighing C to weigh D having weighted
4 She looked at me with ____ eyes
责任编辑：李芳芳
句子(Sentences)
一、句子的定义
句子的定义:句子是包含主语和谓语部分的一组词。它有一定的语法结构和语调，用以表达一个比较完整的独立的概念。句子开头的第一个字母要大写，句子末尾要有句号、问号或感叹号。如: (1) The foundation of democracy is the will of the people to preserve liberty. 民主的基础就是人民维护自由的意愿。(2) What motives governed his actions? 是什么动机支配他的行动的？(3) This story is great! 这则故事太棒了！
二、句子的种类和类型
句子按其用途可分为四个种类:
1、陈述句(declarative sentence), 用以陈述事实。如:
(1) The daisy is a common flower in English fields.
雏菊在英格兰大地上是一种常见的花。
(2) I don’t care what she thinks.
我不在乎她想什么。
2、疑问句(interrogative sentences), 用以提出问题。如:
(1) Your friend is a doctor, isn’t he?
你朋友是个医生，对吗？
(2) When do we meet again?
我们什么时候再见面？
3、祈使句(imperative sentences), 用以表示命令、请求等。如:
(1) Have a good sleep and think it over.
好好睡一觉，再仔细考虑一下。
(2) Let the meat cook slowly.
把肉用文火煮。
4、感叹句(exclamatory sentences), 用以表示各种强烈的感情。如:
(1) What a delicious hamburger!
多美味的汉堡！
(2) The noise will deafen us all!
该噪音会使我们大家耳聋的！
句子按其结构可分为四种型式:
1、简单句(simple sentences),由一个主语部分和一个谓语部分组成。如:
(1) The cause of the fire was a cigarette-end.
这次火灾是由一根烟头造成的。
(2) He asked to see the chief of the tribe.
他求见这个部落的酋长。
2、并列句(compound sentences)，由两个或两个以上的分句组成。如:
(1) Cotton is falling in price, and buyers hold off.
棉花正在落价，可买主仍犹豫不决。
(2) Henry prefers strawberry pie, but his wife always bakes apple pie.
亨利喜欢吃草莓馅饼，可他的妻子经常烤苹果馅饼。
3、复合句(complex sentences)，由主句和其他从句组成。如:
(1) I have to hurry to deposit this money before the bank closes.
我得赶在银行关门前把这笔钱存起来。
(2) He was an old man who wore thick glasses.
他年纪大了，戴着很深的眼镜。
4、并列复合句(compound complex sentences)， 即含有复合句的并列句。如:
(1) The ad said that the coat was on sale for $20, but it was actually $22.
广告说这件外衣卖20美元，可它实际上是22美元。
(2) I asked a man who has a wife and three children who did the cooking in his house and he replied that whoever came home from work first did it. 我问一个有妻子和三个孩子的人，他家谁做饭; 他回答说，谁先下班回来，谁就做饭。
三、句子的成分
句子由各个组成部分构成，这些组成部分叫做句子的成分(members of the sentences)。总的来说，句子皆由两大部分组成。一是主语部分(subject group), 一是谓语部分(predicate group). 如:
1、The People’s Republic of China was born in 1949.
中华人民共和国成立于1949年。
句中的the People’s Republic of China即是主语部分，was born in 1949即是谓语部分。但句子的成分要比句子的两大部分更加明确具体，可分为主语、谓语(或谓语动词)、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语、独立成分等。如:
2、The weather was quite nice.
天气相当好。(weather 是主语，nice 是表语，quite 是状语)
3、I need a quite room to study in.
我需要一间安静的屋子进行学习。(need是谓语或谓语动词，room是宾语，quite是定语)
4、In a fierce shootout five criminals were shot dead.
在一次猛烈交火中，五个罪犯被打死。(dead是主语补语)
5、Unfortunately, he had his watch stolen.
很不幸，他的表被偷了。(unfortunately是独立成分，stolen是宾语补语)
词类与句子的成分不同。前者纯指单词的分类，后者则指词类、短词、从句等在句子中的功能。词类中也只有具有实义的词类，如名词、代词、数词、动词、形容词和副词等，才可用作句子的成分。其他无实义的虚词，如冠词、连词和介词，则不可用作句子的成分。
四、英语语句基本结构分析：
>>主谓宾结构：
主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如boy），主格代词（如you），动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！
谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：We come.
宾语：宾语位于及物动词之后，一般同主语构成一样，不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格’，如：me，him，them等
例：The boy needs a pen.主语the boy，谓语needs(need的第三人称单数形式)，宾语a pen.
>>主系表结构：
主语：同‘主谓宾’结构。
联系动词（Link verb)：be动词（am,is,are,was,were,have been)；其他联系动词如：become成为，turn变成,go变。其特点是联系动词与其后的表语没有动宾关系，表语多为形容词或副词，既，不可能是宾语。
表语：说明主语的状态、性质、等。可为形容词、副词、名词、代词、不定式、分词。当联系动词不是be，而其后是名词和代词时，多表达‘转变为’之意，注意与动宾关系的区别。
感官动词多可用作联系动词：look well/面色好,sound nice/听起来不错,feel good/感觉好，smell bad/难闻
例：Tom is a boy.(Tom是个男孩）/主语为Tom,系词为be动词的第三人称单数is，表语为a boy
>>There be 结构：
There be 表示‘存在有’。这里的there没有实际意义，不可与副词‘there那里’混淆。
此结构后跟名词，表示‘（存在）有某事物’
试比较：There is a boy there.（那儿有一个男孩。）/前一个there无实意，后一个there为副词‘那里’。
一、定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。 返回
定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时，（如：something、nothing）；或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时，则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。
形容词作定语：
The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修饰名词boy；blue修饰名词pen.）/小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔。
Tom is a handsome boy./Tom是个英俊的男孩。
There is a good boy./有个乖男孩。
数词作定语相当于形容词：
Two boys need two pens./两个男孩需要两支钢笔。
The two boys are students./这两个男孩是学生。
There are two boys in the room./房间里有两个男孩。
代词或名词所有格作定语：
His boy needs Tom's pen./他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。
His name is Tom./他的名字是汤姆。
There are two boys of Toms there./那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。
介词短语作定语：
The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours./教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。
The boy in blue is Tom./穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。
There are two boys of 9,and three of 10./有两个9岁的，三个10岁的男孩。
名词作定语：
The boy needs a ball pen./男孩需要一支圆珠笔。
It is a ball pen./这是一支圆珠笔。
There is only one ball pen in the pencil box./这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。
副词作定语：
The boy there needs a pen./那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。
The best boy here is Tom./这里最棒的男孩是Tom。
不定式作定语：
The boy to write this letter needs a pen./写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。
The boy to write this letter is Tom./将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。
There is nothing to do today./今天无事要做。
分词（短语）作定语：
The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother./那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。
The pen bought by her is made in China./她买的笔是中国产的。
There are five boys left./有五个留下的男孩。
定语从句：
The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday./那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。
The boy you will know is Tom./你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。
There are five boys who will play the game./参加游戏的男孩有五个。
二、状语：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。 返回
状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般须在时间状语之前；一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。
有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义，应注意，如：The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成‘男孩喊教室里的女孩‘（此时in the classroom为girl的定语），也可以理解为‘男孩在教室里喊女孩’（此时in the classroom为地点状语），最好写作‘In the classroom, the boy calls the girl.'
副词（短语）作状语：
The boy needs a pen very much./男孩非常需要一支钢笔。（程度状语）
The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother./男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。（宾语较长则状语前置）
The boy really needs a pen./男孩真的需要一支钢笔。（程度状语）
The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen./男孩现在需要一支钢笔。（时间状语）
介词短语作状语：
In the classroom,the boy needs a pen./在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。（地点状语）
Before his mother,Tom is always a boy./在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语)
On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom./星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语)
分词（短语）作状语：
He sits there,asking for a pen./他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态）
Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen./因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。（原因状语）
Frightened,he sits there soundlessly./（因为）受了惊吓，他无声地坐在那儿。（原因状语）
不定式作状语：
The boy needs a pen to do his homework./男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。（目的状语）
To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested in business./为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣.
名词作状语：
Come this way!/走这条路！（方向状语）
状语从句：
时间状语从句 地点状语从句 原因状语从句 结果状语从句
比较状语从句 让步状语从句 条件状语从句 目的状语从句
三、直接宾语和间接宾语：
>>>特殊的同源宾语现象: fight a fight , dream a dream , etc.
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。
一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。如：Give me a cup of tea,please.
强调间接宾语顺序为：动词 + 直接宾语 + to + 间接宾语。如Show this house to Mr.Smith.
若直接宾语为人称代词：动词+ 代词直接宾语 + to + 间接宾语。如：Bring it to me,please.
四、宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。 返回
名词/代词宾格 + 名词
The war made him a soldier./战争使他成为一名战士.
名词/代词宾格 + 形容词
New methods make the job easy./新方法使这项工作变得轻松.
名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语
I often find him at work./我经常发现他在工作.
名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式
The teacher ask the students to close the windows./老师让学生们关上窗户.
名词/代词宾格 + 分词
I saw a cat running across the road./我看见一只猫跑过了马路.
五、同位语： 返回
同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：
We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批‘学生’)
We all are students. / (all是we的同位语，都指同样的‘我们’)
六、独立成分：有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分(注意：区别于分词独立结构)。 返回
感叹词：oh, hello, aha, ah,等。
肯定词yes 否定词no
称呼语：称呼人的用语。
插入语：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。
如: The story, I think, has never come to the end./我相信,这个故事还远没结束.
情态词,表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语）:perhaps也许,maybe大概, acturely实际上,certainly当然，等。
七、分词独立结构：分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致! 否则应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词独立结构。例：
错句：Studying hard, your score will go up.
正确：(1) Studying hard, you can make your score go up. 或 (2)If you study hard, your score will go up.
解析：错句中分词studying没有自带逻辑主语，则其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，既your score . 显然做study的应是人，不应是your score（分数）. 正确句(1)更正了句子的主语,使其与分词逻辑主语一致( 同为you );正确句(2)则使用条件分句带出study的主语,(不过已经不是分词结构了).
分词独立结构常省略being, having been.不过‘There being...’的场合不能省略.
如：
Game (being) over, he went home.
He stands there, book (being) in hand.
独立结构还可用with、without引导，作状语或定语。这种结构不但可以用分词，还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。
如：
With nothing to do, he fell asleep soon./无事可做，他很快就睡了。
The teacher came in, with glasses on his nose./老师进来了，戴着一付眼镜。（注意，此句on his nose不可省略！）
五、基本句式
句子用词准确、合乎语法规范是一篇文章最起码的要求。英语句子虽然千变万化，但就一个简单句来说，其基本结构不外乎以下五种：
1、主语 + 系动词 + 表语
Our city is at the crossing of some important railways.
主语 系动词 表语
The city will become rich.
主语 系动词 表语
在这类结构中最常用的系动词是be, look（看起来），sound（听起来），smell（闻起来），taste（尝起来），feel（摸起来，感到），seem（似乎，好像），appear（显得，好像），remain（仍是），keep（保持），become（变得，成为），turn（变得，成为），get（变得），go（变得）等表示状态和变化的词，而充当表语的词语则有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语和非谓语动词等。
2、主语 + 谓语
Building has started.
主语 谓语
The train leaves at 7:40.
主语 谓语
该句型中的谓语为不及物动词，其后不带宾语，但可以根据实际需要带上一个合适的状语，状语的位置可放在句首、句中或句尾，一般以句尾为多见。谓语动词的前面根据需要还可加上适当的情态动词或助动词。如果多个谓语动词并列，可用and, but等并列连词将它们连接起来。
在英语中，主语是动作的执行者，充当主语的词和结构有：名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式和从句等。充当谓语的词只能是动词。
谓语动词在人称和数上须与主语保持一致。
3、主语 + 谓语 + 宾语
The boss employed five more workers.
主语 谓语 宾语
Few students like taking exams.
主语 谓语 宾语
动词后接宾语时应该用及物动词，若动词不及物则须在动词后再加上合适的介词，如What are you looking for?
在这类结构中，宾语是动作的承受者。常见的充当宾语的词语和结构有；名词、代词、非谓语动词和从句等。
4、主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语/主语 + 谓语 + 直接宾语 + 间接宾语
He has fetched us some new textbooks.
主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语
A car factory will bring the province more jobs.
主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语
此句型中的及物动词须跟两个宾语，间接宾语一般指人，直接宾语一般指物。间接宾语可以放在直接宾语的前面，也可放在直接宾语的后面，但间接宾语放在后面时需在其前面加上适当的介词。例：A car factory will bring more jobs to the province.
可接双宾语的常见动词有：ask, answer, give, offer, send, bring, pass, tell, show, teach, promise等。
5、主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语
The villagers didn’t allow them to do this.
主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语
I will keep the box in the shade.
主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语
该句型中的“宾语 + 宾语补足语”又叫做“复合宾语”，其特点是宾语与其补语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，宾语相当于汉语里的兼语式，它既充当前面谓语的宾语，又兼作其后宾语补足语的逻辑主语。
充当宾语补足语的词语和结构有：名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词等。
当主语、宾语、宾语补足语是由名词充当时，根据需要还可在其前面加上名词、数词、形容词，或在其后面加上副词、介词短语、非谓语动词等定语成分来修饰相关名词。
可接复合宾语的常见动词有：ask, tell, find, help, like, allow, take, make, let, have（使得）, force（强迫）, call, advise, persuade（劝服）, watch, see, hear, feel（认为，觉得）, consider（认为）, choose, elect（选）等。
上面句型中只列出了句子的主要成分，事实上，句子中还常常有定语、状语和同位语等修饰语，有时还有不充当句子成分的插入语等。例：
Professor Wang bought a new computer at a high price.
定语 状语
在句子中，不同的句子成分对词性有不同的要求。主语、宾语和同位语一般由名词、代词、动名词和动词不定式充当；谓语一般由动词充当；表语、宾语补足语、定语、状语和插入语一般由动词以外的词或短语充当。
一般来讲，一个句子至少具有一个主语和一个谓语（或系表结构），但在上下文中有时可能会有省略现象。省略后的句子可能会缺少包括主语、谓语在内的一些句子成分。祈使句中的主语按要求也是应该舍去的。例：
“Do give her my regards.” “Of course I will.”
第一句是祈使句，动作执行人you已经舍去。第二句是省略句，根据上句I will后省略了give her your regards。
以上主要介绍的是简单句的基本句型，除简单句外，还有并列复合句和主从复合句等句式，但这些复合句实际上是由若干个简单句通过连词连接起来的，因此，写作复合句时仍可遵循简单句的结构形式。
例：My sister likes skating, but I don’t. (并列复合句)
I like to take a walk after I have my supper. (主从复合句)
练习：用括号内所提示的基本句型将下列句子译成英语，需要的话可加上适当的修饰语或插入语。
1、你的故事听起来很有趣。（主语 + 系动词 + 表语）
2、我感到有一点累。（主语 + 系动词 + 表语）
3、我妹妹是在农村长大的。（主语 + 谓语）
4、这家医院创建于1950年。（主语 + 谓语）
5、他因为车子开得太快而违反了交通规则。（主语 + 谓语 + 宾语）
6、他拿出一瓶啤酒，很快将其喝光。（主语 + 谓语 + 宾语）
7、顺便问一下，她把钱付给你了吗？（主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语）
8、下学期谁教你们生物？（主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语）
9、他总是把他的卧室收拾得干干净净。（主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语）
10、什么促使你这样想的？（主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语）
参考答案：
1.Your story sounds very interesting.
2.I felt a bit tired.
3.My younger sister grew up in the country.
4.This hospital was set up in 1950.
5.He broke the traffic rule because he drove his car too fast.
6.He brought out a bottle of beer and drank it up quickly.
7.By the way, has she paid you the money?
8.Who will teach you biology next term?
9.He always keeps his bedroom clean.
10.What made you think so?
责任编辑：李芳芳
综合练习一
Direction: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer that completes the sentence.
1. Ted couldn't remember the exact date of the storm, but he knew it was ________ Sunday because everybody was at ________ church.
A. /; the B. a; / C. /; a D. the; /
2. I have read the poem several times but it doesn't make any _______ to me.
A. difference B. sense C. meaning D. importance
3. --You've agreed to go? So why aren't you getting ready?
--But I ________ that you would have me start at once.
A. don't realize B. hadn't realized C. didn't realize D. am not realizing
4. After his journey from abroad, Richard Jones returned home, _______.
A. tired B. tiring C. being tired D. having been tired
5. The new appointment (任命) of our president _________ from the very beginning of the next semester.
A. takes effect B. takes place C. takes turns D. takes part
6. It was difficult for her to make an immediate decision as it would affect her present job and her relationship with the manager ________.
A. either B. though C. meanwhile D. as well
7. Don't be discouraged. _____ things as they are and you will enjoy every day of your life.
A. Taking B. To take C. Take D. Taken
8. She was so angry at all _________ he was doing ___________ she stayed up all night.
A. that; that B. that; which C. what; that D. what; as
9. --Hi, Linda. What do you think of Jack's performance at the sports meeting?
--Not bad. You know, he came very close _________ the first place in the 100-meter race.
A. getting B. to get C. to getting D. to have got
10. --Must I renew the book now?
--No, you _____. You _________ that before the deadline.
A. mustn't; should do B. needn’t; should have done
C. may not; should do D. can't; should have done
11. --What do you think of the furniture on exhibition?
--Well, great! But I don't think much of ______ you bought.
A. the one B. it C. that D. which
12. Jenny worked hard before the final examination, and it ________. She got an A.
A. showed off B. paid off C. put off D. took off
13. In the experiment we kept a watchful eye ________ the development and recorded every detail.
A. with B. on C. for D. to
14. --Where is your daughter working?
--In the same company as I. I would rather she ___________ here.
A. had not worked B. not work C. doesn't work D. did not work
15. --We'd better hurry; we'll be late.
--________? Do you really want to listen to the boring lecture?
A. For what B. How so C. What else D. So what
16.Let us suppose that you are in position of parent. Would you allow your child to do such a thing?
A. a; a B. a; the C. the; a D. the; the
17. This is a world-famous novel._______ can be enjoyed from it until you have finished reading it, though.
A. Nothing B. Much C. Few D. Something
18. China’s Women’s Volley Team is an excellent group. Now no team can _______it, whether in spirit or in strategy and tactics (战略技术)
A. beat B. compare C. equal D. win
19. The result of the football match, ______ the delight of us all, was 2 -1 ______ our favor.
A. in, to B. at, in C. in, in D. to, in
20.There is a feeling in me _______ we will never know what a UFO is.
A. that B. which C. of which D. what
21. Facing the emergence, we were at a loss and none of us could ______ a solution to the problem.
A. come about B. come out C. come up against D. come up with
22. ---You haven’t said a word about my new hair-style, Molly. Do you like it?
---I’m sorry I ______ anything about it sooner. I certainly think it’s pretty.
A. wasn’t saying B. don’t say C. won’t say D. didn’t say
23. It’s said that there are plenty of hotels in that town. There be any difficulty for you to find somewhere to stay .
A. wouldn’t B. mustn’t C. shouldn’t D. needn’t
24. It is fairly common in Africa for there ___________ a group of expert musicians surrounded by others who also join in the performances.
A. being B. to be C. be D. is
25. . ----Are you sure that he is able to do the work well?
---- _______ he could give his mind to it.
A. In case B. If only C. On condition that D. Unless
26. Hundreds of _____ of science fiction are published each year in our country.
A. styles B. titles C. subjects D. topics
27. ----No one is so ____ about his joy as Doctor Li.
----You are right. He devotes all his time and energies to his cause.
A. mad B. wild C. serious D. crazy
28. The medicine is supposed to cure this disease, but I’m not sure it .
A. does B. was C. has D. is
29. Mary likes to wear beautiful _____.
A. dress B. cloths C. jacket D. dresses
30. Today a large coal-fired power plant can give out in a single year as much poisonous gas as was blown out by the May 18,1980 outbreak of Mount St. Helens, ______ some. 400,000 ton.
A. its amount was B. amounts to C. amounting to D. it was amounted
31. -- Someone's dropped ________ and poured it on the new carpet.
-- Who _______ it?
A. a coffee cup; has done B. a cup of coffee; did
C. a cup for coffee; did D. a coffee's cup; has clone
32. -- How can I come by the money needed for the project?
-- _________ it from friends or raising a loan from a bank, _________ you may choose.
A. Borrow; whatever B. To borrow; no matter which
C. Borrowing; no matter what D. By borrowing; whichever
33. The seller _________ the CD player for $50, but the customer offered $30.
A. would sell B. used to sell C. sold D. insisted selling
34. Nearly a month had gone by ________ she showed some sign of giving in to her father.
A. until B. before C. since D. after
35. -- Did the door-keeper let you in?
-- No. __________ I tried to tell him that I was your cousin, he just didn't believe me.
A. Regardless of B. Whether C. Even if D. Even though
36. How much of the city have you _________ since you came to work here?
A. covered B. gone C. played D. been
37. I won't go to his party next time. It couldn't have been ________ in fact.
A. any better B. any worse C. so bad D. the best
38. Mother Teresa had the ________ of winning the Nobel Peace Prize for her great ________ helping the poor.
A. distinction; devoting in B. distinction; devotion to
C. honour; success for D. honour; succeed in
39. Whenever I go to Shanghai, _________ is quite frequent, I will visit my former teacher.
A. which B. where C. it D. as it
40. -- Thanks for your trouble.
-- Not at all. I'm _______ pleased to help you.
A. too much B. too only C. so much D. only too
41. By the time he was 38, he had become ________ principal of ________ university.
A. /; an B. /; a C. a; an D. a; the
42. Not in the mood for talking, he kept his friends _______.
A. in the distance B. far away C. at a distance D. a distance away
43. -- I know this is the latest type but it's secondhand. $20 -- that's my last offer.
-- OK. It's a(n) ___________.
A. business B. trade C. agreement D. deal
44. -- How can you ________ that he is from the North?
-- Simply by his accent.
A. get to know B. say C. realize D. tell
45. I don't ________ ghosts but I do ________ my eyes -- I saw it with my own eyes.
A. trust; believe in B. believe; believe in
C. believe in; believe D. believe; trust
46. We cannot figure out _______ quite a number of insects, birds, and animals are dying out.
A. that B. as C. why D. when
47. _____ on -going division between English - speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians is _______ major concern of the country.
A. The; / B. The; a C. An; the D. An; /
48. ______ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend.
A. With B. Besides C. As for D. Because of
49. ______ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress.
A. It B. As C. That D. What
50. I don’t _________ rock ‘n’ roll. It’s much too noisy for my taste.
A. go after B. go away with C. go into D. go in for
责任编辑：李芳芳
分词专项练习
Ⅰ 单项选择
1. the house on fire, he dialed 119.
A. To see B. Seeing C. Having seen D. Being seen
2.I fell down and broke three of my teeth. I wonder how many times I have to come here and get my false teeth .
A. fix B. fixing C. fixed D. to fix
3.We're to listen to her _ voice. It's to hear her sing.
A. pleased; pleasing; pleasure B. pleased; pleasant; a pleasure
C. pleasing; pleased; a pleasure D. pleasing; pleasant; pleasure
4. _ a post office, I stopped some stamps.
A. Passed, buying B. Passing, to buy C. Having passed, buy D. Pass, to buy
5. with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all.
A. Comparing B. To compare C. Compared D. Having compared
6.Here are some new computer programs for home buildings.
A. designing B. design C. designed D. to design
7. a little money, Jimmy was able to buy his mother a lovely new lamp.
A. To save B. Saving C. Saved D. Having saved
8.The teacher came into the classroom by his students.
A. following B. to be following C. followed D. having followed.
9.With the money , he couldn't buy any ticket.
A. to lose B. losing C. lost D. has lost
10.There was so much noise in the room that the speaker couldn't make himself .
A. being heard B. hearing C. heard D. hear
11.The result of the test was rather .
A. disappointed B. disappointing C. being disappointed D. disappoint
12.I've never heard the word in spoken English.
A. use B. used C. using D. to use
13. how to do the homework, I went to ask my teacher for help.
A. Not to know B. Not knowing C. Knowing not D. Not known
14.Deeply , I thanked her again and again.
A. being moving B. moved C. moving D. to be moved
15.With winter on, it's time to buy warm clothes.
A. came B. comes C. come D. coming
16. the office, the foreign visitors were shown round the teaching building.
A. Having shown B. Showing C. Has shown D. Having been shown
17.He went from door to door, waste papers and magazines.
A. gathering B. gathered C. gather D. being gathered
18.The student corrected his paper carefully, the professor's suggestions.
A. follow B. following C. followed D. being followed
19.The price will save you one dollar for each dozen.
A. reduce B. reducing C. reduced D. reduces
20.People in the city do not know the pleasure of country life.
A. live B. to live C. lived D. living
21.The foreigner tried his best, but he still couldn't make his point .
A. understand B. understanding C. to understand D. understood
22.The scientists were waiting to see the problem .
A. settle B. settled C. to settle D. settling
23.The library's study room is full of studentsfor the exam.
A. busily prepared B. busy preparing C. busily prepare D. are busily preparing
24.The ground is with leaves.
A. covering, falling B. covered, falling C. covered, fallen D. covering, fallen
25.Lessons easily were soon forgotten.
A. to learn B. learn C. learned D. learning
26.The wallet _ several days ago was found __ in the dustbin outside the building. A. stolen, hidden B. stealing, hiding C. stealing, hidden D. stolen, hiding
27.A person a foreign language must be able to use the foreign language all about his own.
A. to learn, to forget B. learning, to forget C. to learn, forgetting D. learning, forgetting
28. different kinds of pianos, the workers farther improved their quality.
A. To produce B. Being produced C. Produced D. Having produced
29.The students in the university are all taking courses a degree. A. coming to B. going to C. leading to D. turning to
30.Many things impossible in the past are very common today.
A. considerB. considering C. considered D. be considered
31. many times, he still couldn't understand.
A. Having been told B. Having told C. He having been told D. telling
32.The old sick lady entered the hospital, her two sons.
A. to support B. supporting C. supported by D. having supported
33.China is one of the largest countries in the world, 9.6 million square kilometres.
A. to cover B. covered C. covers D. covering
34.“We must keep a secret of the things here”, the general said, at the man in charge of the information office.
A. discussed, stared seriously B. being discussed, seriously staring
C. to be discussed, seriously stared D. discussed, stared
35.The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, he had enjoyed his stay here.
A. having added B. to add C. adding D. added
36.“Can you read?” Mary said to the notice.
A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing
37. the composition, John handed it to the teacher and went out of the room.
A. Writing B. Having written C. Written D. Being written
38.Were you when you saw that wild animal?
A. fright B. frightening C. frightened D. frighten
39.Properly with numbers, the books can be easily found.
A. marked B. mark C. to mark D. marking
40.The child sat in the dentist's chair .
A. tremble B. trembling C. trembled D. to trembled
41.At this moment the bell rang the end of class.
A. announce B. announcing C. announced D. to announce
42.He walked down the hills, softly to himself.
A. sing B. singing C. sung D. to sing
43.I had to shout to make myself above the noise.
A. heard B. hearing C. heard D. to hear
44.The graduating students are busy material for their reports.
A. collect B. to collect C. collected D. collecting
45.The cars ___ in Beijing are as good as those in Shanghai.
A. produce, produce B. produced, produced
C. produced, producing D. producing, producing
46.When I came in, I saw Dr. Li a patient.
A. examine B. examining C. to examine D. examined
47. a satisfactory operation, the patient recovered from illness very quickly.
A. Having been given B. Having given C. Giving D. Being given
48. a satisfactory operation, the doctor believed the patient would recover from his illness very soon.
A. Having been given B. Having given C. Giving D. Being given
49.He wrote a letter to me that his trip to Japan had been put off because of the bad weather.
A. inform B. informing C. informed D. being informed
50.He reads newspapers every day to keep himself __ about what's going on in the world.
A. inform B. informing C. informed D. being informed
Ⅱ. 用适当的非谓语动词形式填空
1.She caught the student (cheat) in exams.
2.When I got there, I found him (repair) farm tools.
3.When I got there, I found the farm tools . (repair)
4.Just then he heard someone _ (call) for help.
5.He worked so hard that he got his pay . (raise)
6.The missing boys were last seen (play) near the river.
7. His __________(frighten) expression made his wife __________ (surprise).
8.The workers had the machines (run) all night long to finish the work on time.
9.People in the south have their houses (make of ) bamboo.
10. (lose) in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
Ⅲ. 改写下列句子,其划线部分应改为分词短语
1.Look round when you cross the street.
2. When she heard the news, she burst into laughter.
3. As she was still rather weak, she could not stay up for too long.
4.Gentlemen always shake hands when they are introduced to each other.
5.A cold rain was falling. It was mixed with snow.
6.While we were walking in the street, we met some friends of ours.
7.The old man walked slowly. He was supported by his little grandson.
8.The ground which is covered with white snow looks very beautiful.
9.There is a tall tree which covers the entrance to the cave.
10.The worker wrote to the police and disclosed who stole the money.
Ⅳ. 用分词结构翻译下列句子
1. 众所周知,旅游十分有趣,但当我们旅游回来,我们经常感到疲惫.(用分词作表语和状语)
2. 张教授提出的建议被政府拒绝了.( 用分词作定语)
3. 我希望这项工作在星期五前做好. (用分词作宾语补足语)
4. 当我到达这儿我发现他坐在书桌旁. (用分词作状语和宾语补足语)
5. 由于不知道接下来该干什么,他只好向我求助. (用分词作状语)
参考答案
Ⅰ、1.B 2.C 3.B 4.B 5.C 6.C 7.D 8.C 9.C 10.C
11.B 12.B 13.B 14.B 15.D 16.D 17.A 18.B 19.C 20.D
21.D 22.B 23.B 24.C 25.C 26.A 27.D 28.D 29.C 30.C
31.A 32.C 33.D 34.B 35.C 36.A 37.B 38.C 39.A 40.B
41.B 42.B 43.C 44.D 45.B 46.B 47.A 48.B 49.B 50.C
Ⅱ、1. cheating 2.repairing 3.repaired 4.calling 5.raised
6.playing 7.frightened; surprised 8.running 9.made of 10.lost
Ⅲ、1.Look round when crossing the street.
2.Hearing the news, she burst into laughter.
3.Being still rather weak, she could not stay up for too long.
4.Gentlemen always shake hands when introduced to each other.
5.A cold rain was falling, mixed with snow.
6.While walking in the street, we met some friends of ours.
7.The old man walked slowly, supported by his little grandson.
8.The ground covered with white snow looks very beautiful.
9.There is a tall tree covering the entrance to the cave.
10.The worker wrote to the police disclosing who stole the money.
Ⅳ. 1. As is known to us all, traveling is interesting, but we often feel tired when being back from travels.
2. The suggestion put forward by professor Zhang was rejected by the government.
3. I want this work finished by Friday.
4. When getting there, I found him seated / sitting at the desk.
5. Not knowing what to do next, he had to ask me for help.
责任编辑：李芳芳
综合练习十三
Direction: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer that completes the sentence.
1. I opened the window _____ overlooked the garden.
A. who B. through which C. which D. where
2. Nowhere else_____such perfect silence_____in these mountains.
A. there is…as B. there is…like C. is there…like D. is there…as
3. _____the poor suffered in the underdeveloped area!
A. How hard B. How C. What D. How terrible
4. With all the things he_______,Mr. Smith left the supermarket and went home at once.
A. needed buy B. needed bought C. needed buying D. needs buy
5. John plays the violin______,if not better than David.
A. as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as
6. Xiamen is___most beautiful coast city and I believe I will come for_____second
time.
A. the…an B. a…a C. the…the D. a…the
7. The first country singer liked singing____the guitar.
A. with B. while played C. to D. by
8. Ten years had passed and I found Mr. Zhang had_____.
A. a little white hair B. some white hair C. a few white hairs D. much white hair
9. John_____a book about China last year,but I didn’t know whether he has finished it.
A. has written B. wrote C. had written D. was writing
10. Without the air to hold some of the sun’s heat,the earth at night_____,too.
A. would be freezing cold B. will be freezing cold
C. would be frozen cold D. can freeze coldly
11. His close friend and fellow actor_____always encouraging him to write a book on his own experiences during the war.
A. are B. were C. is D. be
12. The nurses are trying their best to quiet the patient’s fear____she would die of the
disease.
A. as B. which C. for which D. that
13. My orders are important, so pay ____ to what I am going to say.
A. interest B. attention C. care D. notice
14. He did not succeed in his task in ____ of all his careful preparations.
A. case B. point C. favor D. spite
15. Though I’m really a very ____ person, I can’t wait for you any longer.
A. patient B. sensitive C. modest D. sociable
16. He lifted the heavy box, and it was the greatest ____ had ever made.
A. strength B. force C. power D. effort
17. ---I can’t get my car______on cold morning.
---Have you tried______radiator with hot water?
A. started…to fill B. started…filling C. start…filling D. start…filling
18. What a pity my new computer doesn’t work._____must be something wrong with it.
A. It B. There C. This D. That
19. The students,______at the way the question was put,didn’t know how to answer it.
A. being surprising B. surprising C. surprised D. having surprised
20. We’ll be much obliged if you will be_______to make suggestions for improvement of
our work.
A. so kind as B. enough kind C. so kind D. as kind as
21. ---It rained so heavily that I had no choice but to stay at home.
---Anybody in your position______the same.
A. does B. will do C. has done D. would have done
22. She______the hospital so soon, for she has not yet recovered.
A. needn’t have left B. shouldn’t have left C. mustn’t have left D. hadn’t had left
23. When you need help, you should know the private and public sources______you can
turn for assistance.
A. which B. that C. to which D. in that
24.If you are a man, you may point out that most scientists are male; if you are a woman,
you may say that_______are most prisoners.
A. the same B. so C. also D. even
25. I don’t think he could have done such a stupid thing last night,_______?
A. do I B. could he C. did he D. has he
26. Higher and higher_____and then the kite was out of sight.
A. flew it B. it flew C. did it fly D. was it flying
27. The sunlight came in ____ the windows in the roof and lit up the whole room.
A. through B. across C. on D. over
28. So difficult ____ it to live in an English-speaking country that I determined to learn English well.
A. I have felt B. have I felt C. I did feel D. did I feel
29. I don’t suppose anyone will volunteer, ____?
A. do I B. don’t I C. will they D. won’t they
30. You can’t imagine that a well-behaved gentleman ____ be so rude to a lady.
A. might B. need C. should D. would
31. As I know, there is __ __ car in this neighborhood.
A. no such B. no a C. not such D. no such a
32. What would have happened, __ __, as far as the river bank?
A. Bob had walked farther B. if Bob should walk farther
C. had Bob walked farther D. if Bob walked farther
33. ___ __for your laziness,you would be a good student.
A. Were not it B. Were it not C. If were it not D. If were it
34. He fell in love with the girl at first______.
A. scene B. sight C. look D. view
35. You are old enough to______your own living.
A. maintain B. manage C. earn D. arrange
36. What worried the child most was______to visit his mother in the hospital.
A. his now allowing B. his not being allowed
C. his being not allowed D. having not been allowed
37. The tower has been rebuilt so that it looks as if______during the 18th century.
A. it were done B. it used to be C. it was done D. it had been done
38. The teacher patiently gave us many examples in order to get the difficult points in the passage fully_____.
A. explaining B. explain C. to explain D. explained
39. They were surprised that a child should work out the problem______they themselves could not.
A. once B. then C. while D. if
40. Her pale face suggested that she_____in bad health,but she still insisted that the
meeting______on time.
A. be…would be held B. was…be held
C. was…should held D. being…was to be held
41. They must have finished their work now,_____?
A. must they B. haven’t they C. didn’t they D. don’t they
42. We’ll discuss such problems______something to do with our own interests.
A. which was B. as have C. as has D. what have
43. ---Will your brother go to the concert?
---_______if I go.
A. So is he B. He does too C. So will he D. So does he
44. ---I haven’t heard from Henry for a long time.
---What do you suppose ______to him?
A. was happening B. to happen C. has happened D. had happened
45. He was seen ______ a letter in his bed room.
A. write B. to write C. written D. wrote
46. Those who learn from their mistakes will change for______.
A. the best B. the better C. better D. good
47. I want to start my own business if I can ______the money
A. claim B. lift C. raise D. demand
48. The college student has got a part-time ______working in the garage.
A. duty B. task C. job D. assignment
49. Ronald Reagan was ______a Hollywood movie star.
A. from time to time B. at times C. at one time D. time and again
50. Our school has sent two ______students to foreign countries every year. So they can
experience a real English environment.
A. dozen B. dozens C. dozens of D. dozen of
责任编辑：李芳芳
综合练习十二
Direction: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer that completes the sentence.
1. S.H.E is going to sing at CCTV annual Spring Festival Evening Party.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
2. Sudan I（苏丹红） is red dye used for colouring oils, shoe, floor polishes and so on.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
3. I have left out many things which _____ a place in the book.
A. deserve B. reserve C. obtain D. hold
4. As it is hot in the classroom, please _____ the door open.
A. let B. leave C. allow D. stay
5. A doctor’s secretary must understand medical_____.
A. words B. terms C. sentences D. sayings
6. Hearing your words has _____ my last doubts about her.
A. removed B. relieved C. recovered D. revised
7. They determined that the secret had been ______ by one of their friends.
A. given in B. given up C. given off D. given away
8. The stresses of modern life robbed____.
A. my happiness from me B. my happiness of me
C. me of my happiness C. me from my happiness
9. ---You haven’t been to Beijing, have you?
---______.How I wish to go there!
A. Yes, I have B. Yes, I haven’t C. No, I have D. No, I haven’t
10.Having seen his brave performance, they can’t help but ______ his courage.
A. to admire B. admire C. admiring D. to be admiring
11.If you leave your bike around here _____ ,it’s likely to disappear.
A. overnight B. over the night C. over a night D. over nights
12.People call it ______ ,without a country to fight against.
A. a kind of a strange war B. a strange kind of war
C. a strange kind of the war D. a kind of the strange war
13.The Chinese Government has found it necessary that consumption ______ so as to
speed up production.
A. is encouraged B. be encouraged
C. must be encouraged D. would be encouraged
14.---He hasn’t finished his work yet.
---Well, he ought______.
A. to B. to have C. to be D. to do
15. I can’t spell ____ of the new words. I can only spell ____ of them.
A. none, some B. all, a few C. any, few D. most, few
16. The desk made of steel is stronger than ____ made of wood.
A. this B. it C. that D. /
17. He didn’t read ____ of the two novels.
A. neither B. either C. none D. all
18. He keeps ____ bottles of wine in the glass case.
A. dozen B. dozens of C. dozens D. dozen of
19. It took them ____ to finish the work.
A. an hour and a half B. an hours and a half
C. one hour and half D. an hour and half
20. The scientist is really ___ Einstein of our time.
A. an B. the C. a D. one
21. ---Is Tom still often late for work?
---No,though he____.
A. used to being B. used to be C. used to do D. was often
22. “A Tale of Two Cities”is_____a novel.It helps us to understand the history of that
time.
A. not more than B. no more than C. more than D. less than
23. ---What made his mother angry?
---______.
A. Because he had lost the ticket. B. Because of his having lost the ticket
C. As he had lost the ticket D. Having lost the ticket
24. Mrs. Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine she had had_____
went wrong again.
A. it B. it repaired C. repaired D. to be repaired
25. The teacher could not make himself_____attention to because the students were
so noisy.
A. pay B. paid C. to pay D. to be paid
26. Never _____ forget the days when _____ together with you.
A. shall I...I lived B. shall I...did I live
C. I shall...I lived D. I shall...did I live
27. ____by train today he would get there by Friday.
A. Were he to leave B. Was he leaving C. Would he leave D. If he leaves
28. Why didn’t you tell me that you could lend me the money? Otherwise I_____it from the bank.
A. haven’t needed to borrow B. shouldn’t need to borrow
C. will not need to borrow D. needn’t have borrowed
29. ---I can’t find Mr.Smith.Where did you meet him this morning?
---It was in the hotel______he was staying.
A. where B. which C. the one D. that
30. _____,he could not cover the whole distance in twenty minutes.
A. As he ran fast B. If he ran fast C. Since he ran fast D. Fast as he ran
31. ---Would you please come to help me with my homework tomorrow?
---_____.
A. That depends B. It doesn’t matter C. I’m glad to hear that D. I don’t know
32. Oh,look! It is the very disc__ _.
A. that I am going to buy B. that I am going to buy it
C. which I am going to buy D. for which I am going to pay it
33. Wouldn’t it be______wonderful world if all nations live in______peace with one
another?
A. a…/ B. the…/ C. a…the D. the…the
34. John and Jenny are of the same age,but John is taller_____a head.
A. than B. with C. by D. over
35. ----Who did you spend last weekend with?
---______.
A. Parmer’s B. The Parmers’ C. The Parmers D. The Parmer’s
36. I heard Bob____from his journey to Africa for a week,what about visiting him
tonight?
A. had come back B. coming back C. come back D. was back
37. I agree with most of what you said,but I didn’t agree with______.
A. everthing B. anything C. something D. nothing
38. Every teacher and student at the______school______proud of their school.
A. medical…is B. medicine…are C. medicine’s…is D. medical…are
39.In some countries,______is called “equality” does not really mean equal rights for all
people.
A. where B. that C. one D. what
40. We have won in the first round. The team_____in the next round will be the one from No.2 Middle School.
A. playing B. being playing C. to play D. played
41. ______in the United States,St. Louis has now become the 25th largest city.
A. Once the fourth biggest city B. It is the fourth biggest city
C. It was the fourth biggest city D. Before the fourth biggest cith it was
42. The painting is only a copy,so it is______.
A. priceless B. invaluable C. worhtless D. unworthy
43. After years of war the whole nation wanted to______peace with their enemies.
A. talk B. make C. declare D. ask
44. He gave his listeners a vivid______of his journey through Japan.
A. account B. tale C. record D. remark
45. The speaker was so nervous that he had to______for a few seconds to find proper
words to continue his speech.
A. break out B. break off C. break up D. break in
46. His answer was so confused that I could hardly make any______of it at all.
A. meaning B. reason C. sense D. concept
48. The pilot of the aircraft was forced to make an______landing on the lake.
A. urgent B. emergent C. immediate D. eager
47. _____to answer half of the questions they asked made the police suspect him.
A. Mistake B. Failure C. Disorder D. Fault
49.I want an assistant with______knowledge of English and______experience of office
routines.
A. a…an B. /…/ C. a…/ B. /…an
50. “But man is not made for defeat” he said. “ M(m)an can be destroyed but not defeated.”
A．a…A B．/…A C．/…/ D．the…The
责任编辑：李芳芳
★
★
★
★
★
★
★
★
★
★
